Syllabification Patterns in Arabic Dialects: Long Segments and Mora Sharing
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Meter of Classical Arabic Poetry
Pegs, Cords, and Ghuls: Meter of Classical Arabic Poetry Hazel Scott Haverford College Department of Linguistics, Swarthmore College Fall 2009 There are many reasons to read poetry, filled with heroics and folly, sweeping metaphors and engaging rhymes. It can reveal much about a shared cultural history and the depths of the human soul; for linguists, it also provides insights into the nature of language itself. As a particular subset of a language, poetry is one case study for understanding the use of a language and the underlying rules that govern it. This paper explores the metrical system of classical Arabic poetry and its theoretical representations. The prevailing classification is from the 8th century C.E., based on the work of the scholar al-Khaliil, and I evaluate modern attempts to situate the meters within a more universal theory. I analyze the meter of two early Arabic poems, and observe the descriptive accuracy of al-Khaliil’s system, and then provide an analysis of the major alternative accounts. By incorporating linguistic concepts such as binarity and prosodic constraints, the newer models improve on the general accessibility of their theories with greater explanatory potential. The use of this analysis to identify and account for the four most commonly used meters, for example, highlights the significance of these models over al-Khaliil’s basic enumerations. The study is situated within a discussion of cultural history and the modern application of these meters, and a reflection on the oral nature of these poems. The opportunities created for easier cross-linguistic comparisons are crucial for a broader understanding of poetry, enhanced by Arabic’s complex levels of metrical patterns, and with conclusions that can inform wider linguistic study.* Introduction Classical Arabic poetry is traditionally characterized by its use of one of the sixteen * I would like to thank my advisor, Professor K. -
Exceptional Stress and Reduced Vowels in Munster Irish Anton Kukhto
Exceptional stress and reduced vowels in Munster Irish Anton Kukhto Massachusetts Institute of Technology [email protected] ABSTRACT 1.2. Exceptions to the basic pattern This paper focuses on reduced vowels in one of the Munster dialects of Modern Irish, Gaeilge Chorca There exist, however, numerous exceptions to this Dhuibhne. In this dialect, lexical stress depends on rule. Some are caused by the morphological structure syllable weight: heavy syllables (i.e. syllables that of the word. Thus, some verbal inflection morphemes contain phonologically long vowels) attract stress; if exceptionally attract lexical stress, e.g. fógróidh (sé) [foːgǝˈroːgj] ‘(he) will announce’, while others fail to there are none, stress is initial. There exist exceptions, j j one of them being peninitial stress in words with no do so contrary, e.g. molaimíd [ˈmoləm iːd ] ‘we heavy syllables and the string /ax/ in the second praise’; for more details on such cases, see [21]. Other syllable. Instead of deriving this pattern from the exceptions are lexical in the sense that the stress is properties of /x/ in combination with /a/ as has been unpredictable and does not obey the general laws done in much previous work, the paper argues for the outlined above. These are often found to exhibit presence of a phonologically reduced vowel in the anomalous behaviour in other Irish dialects as well, first syllable. The paper argues that such vowels are not only in the South, cf. tobac [tǝˈbak] ‘tobacco’ or phonetically and phonologically different from bricfeasta [brʲikˈfʲastǝ] ‘breakfast’. underlying full vowels that underwent a post-lexical Another class of exceptions seems to stem from process of vowel reduction. -
Chapter 1 Theoretical Issues
