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HYDRAULICS and HYDRAULIC MACHINES LAB Laboratory Manual

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HYDRAULICS and HYDRAULIC MACHINES LAB Laboratory Manual DEV BHOOMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CHAKRATA ROAD, NAVGAOUN MANDUWALA, UTTARAKHAND Programs: B.TECH. (Civil Engineering) HYDRAULICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES LAB Laboratory Manual PREPARED BY LAKSHMAN SINGH, ASST.PROFESSOR, CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT DEV BHOOMI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DEHRADUN DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY MANUAL EXPERIMENT NO. ISSUE NO. : ISSUE DATE: REV. NO. : REV. DATE : PAGE: LABORATORY Name & Code: PCE-451 HYDRAULIC & HYDRAULIC SEMESTER: IV MACHINES LAB List of Experiments 1. Study of performance characteristics of a centrifugal pump at constant speed 2. Study of performance characteristics of a centrifugal pump at different speeds 3. Study of performance characteristics of a reciprocating pump at constant speed 4. Study of performance characteristics of a gear pump at constant speed 5. Study of performance characteristics of a Pelton wheel turbine at constant speed 6. Study of performance characteristics of a Francis turbine at constant speed 7. Study of performance characteristics of a Kaplan turbine at constant speed 8. Determination of force exerted by a jet of water on a fixed vane 9. Determination of coefficient of discharge of open channel flow measurement 10. Study of characteristic curves of a hydraulic ram at constant valve lift and Constant supply head. CHARACTERISTIC TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AT CONSTANT SPEED Date: Experiment No.1 Learning Objectives: At the end of this experiment, the student will be able to: Know the operation of centrifugal pump. Draw the characteristic curves of centrifugal pump at constant speed. Aim: To conduct performance test on a centrifugal pump at rated speed. Model: Fig. Component parts of Centrifugal Pump 5 Theory: A centrifugal pump consists of an impeller rotating inside a casing .The impeller has a number of curved vanes. Due to the centrifugal head impressed by the rotation of the impeller, the water enter at the Centre and flows outwards to the periphery.Then it is collected in a gradually increasing passage in the casing known as volute chamber which serves to convert a part of the velocity head into pressured head. For a higher heads multi stage centrifugal pumps having two or more impellers in series will have to be used. This single stage centrifugal pump of size (50mm x 50mm) is coupled to 3 HP capacity Squirrel cage induction motor. The suction side is 50mm dia and delivery side is 50mm dia.An energy meter is provided to measure the input to the motor and collecting tank to measure the discharge. A pressure gauge and vacuum gauge are fitted in delivery and suction sides to measure the head of water. The pump must be full of water upto delivery valve before starting. For this reason it should not be allowed water to drain and hence a foot valve is provided. But after the long run the leather valve in the foot valve becomes useless and so the foot valve becomes leaky.In this case the pump should be primed by pouring water. Tools required: Stop watch, measuring scale and Energy meter etc. Procedure: 1. Check the pressure gauges. Make sure both of them show atmospheric pressure. 2. Observe the suction and delivery pipe diameters. Measure the dimensions of collecting tank. Measure the difference in elevation between the suction and delivery pressure tapings. 3. Prime the centrifugal pump. Keep the delivery valve fully closed. 4. Start the pump. 5. Open the delivery valve slightly. Observe the pressure gauge readings. 6. Measure the discharge using the collecting tank stopwatch setup. 7. Note the time for n revolutions of the energy meter disk. 8. Open the delivery valve gradually to maximum. Repeat the above observations for different discharges. 