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Atrial Fibrillation and Splenic Infarction Presenting with Unexplained Fever and Persistent Abdominal Pain - a Case Report and Review of the Literature

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Atrial Fibrillation and Splenic Infarction Presenting with Unexplained Fever and Persistent Abdominal Pain - a Case Report and Review of the Literature Case ReportSplenic Infarction Presenting with Unexplained Fever and Persistent Acta Abdominal Cardiol SinPain 2012;28:157-160 Atrial Fibrillation and Splenic Infarction Presenting with Unexplained Fever and Persistent Abdominal Pain - A Case Report and Review of the Literature Cheng-Chun Wei1 and Chiung-Zuan Chiu1,2 Atrial fibrillation is a common clinical problem and may be complicated with events of thromboembolism, especially in patients with valvular heart disease. Splenic infarction is a rare manifestation of the reported cases. The symptoms may vary from asymptomatic to severe peritonitis, though early diagnosis may lessen the probability of severe complications and lead to a good prognosis. We report a 79-year-old man with multiple cardioembolic risk factors who presented with fever and left upper quadrant abdominal pain. To diagnose splenic infarction is challenging for clinicians and requires substantial effort. Early resumption of the anti-coagulation component avoids complications and operation. Key Words: Atrial fibrillation · Splenic infarction · Thromboembolism event · Valvular heart disease INTRODUCTION the patient suffered from severe acute abdominal pain due to splenic infarction. Fortunately, early diagnosis Splenic infarction is a rare cause of an acute abdo- and anticoagulation therapy helped the patient to avoid men. According to a sizeable autopsy series, only 10% emergency surgery and a possible negative outcome. of splenic infarctions had been diagnosed antemortem.1-3 It can occur in a multitude of conditions, with general or local manifestations, and was often a clinical “blind CASE REPORT spot” during the process of diagnosis. However, splenic infarction must be considered in patients with hema- The patient was a 79-year-old man with degenera- tologic diseases or thromboembolic conditions. tive valvular heart disease and congestive heart failure Splenic infarctions may cause significantly in- (CHF). Chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) was noted for an creased morbidity, and earlier diagnosis of this serious extended period of time, and was medically managed by condition does improve outcomes. We reported a case digoxin 0.125 mg per day for rate control. Routine with multiple risk factors for cardioembolism, wherein anticoagulation or antiplatelets agents had been discon- tinued for several months due to the patient’s active peptic ulcer disease. Additional systemic diseases suf- Received: June 28, 2011 Accepted: January 19, 2012 fered by this patient included hypertension, chronic re- 1Division of Cardiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei; 2School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei nal insufficiency, gouty arthritis, and chronic obstructive City, Taiwan. lung disease (COPD). However, the patient had no his- Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Dr. Chiung-Zuan tory of smoking or alcohol use, and had not traveled in Chiu, Division of Cardiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, No. 95, Wen Chan Road, Taipei 111, Taiwan. Tel: 886-2- the past year. His regular medication regimen also in- 2833-2211; Fax: 886-2-2812-9733; E-mail: [email protected] cluded valsartan 80 mg twice per day, sulfinpyrazone 50 157 Acta Cardiol Sin 2012;28:157-160 Cheng-Chun Wei et al. mg per day and sustained-release theophylline 125 mg, demonstrated a nonspecific bowel gas pattern, and elec- twice per day. trocardiogram (ECG) showed AF with rates 80-100 The patient was first admitted to our medical center beats per minute. The transthoracic cardiac echo showed diagnosed with acute cholangitis. He received endo- left ventricular ejection fraction of 52%, dilated left scopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, but the atrium (LA), mitral annulus calcification with mild mi- stone had passed spontaneously. Thereafter, the patient’s tral regurgitation and tricuspid regurgitation. No throm- situation improved with an appropriate course of anti- bus was noted from the transthoracic echocardiography. biotics. However, another episode of acute left upper These data helped us exclude some common disor- quadrant pain developed 2 weeks later. The character of ders associated with abdominal pain. The possibility of pain was described by the patient as dull and constant pancreatitis was not favored due to normal amylase and for more than 3 days. The abdominal pain was associ- lipase levels. Diverticulitis was unlikely because of ated with nausea and a high spiking fever up to 39.4 °C, negative stool occult blood and the location was aty- and the pain became aggravated during deep inspiration; pical. No