Chapter 1 Theoretical issues —… no language has a rule stressing the penultimate syllable unless it begins with a voiced consonant, in which case one stresses the antepenultimate syllable“ (Hyman 1985: 96) —(Karo) stress can be predicted by the onset of the last syllable: if it is a voiced stop consonant, then the stress shifts one syllable to the left“ (Gabas 1999: 39) 1.1 Syllable weight The notion of syllable weight is pervasive in phonology. Everywhere we look there are data that make reference to it. The idea behind syllable weight is that depending on their structure, syllables are treated in a different way; thus if a syllable contains a long vowel or - in some languages - a short vowel followed by a coda consonant, then it is heavier than one including a short vowel, i.e. VV, VC > V. The effects of this distinction are most prominently seen in stress, where in many languages heavy syllables attract stress more than light ones. Importantly, VC is heavy in some languages, e.g. Hopi, but light in others, e.g. Lenakel (see below). In Hopi (Gussenhoven and Jacobs 2005: 145), the first syllable is stressed if it is heavy (C)VV or (C)VC [(1a)], but if it is (C)V light, then the second gets stress [(1b)]1. (1) Hopi: VV/VC=heavy; V=light a. q1q .t1.som.pi ‘headbands’ soÂ9.ja ‘planting stick’ b. q1.t1. som.pi ‘headband’ ko.jo. Mo ‘turkey’ 1 In this chapter, unless stated otherwise, the acute accent marks primary stress, the grave accent means secondary stress, and underlining denotes the reduplicated portion. -
A Contrastive Study Farah Hafedh Ibrahim College of Arts,Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq Email : [email protected]
36 Syllables in English and Arabic : A contrastive Study Farah Hafedh Ibrahim College of Arts,Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq Email : [email protected] Abstract The present study investigates syllables in both English and Arabic for the sake of revealing the similarities and differences between them in these two languages. The syllable is regarded as the basic unit or the building block of speech that has attracted the attention of English and Arab phoneticians. The present study tackles the nature of English and Arabic syllables, sheds light on some of the theories that described them as well as classifying them into types and describing their structure. The study arrives at the conclusion that there are many differences between syllables in English and syllables in Arabic. These differences concern the way syllables are viewed, their types and their structure. However, both languages consider the syllable to be the basic unit of speech. Phonetically, syllables are described in English as consisting of a centre which has little or no obstruction to airflow preceded and followed by great obstruction; whereas in Arabic, syllables are phonetically described as chest pulses. Keywords: Syllable; Syllable Nature; Syllable Type; Structure Introduction The term syllable, in English language, is not easy to define since it can be defined phonetically, or phonologically or both phonetically and phonologically. Starting with Ladefoged (2006:242) who describes the syllable as “the smallest unit of speech. Every utterance must contain at least one syllable”. He (ibid.) further states that speech is composed of segments such as vowels or consonants and these segments are considered to be aspects of the syllable. -
Part 1: Introduction to The
PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech. -
Audible Punctuation Performative Pause In
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/140838 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-09-25 and may be subject to change. AUDIBLE PUNCTUATION Performative Pause in Homeric Prosody Audible Punctuation: Performative Pause in Homeric Prosody Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. Th.L.M. Engelen, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 21 mei 2015 om 14.30 uur precies door Ronald Blankenborg geboren op 23 maart 1971 te Eibergen Promotoren: Prof. dr. A.P.M.H. Lardinois Prof. dr. J.B. Lidov (City University New York, Verenigde Staten) Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. M.G.M. van der Poel Prof. dr. E.J. Bakker (Yale University, Verenigde Staten) Prof. dr. M. Janse (Universiteit Gent, België) Copyright©Ronald Blankenborg 2015 ISBN 978-90-823119-1-4 [email protected] [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author. Printed by Maarse Printing Cover by Gijs de Reus Audible Punctuation: Performative Pause in Homeric Prosody Doctoral Thesis to obtain the degree of doctor from Radboud University Nijmegen on the authority of the Rector Magnificus prof. -
English Vowels Basic Vowel Description Tense And