9. Tabulate the readings. Draw the performance characteristics; H Vs. Q, Pbhp 10. Vs. Q and h Vs. Q. Observations: 1. Size of the collecting tank = l b h 2. Diameter of the suction pipe, ds = 50 mm 3. Diameter of the delivery pipe, dd = 50 mm 4. Energy meter constant, N = 400 rev / KWH 5. Difference in the levels of pressure and vacuum gauges, X = 43cm. Model Calculations: 3 1. Actual discharge : Q = AR/t (m /s) Where A: Cross-sectional area of collecting tank = l b R: Rise of water column in collecting tank in meters t: Time taken for ‘R’ units rise of water column in seconds 3 Q = m /s 2. Pressure gauge reading in metres of water column (H ) g 4 Hg = (Pg 10 9.81)/ 9810 m 2 Pg = Pressure gauge reading in kg/cm H = g 3. Vacuum gauge reading in meters of water column (Hv) -3 Hv = (hv 10 x 13.6) m of water H = Vacuum gauge reading v 2 4. Velocity head in delivery pipe (V / 2g) d 2 Vd : Velocity of flow in delivery pipe = Q/(/4 dd ) 2 (V / 2g) = d 2 5. Velocity head in suction pipe (V / 2g) s 2 Vs : Velocity of flow in suction pipe = Q/(/4ds ) 2 (V s / 2g) = 6. Total head in the pump (H) H : Hg + Hv + X 7. Output of the pump (O/P) Out Put = .Q.H Watts 8. Input to the pump (I/P) I/P = (3600 n) / (N T) n : Number of revolutions of energy meter N : Energy meter constant rev/ kWh T : Time for ‘n’ revolutions of energy meter in sec. 9. Overall efficiency ( ) o o = Output/Input Observation Table Graph: H Vs Q at constant speed Q/p Vs Q at constant speed I/p Vs Q at constant speed Vs Q at constant speed Result: Review Questions: 1. What is priming? What is use of foot valve? 2. What is manometric head? 3. What is the function of the casing used in centrifugal pump? 4. What is NPSH? 5. What is the minimum starting speed of a centrifugal pump? 6. Hydraulic efficiency of centrifugal pump is defined as. 7. The centrifugal pump should be so installed above the water level in the sump why? CHARACTERISTIC TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP SET AT RATED-SPEED Date: Experiment No.2 Learning Objectives: At the end of this experiment, the student will be able to: Know the operation of centrifugal pump. Draw the characteristic curves of centrifugal pump at constant speed. Aim: To conduct performance test on a centrifugal pump at rated speed. Model: Fig. Component parts of Centrifugal Pump Fig.. Operating characteristic curves of a Centrifugal Pump Tools required: Stop watch, measuring tape, Energy meter etc. Procedure: 1. Prime the pump with water. 2. Close the gate valve. 3. Start the motor 4. Note (a) The pressure gauge reading (Pg) (b) The vacuum gauge reading ( hv) (c) Time taken for 10 revolutions of the energy meter in seconds (d) The difference of level between the pressure and vacuum gauges=43cm 5. Take at least 6 sets of readings varying the head from maximum at shut of to minimum where gate valve is fully open. This can be done by throttling the delivery valve. The suction side is 50 mm dia. and the delivery side is 50 mm dia. An energy meter is provided to measure the input into the motor and a collecting tank to measure the discharge. A pressure gauge and a vacuum gauge are fitted in the delivery and suction sides to measure the head. Note: The pump must be full of water while starting. For this reason it should not be allowed to drain and hence a foot valve is provided. But after the long run the leather valve in the foot valve becomes useless and so the foot valve becomes leaky. In this case the pump should be primed by pouring water in the suction side up to the impeller, before the pump is started. Observations: 1. Size of the collecting tank = l x b x h = 0.8 m x 0.8 m x 1.0 m 2. Diameter of the suction pipe, d = 50 mm s 3. Diameter of the delivery pipe, dd = 50 mm 4. Energy meter constant, N = 400 rev/kwh 5. Difference in the levels of pressure and vacuum gauges, X = 430 mm. Model Calculations: 3 1. Actual Discharge: (Q) Q = AR/t (m /s) Where A: Cross-sectional area of collecting tank = l b R: Rise of water column in collecting tank in meters t: Time taken for ‘R’ units rise of water column in seconds 3 Q = m /s 2. Pressure gauge reading in metres of water column (H ) g 4 Hg = (Pg 10 9.81)/ 9810 m 2 Pg = Pressure gauge reading in kg/cm Hg = 2. Vacuum gauge reading in meters of water column (H ) v -3 H = (h 10 x 13.6) m of water v v Hv = Vacuum gauge reading 2 3. Velocity head in delivery pipe (Vd / 2g) Vd : Velocity of flow in delivery pipe = Q/(/4 dd 2) 2 (Vd / 2g) = 2 4. Velocity head in suction pipe (Vs / 2g) Vs : Velocity of flow in suction pipe = Q/(/4ds 2) 2 (V s / 2g) = 5. Total head in the pump (H) H : Hg + Hv + X 6. Output of the pump (O/P) Out Put = .Q.H Watts 7. Input to the pump (I/P) I/P = (3600 n) / (N T) n : Number of revolutions of energy meter N : Energy meter constant rev/ kWh T : Time for ‘n’ revolutions of energy meter in sec. 8. Overall efficiency ( ) o o = Output/Input Observation Table Result: Review Questions: 1. What is priming? What is use of foot valve? 2. What is manometric head? 3. What is the function of the casing used in centrifugal pump? 4. What is NPSH? 5. What is the minimum starting speed of a centrifugal pump? 6. What precautions are to be taken while starting and closing the centrifugal pump? 7.
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