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Tarawera Eruption and After Author(S): James Park Source: the Geographical Journal, Vol Tarawera Eruption and after Author(s): James Park Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Jan., 1911), pp. 42-49 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1777578 Accessed: 21-05-2016 04:05 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley, The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal This content downloaded from 129.180.1.217 on Sat, 21 May 2016 04:05:18 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 42 TARAWERA ERUPTION AND AFTER. This upheaval was described, in a report, by Mr. Allard, who was in charge of some drilling operations for petroleum in the neighbourhood at the time, as follows:- " Halfway between Mempakal and Lambedan, on the 21st of September, inl the afternoon, a small island was formed. Some natives were out gathering oysters, and noticed a good many bubbles rising, after which a gradual upheaval took place, and went on all night, forming a hill of about 200 yards by 150 yards, and 50 to 60 feet high. It seems to consist of nothing but slatey-looking clay, with a few sandstones in it, exactly similar to what we have been boring through. It is about 30 yards from the shore, and has evidently been forced up through rocks, as some large portions show where it has been scored and marked by passing out between some hard substance. There was a strong smell of gas when I went to see it on the 22nd, and on picking up some of the rocks they showed signs of a white waxy-looking substance having been forced into crevices, so I think this has been forced up by a pressure of gas below. It is not far from where there are some oil signs on the shore." In this connection, reference may be made to an account, which has been published in the Journal,* of a similar occurrence, viz. of an up- heaval caused by gas in petroliferous regions, which was observed by the commander of a mail steamer as actually taking place off the Arrakan coast of Burma, in September, 1909. This upheaval appears to have great analogies with that of Bukit Tumbo. TARAWERA ERUPTION AND AFTER. By Prof. JAMES PARK, F.G.S. i MOUNT TARAWERA, the scene of the eruption on June 10, 1886, lies in the White island--Taupo volcanic zone, being situated about 27 miles south of the Bay of Plenty. The summit of the mountain before the eruption presented the appearance of a dissected tableland, the northern portion of which was known as Wahanga, the middle portion as Ruawahia, and the southern as Mount Tarawera. The highest point of the mountain rose to the height of 3600 feet above the sea. On the west, Mount Tarawera sloped down to Lake Tarawera, 1040 feet above the sea; and on the east and south it rose abruptly from the Rotomahana rhyolitic plateau, 1200 feet above the sea. Fissure-eruptions, both historical and geological, have been distin- guished by the quiet emission of floods of lava. The Tarawera outburst * Geographical Journal, vol. 34, No. 6, December, 1909, p. 690 A. R. W. Handcock. t The author accompanied Sir James Hector to the scene of the eruption a few days after the outburst on June 10, 1886; and afterwards visited Tarawera in June, 1900; June, 1909; and March, 1910. This content downloaded from 129.180.1.217 on Sat, 21 May 2016 04:05:18 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms [Burton, photo. FISSURE NEAR TIKITAPU BUSH, AFTER ERUPTION, JUNE 10, 1886. This content downloaded from 129.180.1.217 on Sat, 21 May 2016 04:05:18 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms [Burton, photo, INTERIOR OF CRATEl% TARAWERA, AFTER ]RUVPTION, JUNE 10, 1886, This content downloaded from 129.180.1.217 on Sat, 21 May 2016 04:05:18 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms TARAWERA ERUPTION AND AFTER. 43 was a fissure-eruption in which the ejected material was entirely frag- mentary. It would thus appear to represent a rare or altogether new type of vulcanism. It has been clearly established, on the evidence of European and native eye-witnesses, that the fissure was not formed by a single paroxysmal out- burst, but was the result of a comparatively slow rending which began at Wahanga at the north end of the mountain, and gradually travelled south- ward, passing successively through Ruawahia and Tarawera, thence traversing the plateau until it reached Lake Rotomahana, which lay in its path; whence it passed onwards to Lake Okaro. The time occupied in opening the fissure was three or four hours. The fissure was nearly 9 miles long. It extended for 4 miles along the summit of Mount Tarawera, and for 5 miles across the Rotomahana rhyolitic plateau, the rent on the low ground running in the same line as the mountain fissure, tie general bearing of which was about 58? (true). The greatest width of the fissure was a mile and a quarter, and the mean width 200 yards. The depth varied from 900 feet at the north to 300 feet at the south. Immediately after the opening of the fissure volcanic activity was localized at Wahanga, Ruawahia, Tarawera, Rotomahana, Black crater, and Echo crater. The fissure did not everywhere reach the surface, the centres of eruption being, in some cases, separated by bridges of Tertiary rhyolite. Mount Tarawera was an old volcano composed of rhyolite flows and tuffs. The country around Lake Rotomahana, for many miles in all directions, was a dissected rhyolitic plateau, on the denuded surface of which lay alternating layers of fine and coarse rhyolitic and pumiceous tuffs, the eject of former eruptions that everywhere conformed to the undulations of the surface on which it was spread. Until the eruption of 1886, no basic or semi-basic igneous lava or tuff was known to exist nearer than Mount Edgecombe, situated 16 miles from Tarawera, and outside the zone of activity. The eruption, as we have seen, began with the fissuring of Wahanga and the welling up of a semi-basic lava which subsequent examination showed to be augite-andesite. Then followed Ruawahia and Tarawera, from which augite-andesite in the fragmentary form of dust, scorire, lapi] ,. bombs both large and small, and huge angular masses both solid and vesicular were ejected. When the rending fissure reached Lake Rotoma- hana, it came in contact with a considerable body of water. The result was a shattering explosion that converted the old lake-bed into an active volcano a mile and a quarter wide. The material projected from Roto- mahana and the craters along the plateau fissure was mainly rhyolitic. But the rhyolitic ash was mingled with a considerable proportion of andesitic dust and scorise, even as far south as Lake Okaro; and an examination of the larger blocks projected from the plateau craters shows the presence of many large masses of andesite that could not very well This content downloaded from 129.180.1.217 on Sat, 21 May 2016 04:05:18 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 44 TARAWERA ERUPTION AND AFTER. have been derived from Mount Tarawera. As a matter of fact, for some days after the eruption, the author, during his visits to Te Hape-o-Toroa, found that the only solid material being ejected at Rotomahana and Black crater consisted of boulders of black andesite. That andesite lava welled up in the fissure in the Rotomahana area, as well as in the overhanging rent in Tarawera, seems to be a conclusion in every way in harmony with the facts. It would, however, appear that the lava did not rise so high as at Tarawera, a circumstance that may have been due to the cooling effect of the lake waters. On the other hand, the water becoming suddenly converted into steam by contact with the molten matter below would inevitably exert an enormous explosive force, which, following the line of least resistance in an upward direction, would shatter the overlying rhyolites and sinters into the dust and fragments which we now find covering the Rotomahana end of the field of volcanic activity. Radiating northward from Tarawera and thence spreading out to the north-east and north-west like an open fan, the covering of dust, sand, and scorie is wholly andesitic. The scoriae is coarsest between the radii passing through Lake Rotoiti and Tarawera river, being especially coarse in the belt between Mount Tarawera and the sea in the line of prolongation of the fissure. Beyond these radii, the eject material passes into a coarse sand, which, north-west of Te Puke and north-east of Opotiki, graduates into a fine dust. The volcanic ejecta were spread over an area of nearly 6000 square miles in a sheet varying from 0 to 50 feet thick, the greatest thickness being found in the immediate vicinity of the fissure. It did not extend far beyond the scene of activity on the eastern side of the rent, owing to the strong southerly wind which was blowing at the time of the eruption.
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