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The Genus Conotrachelus Dejean (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in the North Central United States

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The Genus Conotrachelus Dejean (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in the North Central United States U B RARY OF THE UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS 51 ILL cop .^S. iS b°0k on or bef latestF«f.»« n °re the Date stamped below. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/genusconotrachel193scho ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS Volume XIX PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS B i/. /? CONTENTS OF VOLUME XIX Nos. 1-2. The Ostracods of Illinois — Their Biology and Taxonomy. By C. Clayton Hoff. No. 3. The Genus Conotrachelus Dejean (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in the North Central United States. By Herbert Frederick SCHOOF. No. 4. The Embryology of Larix. By James Morton Schopf. ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS Vol. XIX No. 3 Published by the University of Illinois Under the Auspices of the Graduate School Urbana, Illinois EDITORIAL COMMITTEE John Theodore Buchholz Fred Wilbur Tanner Harley Jones Van Cleave ERSITY OF ILLINOIS 775_10-42— 24056 .. pncts THE GENUS CONOTRACHELUS DEJEAN (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE) IN THE NORTH CENTRAL UNITED STATES WITH NINE PLATES BY Herbert Frederick Schoof Contribution from the Entomological Laboratories ok the University of Illinois No. 223 THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS URBANA 1942 ; 5^0.5 . e c p '^ PREFACE The greater portion of the material included in this study has been taken from a thesis of the same title, submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology in the Graduate School of the University of Illinois, 1940. The original material has been revised, and several additions have been made. The author wishes to express his sincerest thanks to Professor W. P. Hayes, of the Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, under whose supervision this study was conducted. Professor Hayes suggested the problem and throughout the study has furthered its progress by his many helpful criticisms. He has given unstintedly of his time, and has "-- also placed at the writer's disposal his excellent personal collection of j Conotrachelus. It is with pleasure that the author names a new species, x C. hayesi, in his honor. Much credit is due Mr. L. L. Buchanan, of the United States National to discuss with the writer ,J^ Museum, who has given generously of his time "* the problems involved in the genus, and who has been of much assistance ^ during the entire course of the study. Mr. Buchanan has informed the 3 writer of several morphological characters of taxonomic value in the genus, has arranged for specimen loans from the National Museum, and has assisted the writer in innumerable ways. The writer takes pleasure in naming a new species, C. buchanani, in his honor. The author also wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. C. L. Met- calf and Dr. W. V. Balduf, of the Department of Entomology, Univer- sity of Illinois, for their interest and kind cooperation in this problem Zoology, Cambridge, to Dr. P. J. Darlington, Jr., Museum of Comparative Massachusetts, for comparison of specimens with the J. L. Leconte types, and for the many courtesies which he extended to the writer during his visit in Cambridge ; to Dr. E. C. Van Dyke, of the Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, for comparison of speci- mens of Conotrachelus naso Lee. with the type of C. cinercus Van Dyke to Dr. Z. P. Metcalf and Dr. T. B. Mitchell, of the Department of Zoology and Entomology, North Carolina State College, for the facilities which made it possible to revise the original manuscript ; and to Mr. H. S. Barber, of the United States National Museum, for information concern- ing the nomenclature of the genus Conotrachelus. Only through the kind cooperation of numerous individuals were the necessary specimens procured for this study. To the following, the writer is indebted for specimen loans: Dr. H. H. Ross, Illinois State Natural History Survey; Dr. C. L. Fluke, University of Wisconsin; Dr. H. E. Jaques, Iowa Wesleyan College ; Dr. L. Haseman, University 6 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS of Missouri; Dr. P. O. Ritcher, University of Kentucky; Mr. W. J. Mickel, University Gerhard, Field Museum of Natural History ; Dr. C. E. of Minnesota; Mr. C. A. Frost, Framingham, Mass.; Dr. Marion E. Smith, Massachusetts State College; and Dr. C. S. Brimley, Division of Entomology, North Carolina Department of Agriculture. The writer also wishes to thank Dr. R. C. Smith, of Kansas State College, and Dr. Clay Lyle, of Mississippi State College, for their assist- ance in securing biological data. Raleigh, North Carolina H. F. S. CONTENTS 9 I. Introduction 9 II. Review of Literature III. Materials and Methods 12 A. The Removal, Study, and Preservation of the Male Genitalia 12 B. Measurements 14 C. Studies of Collections and Types 15 D. Organization of