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Confirmation Bias! Kritisk tenkning og utredningsmetodikk ved sakkyndige/vitenskapelige rapporter av Rune Fardal 01.01.2008 Sist oppdatert 06.04.2020 Side 2 av 356 INNHOLD: Innledning ...................................................................................................................................... 12 Fra Helsepersonelloven: ...................................................................................................................... 14 Forord .............................................................................................................................................. 15 Jussprofessor ........................................................................................................................................... 16 Hvorfor sakkyndige psykologer? ...................................................................................................... 16 Veiledende mal for oppbygging av den sakkyndige rapporten ................................... 17 Forside ....................................................................................................................................................... 18 Innholdsfortegnelse .............................................................................................................................. 18 1 Innledning ............................................................................................................................................. 19 1.1 Gjengivelse av mandatet med eventuelle tillegg .................................................................. 19 2 Opplysninger om utredningens tilretteleggelse og forløp ................................................... 19 2.1 Oversikt over tidsbruk og arbeidsopplegg ............................................................................. 19 2.2 Metoder .............................................................................................................................................. 19 2.3 Oversikt over dokumenter .......................................................................................................... 19 2.4 Redegjørelse for hvordan de involverte er informert. ....................................................... 19 3 Sakens bakgrunn ................................................................................................................................ 20 4. Aktuell situasjon ................................................................................................................................ 20 5 Redegjørelse for samtaler, observasjoner og undersøkelser av barn og foreldre, samt informasjon fra komparenter ............................................................................................................ 20 5.1 Utredning av barnet ....................................................................................................................... 20 5.2 Utredning av foreldre .................................................................................................................... 20 5.3 Utredning av samspill/relasjon/tilknytning mellom barn og foreldre ........................ 20 6 Vurdering .............................................................................................................................................. 21 7 Anbefaling ............................................................................................................................................. 22 Generelle retningslinjer for sakkyndig arbeid i domstolene ....................................... 22 10 viktige punkter for avsløring av forskning. ................................................................. 28 Hovedpunkter for en rapport .................................................................................................. 31 Evidensbasert kunskap .............................................................................................................. 32 Forskjelen på en terapeut og en sakkyndig ........................................................................ 33 Metode ............................................................................................................................................. 34 Viktige kriterier for Metode: .............................................................................................................. 35 Viktige punkter beskrevet av psykolog Joar Tranøy: ............................................................... 35 Kildekritikk og kildekontroll ............................................................................................................. 37 “Benektende adferd” ............................................................................................................................. 39 “Personlighetsforstyrrelse”, javel, men… ...................................................................................... 40 Språklig forskjellsbehandling. ........................................................................................................... 40 Skille mellom observasjon, beskrivelser og tolkning ................................................................ 44 Forskjellsbehandling ............................................................................................................................ 46 Barne sakkyndig kommisjon ............................................................................................................. 46 Kvalitativ metode ................................................................................................................................... 47 Sakkyndige betraktninger, Torgeir Huseby ....................................................................... 51 Påvirkes hukommelse av den observerte og den som observerer? ........................... 53 Side 3 av 356 Den sakkyndiges rolle. ............................................................................................................... 54 Justismord i barnevernet .......................................................................................................... 54 12 regler for en ryddig debatt: ................................................................................................ 56 Sjekkliste sakkyndig beskrivelse: .......................................................................................... 58 Fallgruver for sakkyndge .......................................................................................................... 60 Falske negative – Falske positive? .......................................................................................... 61 Aktuarisk bedømmelse .............................................................................................................. 62 Ansvar .............................................................................................................................................. 63 Argumentum ad hominem – personargumentet ............................................................... 65 Attest ................................................................................................................................................ 70 Attraktiv stereotype feilen ....................................................................................................... 76 Barnet .............................................................................................................................................. 77 Autoritet .......................................................................................................................................... 79 Barnum/Forer effekt .................................................................................................................. 80 Base rate feilslutning .................................................................................................................. 84 Bedre enn gjennomsnitt - effekten ........................................................................................ 85 Bevisbyrden ................................................................................................................................... 86 Bevisfravær .................................................................................................................................... 87 Bias – Forutintatthet ................................................................................................................... 88 Anthropic bias ......................................................................................................................................... 89 Assimilation bias .................................................................................................................................... 94 Blind spot bias ......................................................................................................................................... 95 Confirmation Bias - Det som taler imot utelates ....................................................................... 96 Consistency bias ..................................................................................................................................... 98 Consensus bias ........................................................................................................................................ 99 Belif bias – forutinntatte meninger ............................................................................................... 101 Disconfirmation bias .........................................................................................................................
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