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Sano Manabu and the Japanese Adaptation of Socialism Sano Manabu and the Japanese adaptation of socialism Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Wagner, Jeffrey Paul Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 06:42:31 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565397 SANO MANABU AND THE JAPANESE ADAPTATION OF SOCIALISM by . Jeffrey Paul Wagner A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 8 Copyright 1978 Jeffrey Paul Wagner THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by Jeffrey Paul Wagner_________________________ entitled s a n o m a n a b u a n d t h e Ja p a n e s e a d a p t a t i o n o f socrAusM be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the degree of ______________ Doctor of Philosophy_______________________ j&w A J y ■ t, if is- Dissertation Director Date^ As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read this dissertation and agree that it may be presented for final defense. Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense thereof at the final oral examination. STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduc­ tion of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. / PREFACE In today1 s world, the concept of a monolithic communist movement led by the Soviet Union is slowly giving way to the realization that communist parties of various countries are increasingly becoming in­ dependent from Moscowe Such Marxist-Leninist positions as dictatorship of the proletariat and violent revolution are being abandoned and replaced by principles calling for the autonomy/independence of each communist party and espousal of a democratic advance toward socialism. In light of such trends, there is a need to examine existing notions of 5the Japanese nationalist movement in the prewar Showa periodMost historians have characterized the communists and socialists who became fervent nationalists in that era as "opportunists .n According to the popular line of reasoning, one could only profess allegiance to either the emperor system (Japanese nationalism) or the working class (socialism) , because these two elements were considered basically- in­ compatible. However, only a thorough analysis of the principal activists of the period will determine whether the attempts to combine nationalism and socialism were opportunistic, or whether they were sincere efforts to achieve socialist ends without indiscriminate imita­ tion of the Russian "model" of communism, This study could not have been done without the assistance of a number of people, In particular, I would like to extend my thanks to Professor Gail Bernstein, who not only guided me in my research but also iii iv was a constant source of inspiration and ideas„ I am indebted to Professor Minoru Yanagihashi and Professor Richard Eaton for carefully f reading the manuscript and providing insightful comments, and to Mr. Edward Putzar for checking the translations, A major part of this research was conducted in Japan during the year of 1976-1977 on a Japan Foundation Dissertation Fellowship. The help and advice that the Foundation provided were greatly appreciated. Professor Ito Takashi of Tokyo University kindly guided my research in Japan and allowed me free access to his extensive private library9 Professor Ishida Takeshi gave me invaluable guidance both in Japan and during his year as a visiting scholar at The University of Arizona, My thanks are also due to Sano Hiroshi, a nephew of Sano Manabu, - who spent a great deal of tine with me discussing Sano Manabu and his one-state socialism movement * In the same manner, Suematsu Tahei was most gracious in finding time to explain his views on the young officer movement. Takahashi Masae, editor for Misuzu Shobo, and Tani Ichiro, a follower of Sano Manabu, discussed various incidents with me. The staffs of the Oriental Collection at The University of Arizona Library, the National Diet Library in Tokyo, and the various libraries at Tokyo university were extremely helpful in providing books and other material. Mi tani Hiroshi and Kawabata Mitsuko, my research assistants , aided in locating material and translating difficult terms and names. However, my warmest thanks go to my family and especially to iry wife who both edited the manuscript and offered helpful sugges-. tions. This dissertation is dedicated to her. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ................. vii ABSTRACT ................... viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................ 1 PART I: SANO NAN ABU.— AN INTELLECTUAL BIOGRAPHY . 19 2. PATH TO MARXISM .......... 20 Attraction to Socialism .......... 24 Early Marxist Thought ........... ............. 34 Espousal of Liberation Movements ............... 38 3. CONVERSION TO BOLSHEVISM......................... 47 Sano in Exile .......................... 49 Fukumo toi s m ........................................... 54 Yamakawaism ........................ '. 59 Rodoshaha ................... •..................... 77 4. TENKO AND REBIRTH AS A JAPANESE SUBJECT ......... 93 One-State Socialism .................................. 98 Introspection and R e b irth .......... 110 5. ONE-STATE SOCIALISM IN THE POSTWAR PERIOD ‘ ............... 125 The Emperor Institution ' .............................. 126 National Vanguard Party ......... 128 The Final Years . .................................. 135 PART II : OTHER PROMINENT JAPANESE ADAPTATIONS OF SOCIALISM ......................... 143 6. AKAMATSU KATSUMARO . 144 , 7. ASO HISASHI ...........' ........... 165 v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS— Continued Page 8. THE YOUNG OFFICER MOVEMENT ................ 182 "Hashimoto" Faction ............................ 191 "Naval" Faction .................................. 194 "Imperial Marxist" Faction .... 199 9. CONCLUSION: THE DESIGNATION OF IDEOLOGICAL BOUNDARIES . 212 APPENDIX A. ACTIVISTS AFFILIATED WITH THE RONOHA (LABOR-FARMER GROUP) MOVEMENT .......... 229 APPENDIX B. ACTIVISTS AFFILIATED WITH THE RODOSHAHA (WORKER'S FACTION) MOVEMENT ........... 230 APPENDIX C. ACTIVISTS AFFILIATED WITH THE PRE- AND POSTWAR ONE-STATE SOCIALISM MOVEMENT ...... 231 APPENDIX D. SANO'S 1930 SOCIALIST POLICIES FOR JAPAN ..... 232 APPENDIX E. SANO'S 1946 SOCIALIST POLICIES FOR JAPAN ........ 236 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................• . ■ . 239 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Survey of home occupations of those pupils attending the Army Military Academy from 1920-1936 ............... 186 vii ABSTRACT The fact that many Japanese activists b o m around 1900 were nurtured on Meiji nationalism as children, became fervent Marxists as youths, and converted to rabid nationalism as adults has prompted commentators to write off these men as weak individuals who succumbed to whatever ideology was popular or convenient at the time. At best, however, this characterization is a gross oversimplification which ignores the major goal of these men— to make adaptations of socialism by reconciling the existence of the emperor with the tenets of Marxism-Leninism. In fact, in many cases, the union of nationalism and socialism was achieved without compromising the activists' earnest desire to achieve socialism in Japan \and improve the lot of the poor. In order to exemplify the attempt of the Japanese revolutionary socialist to indigenize Marxism-Leninism, Part I of this study will trace the intellectual development of the political ideas of Sano ManabUe Although Sand' s mixture of nationalism and socialism affords the clearest example of a Japanese activist's attempt to reconcile the emperor system with Marxism, it must be emphasized that many others in Sano' s generation also felt the need to modify socialism by linking emperor-centered nationalism with egalitarian socialism. Hence, Part II pf the study will analyze three1 other adaptations of socialism that were created by Sano' s contemporaries, Aso Hisashi, Akamatsu Katsumaro, and a certain clique of "Imperial Marxists" who participated in the young officer movement, viii The material provided in the study highlights the limitations designating ideological affiliation along the usual right wing (nationalism)-left wing (socialism) political continuum. Instead a new conceptual framework is designed which differentiates right wing and left wing while allowing for the possibility of linkage between nationalism and socialism. In three of the cases studied here, namely that of Sano Manabu, Aso Hisashi, and the "Imperial M a r x i s t s 11 the union of nationalism and socialism was achieved without compromising their ultimate end of reconstructing society by means of socialist
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