Main vowel symbols of GA and WCE Front Central Back* Height [i] ‘beat’ [u] ‘boot’ higher high English vowels [I] ‘bit’ [U] ‘book’ lower high [e] ‘bait’ [o] ‘boat’ higher mid [E] ‘bet’ [´] ‘sofa’ [ç] ‘ bought, GA’ lower mid Narrow transcription [! ] ‘but’ [Å] ‘Bob, bought WCE’ higher low [Q] ‘bat’ [A] ‘Bob, GA’ lower low •Back vowels except [A] are rounded; the rest are unrounded • [Å] is described as lower low in your text and IPA. I’ll take either. It is ROUNDED • [e] and [o] are the first part (nucleus) of the diphthongs [ej] and [ow] 1 3 Basic vowel description Tense and Lax • The basic descriptors for vowels are HAR • English phonology traditionally makes the – Height distinction between tense and lax vowels – Advancement – This is not phonetically well-defined as a single – Rounding characteristic • It is useful to subdivide each height class into a – You just need to learn which vowels are classed as tense and lax ‘higher’ and ‘lower’ subdivision – You should learn all the heights in the next chart • This distinction based mainly on phonotactics – Phonotactics is the description of which sounds can occur together in a legal word or syllable of a language 2 4 Duration patterns tense and lax Occurrence of TENSE Vs vowels • Vowels called ‘tense’ occur freely at the ends of • Tense vowels are longer than lax vowels of the one syllable words same general height class i, ej, u, ow, Å ( A and ç in GA) /i/ longer than /I/ /u/ longer than /U/ • Also tense : aj, aw, çj /ej/ longer than /E/ • Examples : • The tense back vowels /ow/ and /Å/ (both /A/ and – ‘bee’, ‘bay’, ‘too’, ‘tow’ , ‘law’ ( ‘spa’ and ‘law’ in GA) /ç/ in GA) are longer than the lax central /! / • An exception to the ‘lax vowels shorter than tense’ is /Q/ – It is often as long as any other vowel 5 7 Length of tense v. -
Six-Way Syllable Sort Objective the Student Will Identify Syllables in Words
Phonics Syllable Patterns P.034 Six-Way Syllable Sort Objective The student will identify syllables in words. Materials Header cards (Activity Master P.034.AM1) Word cards (Activity Master P.034.AM2a - P.034.AM2f) Note: Two syllable words ending in consonant-le should use consonant-le as the target syllable. Activity Students will sort words by syllable types. 1. Place header cards face up on a flat surface. Shuffle the word cards and place face down in a stack. 2. Taking turns, students select the top card from the stack, read the word, and identify what type of syllable it is (e.g., “tennis, closed syllables” or “loop, vowel pair syllable”). 3. Place in column under matching header card. 4. Point to and read words in entire column starting with header card. 5. Continue until all cards are sorted. 6. Peer evaluation Extensions and Adaptations Make more words and sort. Sort fewer patterns and/or words. Record words. 2006 The Florida Center for Reading Research (Revised July, 2007) 2-3 Student Center Activities: Phonics Phonics P.034.AM1 Six-Way Syllable Sort flat she closed syllables open syllables snake sharp vowel-consonant-e syllables r-controlled syllables read sample vowel pair syllables consonant-le syllables header cards 2-3 Student Center Activities: Phonics 2006 The Florida Center for Reading Research (Revised July, 2007) Phonics Six-Way Syllable Sort P.034.AM2a witness bobbin grand suffix tennis camp panic happen closed syllable word cards 2006 The Florida Center for Reading Research (Revised July, 2007) 2-3 Student Center Activities: -
49 Stress-Timed Vs. Syllable- Timed Languages
TBC_049.qxd 7/13/10 19:21 Page 1 49 Stress-timed vs. Syllable- timed Languages Marina Nespor Mohinish Shukla Jacques Mehler 1Introduction Rhythm characterizes most natural phenomena: heartbeats have a rhythmic organization, and so do the waves of the sea, the alternation of day and night, and bird songs. Language is yet another natural phenomenon that is charac- terized by rhythm. What is rhythm? Is it possible to give a general enough definition of rhythm to include all the phenomena we just mentioned? The origin of the word rhythm is the Greek word osh[óp, derived from the verb oeí, which means ‘to flow’. We could say that rhythm determines the flow of different phenomena. Plato (The Laws, book II: 93) gave a very general – and in our opinion the most beautiful – definition of rhythm: “rhythm is order in movement.” In order to under- stand how rhythm is instantiated in different natural phenomena, including language, it is necessary to discover the elements responsible for it in each single case. Thus the question we address is: which elements establish order in linguistic rhythm, i.e. in the flow of speech? 2The rhythmic hierarchy: Rhythm as alternation Rhythm is hierarchical in nature in language, as it is in music. According to the metrical grid theory, i.e. the representation of linguistic rhythm within Generative Grammar (cf., amongst others, Liberman & Prince 1977; Prince 1983; Nespor & Vogel 1989; chapter 43: representations of word stress), the element that “establishes order” in the flow of speech is stress: universally, stressed and unstressed positions alternate at different levels of the hierarchy (see chapter 40: stress: phonotactic and phonetic evidence). -