Distributional Data 16 IV. The Morphological Characters of Taxonomic Importance 16 A. The Body Regions and Their Appendages . .17 B. Color and Vestiture 23 C. Characters for Sex Determination 24 D. The Male Genitalia 25 V. Nomenclature 37 VI. Classification 39 Key to Groups 40 A. Group I (with Key to Species) 40 C. juglandis Lee 44 C. nenuphar (Hbst.) 48 C. buchanani n. sp 51 C. albicinctus Lee 54 C. iowensis n. sp. 57 C. retentus (Say) 60 C. affinis Boh 65 C. hicoriae n. sp 69 C.falli Blatch 72 C. nivosus Lee 73 C. seniculus Lee 76 C. elegans (Say) 80 C. hayesi n. sp 85 C. aratus (Germ.) 88 C. tibialis n. sp 91 8 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VI. Classification {continued) B. Group II (with Key to Species) 94 C. crataegi Walsh 96 C. adspersus Lee 99 C. naso Lee 101 C. carinifer Casey 104 C. posticatus Boh 106 C. recessus (Casey) 109 C. geminatus Lee Ill C. cribricollis (Say) 114 C. Group III (with Key to Species) 118 C. tuberosus Lee 119 C. anaglypticus (Say) 121 C. leucophaeatus Fahr 126 D. Group IV (with Key to Species) 129 C. fiss unguis Lee 131 C. erinaceus Lee 134 VII. Addendum: Conotrachelus carolinensis n. sp 136 VIII. Summary 141 IX. Glossary 142 X. Literature Cited 144 Plates 149 I. INTRODUCTION The genus Conotrachelus Dejean embraces over 930 known species, all of which are confined to the Americas. The majority of these species occur in South and Central America, 54 species being known from the United States and Canada. In spite of the relatively large number of species in this region, little taxonomical or morphological work has been done on the genus other than that included in general considerations of the Rhynchophora. Biological data have been accumulated on many of the species, but, as will be pointed out later, the significance of some of these data is questionable because of specific confusion. Consequently, a taxonomic revision of the genus would seem to be of definite value. The investigations reported here have a threefold purpose ; first, to prepare workable keys to, and descriptions of, the species of Conotra- chelus occurring in Illinois and the surrounding states of Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Kentucky, and Indiana ; second, to study the morphology of the male genitalia and determine their taxonomic significance ; and third, to evaluate the morphological characters previously used in the classification of this genus, and, if possible, to indicate additional ones. The majority of the species found in this middlewestern area are present over the eastern half of the United States, and the classification herein will, in general, apply to this eastern area. II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE The taxonomic literature on the genus Conotrachelus has been confined to considerations in comprehensive works on the Rhynchophora and to descriptions of new species. Dejean (1835) erected the genus Conotrachelus, but merely listed the species included. Schonherr (1837) was the first to bring together in a descriptive manner the known species of Conotrachelus. Of the sixty- five species discussed in Schonherr's Genera ct Species Curculionidum, twelve occurred in the United States, and the remainder were from South or Central America. A key was given by Schonherr in which the final designation was to groups of species instead of to one species. The genus and many of the species were described in detail, but the majority of the descriptions were by Boheman and Fahreus, Schonherr having dis- cussed only the generic characteristics. Most of the species were accredited to prior workers, but subsequent study has shown that many of these were nomina nuda; consequently, many new species were erected unknowingly. In 1845 Schonherr published another work on this genus, including at that time 106 species, of which thirteen were from the United States. 10 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS Leconte (1876) was the first American author to discuss the genus Conotrachelus. He separated it into four divisions, Division I consisting of parts A and B. In the appendix of the same publication Leconte amended his Division I, subdividing part B into two sections. The characters used to erect these groups are similar, except for modifications, to those used by the writer (p. 40). Leconte discussed twenty- four species in the text of his work, eleven of which were new. In the ap- pendix, he described one other new species and stated that plagiatus n. sp. (p. 233) was a synonym of nivosus n. sp. (p. 229). The majority of the remaining thirteen species were redescribed, but several of them, such as anaglypticus (Say) and leucophaeatus Fahr., were only briefly men- tioned. Leconte did not give any biological data, his discussion being confined to taxonomy and nomenclature. Champion (1904) published the most comprehensive work on this genus, but his study, with the exception of four species, posticatus Boh., leucophaeatus Fahr., anaglypticus (Say), and serpentinus (Klug), was mainly concerned with the Central American fauna. Champion discussed 188 species, the majority of which were new.
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