ISSN 2319-8885 Vol.03,Issue.10 May-2014, Pages:2177-2181 www.semargroup.org, www.ijsetr.com

Design of 15 meter Head 1 2 YU YU MAW , ZAW MOE HTET 1Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Mandalay Technological University, Mandalay, Myanmar, Email: [email protected]. 2Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Mandalay Technological University, Mandalay, Myanmar, Email: [email protected].

Abstract: Hydraulic Ram Pump are water pumping devices that are powered by falling water and other energy is not needed to operate it.so that hydram is very useful for household, irrigation and farming at hillside where no electrical power reach. This journal describes the hydram design which is intended to pump the water of 1800 liters per day and to lift 15 meter of delivery head. Based on the design drive pipe length is 7.2 meter, supply head is 1.2 meter, power is 3 W and efficiency is 48.85%.The total cost of hydram is relatively cheaper than the other type of and easily to install and maintain. Thus, a variety of financial incentives available on the state, utility and federal level of investment in energy system.

Keywords: Drive Pipe Length, Efficiency, Federal Level.

I. INTRODUCTION  Mixed flow (single and double section) A hydraulic ram, or hydram, is a cyclic water pump  Peripheral(single or multistage) powered by . It functions as a hydraulic  Special Effect transformer that takes in water at one ""  Gas Lift () and flow-rate, and outputs water at a higher  Jet hydraulic-head and lower flow-rate. The device utilizes the  Hydraulic Ram effect to develop pressure that allows a portion  Electromagnetic of the input water that powers the pump to be lifted to a point higher than where the water originally started. The hydraulic B. Positive Displacement ram is sometimes used in remote areas, where there is both a  Reciprocating source of low-head hydropower, and a need for pumping  Piston Plunger water to a destination higher in elevation than the source. In this situation, the ram is often useful, since it requires no  Diaphragm (mechanically or driven, simplex outside source of power other than the of or multiplex) Rotary water. No other external energy is required and if there is a  Single Rotor (vane, piston, screw, flexible member, continuous flow of falling water, the pump will work peristaltic) continuously and automatically. The hydram has only two  Multiple Rotors (gear, lobe, screw, circumferential moving parts a spring or weight loaded "waste" piston) sometimes known as the "clack" valve and a "delivery" check Pumps are applied mainly for the purpose of (1) circulation valve, making it cheap to build, easy to maintain, and very of fluid (2) supplying the processes and (3) transferring the reliable. There is a drive pipe supplying water from an fluid. elevated source, and a delivery pipe, taking a portion of the III. HISTORY OF HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP water that comes through the drive pipe to an elevation The ram pump is a mature technology. Over the last two higher than the source. centuries, pump design have stabilized and many variations to the basic configuration (of drive pipe, pump, and pump II. TYPES OF PUMP house and delivery pipe) have been tired. Before invention of There are two types of modern pumps used in most petrol or the arrival of on farms, the ram industry ;(a) velocity head and (b)positive displacement pump was in many locations the only feasible way of lifting pump. The following categorization of pumps could be water from streams or springs to neighboring hillsides. The applied. first hydraulic ram pump was discovered and applied by a British man John Whitehurst. In 1772, he produced the first A. Velocity Head set of hydraulic ram could not operate automatically. Its  Centrifugal valve had to be shut off manually to create the force of water  Axial flow (single or multistage) hammering for water lifting. The automatically hydram was  Radial flow (single and double section) invented by a French man Joseph Montgolfies in 1976.Since