A Phonetic Study of Length and Duration in Kyrgyz Vowels
Swarthmore College Works Linguistics Faculty Works Linguistics 2019 A Phonetic Study Of Length And Duration In Kyrgyz Vowels Nathaniel Ziv Stern , '20 Jonathan North Washington Swarthmore College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-linguistics Part of the Linguistics Commons Let us know how access to these works benefits ouy Recommended Citation Nathaniel Ziv Stern , '20 and Jonathan North Washington. (2019). "A Phonetic Study Of Length And Duration In Kyrgyz Vowels". Proceedings Of The Workshop On Turkic And Languages In Contact With Turkic. Volume 4, 119-131. DOI: 10.3765/ptu.v4i1.4577 https://works.swarthmore.edu/fac-linguistics/256 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. This work is brought to you for free by Swarthmore College Libraries' Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Linguistics Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 2019. Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic 4. 119–131. https://doi.org/10.3765/ptu.v4i1.4577 A phonetic study of length and duration in Kyrgyz vowels Nathaniel Ziv Stern & Jonathan North Washington∗ Abstract. This paper examines the phonetic correlates of the (phonological) vowel length contrast in Kyrgyz to address a range of questions about the nature of this contrast, and also explores factors that affect (phonetic) duration in short vowels. Measurement and analysis of the vowels confirms that there is indeed a significant duration distinction be- tween the Kyrgyz vowel categories referred to as short and long vowels. -
Teach Vowel Team Syllable Type- There Are Six Types of Syllables: 1
Vowel Team Syllables Information In this intervention group, the following skills are taught: Teach Vowel Team Syllable Type- There are six types of syllables: 1. A closed syllable ends in a consonant. The vowel has a short vowel sound, as in the word bat. 2. A vowel-consonant-e syllable is typically found at the end of a word. The final e is silent and makes the next vowel before it long, as in the word name. 3. An open syllable ends in a vowel. The vowel has a long vowel sound, as in the first syllable of apron. 4. An r-controlled syllable contains a vowel followed by the letter r. The r controls the vowel and changes the way it is pronounced, as in the word car. 5. A vowel team syllable has two vowels next to each other that together say a new sound, as in the word south. 6. A consonant +l-e syllable is found in words like handle, puzzle, and middle. Read Words With ai,ay- fail, aim, de/tail, con/tain, re/frain, day, tray, dis/play, pay/ment, hay/stack Spelling Patterns for Long a (a, ai, ay, a-e, eigh, ea)- eight, save, a/pron, hay, neigh/bor, sub/way, train, pro/claim, re/frig/er/ate, ba/gel, great, break/ing Read Words With ee,ey- they, grey, en/trée, fi/an/cée Spelling Patterns for Long e (e, ee, ea, ie, y, ey, e-e)- ba/by, key, me, be, feed, creek, thief, pier, re/lief, bee/tle, bun/ny, cra/zy, mon/ey, Pete, bum/ble/bee Read Words With oa,oe,ue- Oa and oe say the long o sound as in boat, and toe. -
Syllable and Segment in Latin 1
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 9/2/2015, SPi Syllable and Segment in Latin RANJAN SEN Preview - Copyrighted Material 1 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 9/2/2015, SPi 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6dp, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries # Ranjan Sen 2015 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2015 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2014943829 ISBN 978–0–19–966018–6 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, cr04yy Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only.