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Experimental Study of Waste Valves and Delivery Valves Diameter Effect on the Efficiency of 3-Inch Hydraulic Ram Pumps

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Experimental Study of Waste Valves and Delivery Valves Diameter Effect on the Efficiency of 3-Inch Hydraulic Ram Pumps International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5293/IJFMS.2020.13.3.615 Vol. 13, No. 3, July-September 2020 ISSN (Online): 1882-9554 Original Paper Experimental Study of Waste Valves and Delivery Valves Diameter Effect on the Efficiency of 3-Inch Hydraulic Ram Pumps Muhamad Jafri1, Jefri S. Bale1 and Alionvember R. Thei1 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Universitas Nusa Cendana Kupang 85001, Indonesia, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of waste valve and the delivery valve diameter on the 3-inch hydraulic ram efficiency. The waste valve is one important component of the hydraulic ram. The results showed that the diameter of the waste and delivery valves greatly affect the efficiency of hydraulic ram. The highest D'Aubuisson efficiency was 67.66% with the waste valve diameter of contained 2.75 inches and the in the waste valve variation of 2.75 inches diameter and delivery valve diameter of 2.2 inches. The lowest efficiency was 36.14% with the waste valve diameter of 2.25 inches and the delivery valve diameter of 0.6 inches. Keywords: Hydraulic ram; waste valve diameter; delivery valve diameter; the efficiency of the pump. 1. Introduction Recently, as global-scale problems, such as global warming and desertification, have attracted attention, the importance of future environmental preservation has been emphasized worldwide, and various measures have been proposed and implemented. In the field of energy- and life-related technology, a variety of fluid machines play an important role in the infrastructure of society, and more energy-saving and resource-saving machinery will be needed [1]. The transfer of liquids against gravity existed from time immemorial. A pump is one such device that expends energy to raise, transport, or compress liquids. The centrifugal pumps are by far the most commonly used of the pump types. Among all the installed pumps in a typical petroleum plant, almost 80–90% are centrifugal pumps [2]. Many farmers are dependent on fuel or electrical power for pumping water to their fields. An escape from this dependency could be provided by the usage of self- powering water-lifting devices. To solve this matter, we can use a hydraulic ram pump because this technology is appropriate in a developing country. The use of these pumps, it is hoped that it can solve the problems of lack of adequate water for drinking, agriculture and animal husbandry, etc. and therefore be useful in preventing rural to urban migration [3]. Such a device is the hydraulic ram, in short also referred to as hydram [4]. These technologies are relatively simple compared to fossil fuel devices that require heat resistant metals, and electrical devices that require an electrical network or an electrical generator. Water hammer pumps, taking advantage of the water hammer effect that can cause problems in fluid pipeline networks, are capable of pumping water without any outside power source; therefore, the pumps can provide an effective means of fluid transportation even in regions where social infrastructure has not yet been well developed [5] [6]. Most renewable energy devices can be operated independently with minimal spare parts needed for regular maintenance [7]. The pumping capacity of the hydraulic ram depends on the size and therewith on supply water flow as well as on delivery height. Usually, around ten percent of the driving water is pumped upwards, decreasing as delivery height is increased. As most of the water is not pumped (and so to say is wasted), the system is not adequate in conditions where water is scarce [4]. Since 1980s research contributions have been proposed to optimizing its efficiency through several modifications [8]. Kumar et al. [9] suggesting deeper research especially in design and manufacturing considerations to get the best design with higher efficiency. Every aspect of involved components being studied including dimensions, type of wielding preferred and material selection. In an analysis of experimentation and analysis involved in the performance optimization of a hydraulic ram pump, Prasanna et al. [10] found that are multiple parameters that affect the performance of a waste valve such as shape of the valve, size of the valve, size of the bush/valve seat, length of stroke and weight of the valve, whether spring operated or weighted, and orientation of the valve. While the wastewater wing parameters such as hole diameter, dish diameter, step length, and holes and also the head and air drive hydraulic ram pump. Besides that, all the parameters are integrated [11]. Received November 12 2019; revised March 12 2020; accepted for publication June 22 2020: Review conducted by Shuhong Liu. (Paper number O19054C) Corresponding author: Muhamad Jafri, [email protected] 615 The delivery valve is a one-way valve which serves to deliver water from the body of the hydrant to the air tube for further raising it to the holding tank. The delivery valve must have a large hole so that it allows the pumped water to enter the air chamber without resistance to flow [12]. A hydraulic ram or hydram is a pump that utilizes energy from a constantly falling quantity of water to pump some of it to an elevation much higher than the original level at the source. No other external energy is required as long as there is a constant supply of water, the pump will remain to work continuously and automatically [13]. Components of hydraulic ram pumps are water supply tanks, drive pipe, pump body, waste valve, delivery valve, snifter valve, air chamber, and delivery pipe [14] (see Fig. 1). Air Valve Fig. 1 Diagram of modern pump [15]. The sequences processes of hydraulic ram pumps are intermittent due to the opening and closing behavior of the waste and delivery valves. The behavior of the hydraulic ram pump relies on the water hammer phenomenon which represents on the closing and opening of the waste and delivery valves. The process begins when water entering the drive pipe coming from a specific elevation height with high pressure. Therefore, the waste valve is closed by water momentum [16]. Thus, high pressure is created that will cause the delivery valve to open allowing pressurized water to rise in a vacuum air chamber. Therefore, the air chamber will pressurize the water causing the delivery valve to close and the air valve will open allowing water to rise through the delivery pipe reaching the desired place [17]. A hydraulic ram pump is a structurally simple unit consisting of two moving parts. These are the impulse valve (or waste valve) and the delivery (check) valve. The unit also consists of an air chamber and an air valve [14] (see Fig. 2). Fig. 2 The main component of the hydraulic ram pump (1) valve box (2) waste valve (3) delivery valve (4) air valve (5) air vesel [12]. The results show that the diameter of the waste valve has a significant influence on the flow rate of the driving water, the pumping discharge and the total efficiency of the hydraulic ram pump system. Furthermore, the results of this study present that the optimal diameter of the wastewater flow hole is 30% greater than the diameter of the drive pipe, which gives the best performance of the hydraulic ram pump [11]. 616 2. Experimental Set Up 2.1 Design of experiment The purpose of this study was to analyze of the effect of waste valve diameter and delivery valve diameter toward the efficiency hydraulic ram 3 inches. The experimental method used is descriptive analysis using mathematical equations. Testing installation is, the supply head 1 meter, the total head above the waste valve opening 10 meters, delivery pipe diameter 1 inch, valve stroke 1.5 cm, valve weight 1.5 kg and size of the air chamber 6500 ml. The independent variable in this study are the waste valve diameter Dw (2 inches, 2.25 inches, 2.50 inches, and 2.75 inches) and delivery valve diameter Dd (0.6 inches, 1.0 inches, 1.4 inches, 1.8 inches, and 2.2 inches), see Fig. 3. The data measured is drived flow rate, the waste flow rate, and delivery flow rate. The data were analyzed using the measurement results of descriptive analysis of the flow velocity, head loss, and pump efficiency. Fig. 3 Independent variables of the study; the diameter of the waste valve (Dw) and the diameter of the delivery valve (Dd). 2.2 Experimental Procedure - Installation hydraulic ram 3 inches starting from the installation of the reservoir (see Fig. 4), pump filler reservoir steering, reservoir steering, suction pipe, measuring tools debit inflows, hydraulic ram 3 inches, bathtub waste, measuring instruments flow valves sewage, plumbing introductory 1-inch, tool measuring flow out. - The first test starts from the waste valve diameter of 2 inches and delivery valve diameter 0.6 inches. - The pump is run by opening the stop valve on the suction pipe and simultaneously turned the steering pump reservoir to maintain the water level in the reservoir steering. - When the pump has been running normally the data flow rates in the drive flow rate (Qin), waste flow rate (Qw), and delivery flow rate (Qout), in the range 30 seconds are recorded simultaneously. - Data recorded in the table, and after the pump is turned off by closing the stop tap on the suction pipe. - Step on C to E carried back to delivery valve diameter 1.0 inches, 1.4 inches, 1.8 inches, and 2.2 inches). - Step on B through F performed again for delivery valve diameter 1.0 inches, 1.4 inches, 1.8 inches, and 2.2 inches.
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