Copyright @ 2014 SEMAR GROUPS TECHNICAL SOCIETY. All rights reserved. YU YU MAW, ZAW MOE HTET 1960s, there has been a growing Interest in the potential of VI. WATER HAMMER EFFECT hydrams for water pumping applications In the less develop Water hammer is a momentary increase in pressure inside countries. AS a result, there are now several different hydram a pipe caused by a sudden change of direction or velocity of designs available that can be built locally. the in the pipe. Water hammer can be particularly dangerous because the increase in pressure can be severe IV. BACKGROUND OF HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP enough to rupture a pipe or cause damage to equipment. Fig (1) shows the schematics of assembly of hydraulic ram Water hammer most commonly occurs when a valve is pump. Main components of hydraulic ram pumps are closed quickly and suddenly stops the flow of liquid in a reliable, cheap and available in remote and urban areas. So, pipeline. When this happens, shockwave travel back and this type of pump is especially used in remote, hilly and the forth through the piping system equal to the speed of sound area where transportation is very poor. These components are in that liquid. These waves travel backward again until drive pipe, delivery pipe, air vessel, waste valve, intake tank, pressure is equalized. Other causes of water hammer are delivery tank So, this pump can be easily used in everywhere even if there is no electricity and other resources such 1. Rapid pump startup can induce the rapid collapse of a as.dieseal and other Although the size of the hydraulic ram void space that exists downstream. pumps are different, the main components of the pumps are 2. Rapid pump shutdown can create a quick change in the same. The length of the drive pipe especially depends on flow, which cause a pressure upsurge on the suction the supply head and its diameter. On the basic of analytical side and a pressure down surge on the discharge side. studies, for the pump to operate continuously and Of the two, the down surge is usually the main major automatically, the length of the drive pipe must be kept problem. The pressure on the discharge side reaches between four to twelve times of the drive head. In order to vapor pressure, resulting in vapor column separation. reduce the head loss due to friction the length of the drive 3. slum (due to sudden deceleration, a check pipe divided by the drive pipe diameter should be the range calve may slam shut rapidly) of 500 to 1000.And the diameter of the delivery pipe is half 4. Water-column separation can also result in serious of the drive pipe. As shown in fig 1 the hydraulic ram pump water hammer pressure values the separated column mainly consists of two moving parts called the impulse valve rejoins at high velocity. (the waste valve) and the delivery valve (check valve). 5. Movement of air pockets in a pipe, air is compressible and if carried along in a pipeline, can act like a spring, being compressed at low spots in a line and expanding at high spots in the line. Compression and expansion produce pressure variations which, if great enough, could produce serious water hammer pressure.

VII. WORKING PRINCIPLE When the waste valve is opened, water flows from the source, through the water inlet (drive) pipe, and out the waste valve. After a short time, the velocity of the flow is high enough to force the waste valve closed. The water, due to its inertia, wants to continue moving past the valve. The Figure1. Assembly of Hydraulic Ram Pump. pressure inside the ram will rapidly increase enough to force the check valve open. This forces some water into the air V. SPECIFICATION DATA OF HYDRAULIC RAM chamber, compressing the chamber’s air bubble. The PUMP pressurized bubble forces that water through the delivery TABLE 1: Design Parameter Of Hydraulic Ram Pump pipe to the point of use. The compressed air in the air chamber helps smooth out the flow on the delivery side of the ram, so the flow tends to be more continuous, rather than a small spurt during each cycle of the ram. Soon after the check valve has opened, the pressure surge (generated by the waste valve closing) is spent. Flow will try to start backwards, but the check valve will close, preventing this from happening. At about this time, the pressure in the drive pipe will be low enough so that the waste valve can open, allowing water to start flowing from the source to the ram, beginning a new cycle. The cycle that the ram goes through can occur 30 to 120 times per minute, depending upon conditions such as head, flow, and the size of the ram.

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research Volume.03, IssueNo.10, May-2014, Pages: 2177-2181 Design of 15 meter Head Hydraulic Ram Pump VIII. GOVERNING EQUATIONS OF HYDRAULIC TABLE 4: Sizing The Delivery Pipe RAM Delivery Pipe Size Flow(Liters/minute) Head loss coefficient for the pipe line, 30 6-36 40 37-60 A1 2 fL hls  ( )   Km  K (1) 50 61-90 A2 D 80 91-234 Since a hydram makes use of sudden stoppage of flow in a 100 235-360 pipe to create a high pressure surge, the volumetric discharge from the drive pipe is given by X. PRESSURE AND VELOCITY ANALYSIS Q  Vol A reliable simulated hydram model is needed to facilitate p s (2) Qs  the development of an optimized hydram design and Vol p thereafter to be able to generate an efficient design of hydram Then, pumping flow rate can be get from the ratio of with good operating characteristics. This calls for a model pumping volume to the time of one cycle. So, it can be that simulates the hydram with a high degree of accuracy and written by which is able to identify the effect of waste valve design on  Volp  the hydram performance. And the answer to this is Qp    (3)  t  computational (CFD) analysis. To serve the The efficiency of the hydraulic ram is given by the above purpose, Solid Work Software is used to simulate this following expression. waste valve of hydraulic ram pump. Pressure variation in the Q  h waste valve which in opened is mentioned in figure(2)and p efficiency ,η  (4) (3).By giving the pressure as input, we can check the Q  H s s variation of velocity in this waste valve.That can be seen in The velocity μ of a pressure wave in any medium is the figure(4) and (5). same as the velocity of sound in that medium and is given by E μ  (5) ρ The velocity of pressure wave created by water hammer is less than that given by following equation because while circumferential stretching takes place freely, the velocity of pressure wave μp is given by (6) E 1 μp  ρ ED 1 Ept The output power can be calculated by using this equation. Qphg P  (7) 60 IX. SIZING OF HYDRAULIC RAM PUMP Figure2. Pressure Variation in Waste Valve of Hydraulic TABLE 2: Range of Drive Pipe Lengths on Various Pipe Ram Pump in Front View. Diameters Length(meter) Drive Pipe Size(mm) Minimum Maximum 13 2 13 20 3 20 25 4 25 30 4.5 30 40 6 40 50 7.5 50 80 12 80 100 15 100 TABLE 3: Drive Pipe Diameters By Hydram Manufacture’s Size Numbers

