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The Impact of Birds-Eye Chili Cultivation on Farmers' Income

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The Impact of Birds-Eye Chili Cultivation on Farmers' Income View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives The impact of birds-eye chili cultivation on farmers’ income A case study of Torkor and Kudzra in the Kpando Municipality of Ghana Asase Edem David Master Thesis in Development Geography Department of Sociology and Human Geography University of Oslo May 2014 © Asase Edem David 2014 The impact of birds-eye chili cultivation on farmers’ income Asase Edem David http://www.duo.uio.no/ Print: Oslo Kopisten Cover Image: A birds-eye chili farmer harvesting her crops. Source: Author ii | P a g e The impact of birds-eye chili cultivation on farmers’ income A case study of Torkor and Kudzra in the Kpando Municipality of Ghana Asase Edem David Master thesis in Development Geography Department of Sociology and Human Geography University of Oslo May 2014 iii | P a g e Dedication Dedicated to Dr. and Mrs. Ebenezer Painstil and family. Abstract This study looks at the impact of non-traditional crops on farmers’ income focusing on the cultivation of birds-eye chili in two rural communities in Ghana. The two communities selected for this study both display the emerging characteristics of smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa who are gradually shifting from attempting to raise yields of current crops to the cultivation of new, high value export crops in order to accrue higher incomes. A qualitative research method was employed to understand the factors that influence farmers to shift to the cultivation of birds-eye chili, the problems that are encountered in this new activity and most importantly the effect this has on their incomes. Elements of the popular sustainable livelihoods framework were adopted for analysing the impacts. The study revealed a number of issues relevant to the discourse on improving incomes of smallholders. The study confirmed the shift of some smallholders to cultivation of new, high value export crops such as birds-eye chili. Again the study provided evidence of a unique brand of farming known as block farming in one of the two communities and how this is contributing to higher incomes compared to traditional methods of farming. Challenges that are faced by birds-eye chili farmers were also identified and the extents to which these challenges impact incomes accrued from the activity were explored as well. The findings of the study point to the fact that birds-eye chili cultivation delivers higher and more stable incomes to the farmers especially for farmers on the block farms. Relying on evidence from the study, a number of recommendations were made regarding opportunities for future studies as well as for shaping future policies. ii | P a g e Acknowledgements First thanks go to God Almighty for the gift of life, health and wisdom to pursue this master’s programme. Secondly I am indebted to my supervisor Prof. Jan Hasselberg for his guidance and suggestions. Indeed his suggestion to ‘…narrow the thesis to a specific case’ has been very helpful in shaping this thesis. I appreciate the very useful inputs you made during our numerous meetings. I am grateful sir. My sincere thanks to all birds-eye chili farmers in Torkor and Kudzra for taking time to engage me in conversations without which this study will not be possible. I am particularly grateful to them for allowing me to enter their farms, homes and community and giving me access to every information I wanted. I am grateful to the Ministry of Food and Agriculture officials in the Kpando Municipality, led by Mrs. Cecilia Gboloo and also Mrs. Dela Sowah, Member of Parliament for Kpando Constituency for their support throughout my data collection period. To my friend and field assistant Mr. Biadela Tawiah for the helping me to collect data and scrutiny of the entire study. Sincere thanks to Evelyn Ama Denchern of Vakpo Pack-House for the numerous follow-ups she did for me after my field work. I am indebted to Helarie Mensah for proof reading the entire document for me. My thanks to my parents Rev. and Mrs.B.S.Y Asase and my siblings: Stella, Sena and Seyram whose continued encouragement and prayers kept me going so many miles away from home. I owe Sefakor Agidi gratitude for keeping her awake to help me with editing this work but most importantly for her love, patience, understanding and support. Finally I acknowledge my lecturers, colleagues and friends who have contributed in one way or the other to make me a critical thinker. iii | P a g e Table of Content Abstract .................................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. .iv List of Figures, Tables and Photos ....................................................................................... vii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms .................................................................................. viii CHAPTER ONE Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 Research Objective ............................................................................................................... 3 Structure of the Thesis .......................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER TWO Literature Review and Theoretical Framework ..................................................................... 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 5 Agriculture and Poverty Reduction: The Debates ................................................................. 5 Agriculture and Poverty Reduction: The Optimists ............................................................... 6 Agriculture and Poverty Reduction in sub-Saharan Africa, a Fallacy? ............................... ..8 From Increasing Yields to Cultivation of New Crops ......................................................... 11 What Are Non-Traditional Crops ........................................................................................ 12 Growing Non-Traditional Crops .......................................................................................... 13 History of Non-Traditional Crops in sub-Saharan Africa.................................................... 16 Non-Traditional Crops in Ghana ......................................................................................... 17 Global Demand and Supply of Chili .................................................................................... 18 Target Customers for Chili Exporters .................................................................................. 19 Chili Cultivation in Ghana ................................................................................................... 19 The Potential for Chili Business in Ghana ........................................................................... 21 Birds-Eye Chili .................................................................................................................... 22 Birds-Eye Chili Cultivation in Ghana .................................................................................. 24 Smallholder Farming and Livelihood in sub-Saharan Africa .............................................. 24 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................ 26 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 30 CHAPTER THREE Methods................................................................................................................................ 31 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 31 Selecting Informants ............................................................................................................ 32 iv | P a g e Field Relations ..................................................................................................................... 32 The Interview Process .......................................................................................................... 36 Observation .......................................................................................................................... 37 Reliability and Validity ........................................................................................................ 38 Ethical Issues ....................................................................................................................... 40 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 42 CHAPTER FOUR Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................... .44 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 44 Study Area ..........................................................................................................................
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