rib fracture or foreign body was found by he rated the pain at 8 on a scale of 1-10. The pain also chest x-ray. Urinary analysis excluded the diagnosis of radiated to the patient’s left flank, back, and mid- acute pyelonephritis and ureter stones. ECG and car- scapular regions. diac markers did not show evidence of myocardial in- On examination, the patient was alert and communi- farction. Abdominal echo results also showed no liver cative. His blood pressure was 145/88 mmHg, and it was abscess, no biliary tract stones and no spleen abscess. observed that the patient had irregular heartbeats. A Due to these diagnostic challenges, an abdominal harsh systolic murmur grade III/VI was heard over the computed tomography (CT) was arranged. It showed left lower sternal border and apex. The abdominal exam- wedge-shaped areas of hypoattenuation in the central ination was significant for pain, with deep palpation in and posterior aspect of the spleen, which was consistent the left upper quadrant (LUQ). There was tenderness on with infarcts (Figure 1). Owing to his underlying me- the LUQ abdomen, flank, and the costovertebral angle. dical comorbidities, emboli of cardiac origin was highly Patient bowel sounds were normal. Additionally, there suspected, and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was neither rebounding pain nor indication of muscle was indicated. guarding. The TEE showed dilated LA with heavy spon- Routine blood cell counts showed no anemia and no taneous echo contrast (SEC) over the LA. A small and leukocytosis. Results of a coagulation test and serum round thrombus with a radius of 0.753 ´ 0.7 cm2 was chemistries were also normal. An abdominal X-ray found over the left atrial appendage (Figure 2). Figure 1. Wedge-shaped areas of hypoattenuation in the central (left figure, white arrow) and posterior aspect of the spleen (right figure, white arrow), which was consistent with infarcts. Acta Cardiol Sin 2012;28:157-160 158 Splenic Infarction Presenting with Unexplained Fever and Persistent Abdominal Pain With the use of managed narcotics, the abdominal pain downgraded to 2-3 on a scale of 1-10. Warfarin was titrated to the optimal dose to keep international normal- ized ratio around 2.0-3.0. Prophylatic antibiotics were given to prevent a secondary abdominal infection. Under medical control, the patient’s condition gradually stabi- lized and no surgical intervention was necessary. The patient was then discharged and regularly followed up at an outpatient clinic. DISCUSSION Figure 2. Transesophageal echocardiography in high esophageal Splenic infarction is rarely seen as a cause of acute level showed marked spontaneous echo contrast in the left atrium (black abdomen. Patients under the age of 40 years typically arrow); a small thrombus about 0.753 ´ 0.7 cm2 was found over the left have an associated hematologic disorder, and older pa- atrial appendage (white arrow). tients typically have an embolic event as the etiology.1,2 In tropical regions, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, Contrast CT scan plays an important role in the India, and the Middle-East, it is well known that sickle diagnosis of splenic infarctions. It also has the advan- cell disease can precipitate splenic infarction. Patients tage of showing the infarction in the spleen, other major with sickle cell trait, as well as hemoglobin SC disease, organs and the extent of thrombosis involvement, and may develop splenic infarction.1,2 Other possible causes still can reveal the source of the infarction. Computed of splenic infarction include polycythemia vera, Gaucher tomography is an important diagnostic tool and should disease, pancreatitis, endocarditis, collagen-vascular be considered in every patient with unexplained ab- disease, trauma, wandering spleen, parasitic or viral dominal pain, especially LUQ pain. infection, and hypercoagulability status.1,2 Sometimes splenic infarctions do cause significant Cardioembolus-related splenic infarction accounts morbidity and mortality and require prompt diagnosis for 22-55% of all causes of splenic infarction.3-7 Poten- and treatment. In Jaroch et al.’s study,5 the mortality rate tial cardiac sources of emboli can be categorized into was about 18%, and 9% of the patients needed a sple- masses (including thrombi, atherosclerotic plaques, ve- nectomy. In Goerg et al.’s study,6 the mortality rate was getations, and tumors), passageways for paradoxical 17%, with 21% of patients needing a splenectomy. embolism (patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect), It can also be the first warning sign of underlying and propensity for thrombus formation (left atrial SEC, disease, thus requiring immediate treatment. The diag- mitral annular calcification). The most common sources nosis of splenic infarction was the clue that led to the of emboli are the left atrial or left ventricular thrombus, diagnosis of serious underlying conditions (hyper- left atrial SEC, and aortic atherosclerosis. Left atrial
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