Hydram size 1 2 3 3.5 4 5 6 Figure3. Pressure Variation in Waste Valve of Hydraulic Pipe size(mm) 32 38 51 63.5 76 101 127 Ram Pump in 3D View. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research Volume.03, IssueNo.10, May-2014, Pages: 2177-2181 YU YU MAW, ZAW MOE HTET XII. APPENDIX TABLE 5: Viscosity and Density of Water at 1 ATM

Figure4. Velocity Variation of Hydraulic Ram Pump in Front View.

TABLE 6: LOSSES COEFFICIENTS K FOR COMMERCIAL PIPE FITTINGS Valve for fitting K Factor Globe Valve: Wide Open 10.0 ½ Open 12.5 Gate Valve: Wide Open 0.19 ¾ Open 0.9 ½ Open 4.5 ½ Open 24.0 Return Bend 2.2 Standard Tee 1.8 Standard Elbow 0.9 45˚ Elbow 0.42 90˚ Elbow 0.75

Figure 5: Velocity Variation of Hydraulic Ram Pump in Ball Check Valve 4.0 3D View. XIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT XI. CONCLUSION First of all, the author would like to express particular The present study is centered toward the development of thanks to Dr.Myint Thein, Pro_Rector, Mandalay the hydraulic ram pump that would conventionally alleviate Technological University, for his kindness, support and the problem of water supply to the mass populace. Ideally suggestions for completion of this thesis. Special thanks are different combination of supply and delivery heads and flow due to Dr.Ei Ei Htwe, Professor and Head, Department of stroke length, and weight of impulse valve, length to Mechanical Engineering, Mandalay Technological diameter ratio of the drive pipe, were tried to come up with University, for her valuable suggestions and advice during an optimum size of a hydram pump in this study. This the entire course of the thesis. The author offers her thanks to designed hydram can lift only small amount of water but her supervisor U Zaw Moe Htet, Lecturer, Mandalay many hydrams can be installed in parallel to pump large Technological University, for his valuable suggestions, amount of water. Installations of many hydrams are better generous guidance and instructions for preparations of this than installation of one large hydram because large hydram thesis. The author is very thankful to her co_supervisor, Myat needs higher supply head than many small hydrams, and Myat Soe, Associate Professor, Mandalay Technological parallel installation method of hydrams can provide ease of University, for her guidance, advice, interests and supporting maintenance and reduce transportation and installation costs. necessary suggestions. Finally, the author is deeply grateful International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research Volume.03, IssueNo.10, May-2014, Pages: 2177-2181 Design of 15 meter Head Hydraulic Ram Pump to her parents who initially got her interested in learning to be educated and have supported and guided throughout her life.

XIV. REFERENCES [1] “Design and Hydraulic Ram Pump”, Technical Note No.RWS.4.D.5.

[2] “Fluid Mechanics”, Fourth Edition, Frank M.White, University of Rhode Island.

[3] “WHAT IS WATER HAMMER”.BakerCrop,3020 Old Ranch Parkway, Suite 220,Seal Beach, CA 90740,1-800- BAKER 12. www.bakercorp.com.

[4] “Compendium In Hydraulic-Ram Pumps”, Selected & Edited by John Furze 1995/96/2002 Bygade 12, 8400 Ebeltoft , University of Aarhus. Faculty of Political Science, Law & Economics.

[5] “Applied Industrial Energy And Environmental Management”, Z. K. Morvay, D. D. Gvozdenac. Applied Industrial Energy and Environmental Management, Zoran K. Morvay and Dusan D. Gvozdenac © John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[6] Anonymous,HYDRAM PUMPS,March,2007.

International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research Volume.03, IssueNo.10, May-2014, Pages: 2177-2181