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La Fabrication D'une Ville Nouvelle Sous Le Protectorat Français Au Maroc (1912-1956): Fès-Nouvelle

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La Fabrication D'une Ville Nouvelle Sous Le Protectorat Français Au Maroc (1912-1956): Fès-Nouvelle La fabrication d’une ville nouvelle sous le Protectorat français au Maroc (1912-1956) : Fès-nouvelle Charlotte Jelidi To cite this version: Charlotte Jelidi. La fabrication d’une ville nouvelle sous le Protectorat français au Maroc (1912-1956) : Fès-nouvelle. Histoire. Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2007. Français. tel-00459553 HAL Id: tel-00459553 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00459553 Submitted on 24 Feb 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ DE TOURS UFR de Droit, d’Économie et des Sciences Sociales EMAM - Monde arabe et méditerranéen (CITERES, UMR 6173 du CNRS) LA FABRICATION D’UNE VILLE NOUVELLE SOUS LE PROTECTORAT FRANÇAIS AU MAROC (1912-1956) : Fès-nouvelle THESE DE DOCTORAT EN HISTOIRE Présentée par Charlotte Jelidi Jury : Bernard Heyberger Professeur, Histoire moderne, Université François Rabelais / Directeur d’Etudes à l’EPHE. Mohamed Mezzine, Professeur, Histoire, Université Sidi Mohamed ibn Abdallah, Fès (Maroc) Jean-Baptiste Minnaert, Professeur, Histoire de l'Art, Université François-Rabelais. Nabila Oulebsir, Maître de conférences, Histoire du patrimoine, Université de Poitiers Daniel Rivet, Professeur émérite, Histoire contemporaine, Université Paris I Mercedes Volait, Chargée de Recherche (Habilitée), CNRS, UMR CITERES, Tours TOURS, Septembre 2007 1 UNIVERSITÉ DE TOURS UFR de Droit, d’Économie et des Sciences Sociales EMAM - Monde arabe et méditerranéen (CITERES, UMR 6173 du CNRS) LA FABRICATION D’UNE VILLE NOUVELLE SOUS LE PROTECTORAT FRANÇAIS AU MAROC (1912-1956) : Fès-nouvelle THESE DE DOCTORAT EN HISTOIRE Présentée par Charlotte Jelidi , née Mus Volume 1 Sous la direction de Monsieur Bernard Heyberger Professeur, Histoire moderne, Université François Rabelais / Directeur d’Etudes à l’EPHE. Encadrement scientifique en collaboration avec Monsieur Jean-Baptiste Minnaert , Professeur, Histoire de l'Art, Université François-Rabelais. TOURS, Septembre 2007 2 UNIVERSITÉ DE TOURS UFR de Droit, d’Économie et des Sciences Sociales EMAM - Monde arabe et méditerranéen (CITERES, UMR 6173 du CNRS) LA FABRICATION D’UNE VILLE NOUVELLE SOUS LE PROTECTORAT FRANÇAIS AU MAROC (1912-1956) : Fès-nouvelle THESE DE DOCTORAT EN HISTOIRE Présentée par Charlotte Jelidi Jury : Bernard Heyberger Professeur, Histoire moderne, Université François Rabelais / Directeur d’Etudes à l’EPHE. Mohamed Mezzine, Professeur, Histoire, Université Sidi Mohamed ibn Abdallah, Fès (Maroc) Jean-Baptiste Minnaert, Professeur, Histoire de l'Art, Université François-Rabelais. Nabila Oulebsir, Maître de conférences, Histoire du patrimoine, Université de Poitiers Daniel Rivet, Professeur émérite, Histoire contemporaine, Université Paris I Mercedes Volait, Chargée de Recherche (Habilitée), CNRS, UMR CITERES, Tours TOURS, Septembre 2007 Centre de Ressources Électroniques sur les Villes CRÉ Cette thèse a été numérisée et mise en ligne dans le cadre du programme de numérisation de thèses de Crévilles http://crevilles.org 3 REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à remercier ici les nombreuses personnes qui, au cours de ces cinq années, m’ont apporté leur aide, et sans qui ce travail n’aurait pu aboutir. Je remercie tout d’abord Bernard Heyberger et Jean-Baptiste Minnaert, qui ont dirigé mon travail, pour leur soutien et leurs conseils. Je remercie également Mohamed Mezzine, Nabila Oulebsir, Daniel Rivet et Mercedes Volait d’avoir accepté de participer au jury de cette thèse ; Mes plus sincères remerciements vont également au personnel des archives que j’ai consultées en France et au Maroc. J’ai une pensée particulière pour Mohamed Janati et Slassi qui m’ont toujours réservé un accueil des plus chaleureux aux archives municipales de Fès. Je veux également témoigner ma gratitude à l’ensemble du personnel de la Bibliothèque Nationale du Royaume du Maroc, en particulier à Mme Boulhane, chargée des archives, et M. Bidarne M’barek son successeur qui a fait un travail considérable en entreprenant, seul, le classement de plusieurs fonds jusqu’alors inaccessibles. Je remercie également les membres de l’action intégrée « Le patrimoine à l’heure de la mondialisation »1, dont j’étais membre junior de 2001 à 2004 : en particulier Mercedes Volait, et, au Maroc, Mohamed Mezzine, et Naima Lahbil Tagemouati, pour leur accueil et leurs conseils. J’exprime mes sincères remerciements à Pascal Garret qui m’a fait profiter de ses contacts et de sa bibliographie, me faisant gagner un temps précieux lors de mon premier séjour au Maroc. J’ai une pensée pour tous les enseignants et étudiants rencontrés au cours de cette thèse, en France et au Maroc, pour les discussions enrichissantes et constructives que nous avons eues et les documents que certains m’ont généreusement prêtés. Je pense notamment à 1 Il s’agit de l’Action intégrée n°MA/01/27, « Le patrimoine à l’heure de la mondialisation : inventaire et mise à niveau », qui liait l’université de Tours et celle de Fès-Saïss. 4 Hélène Vacher, Hassan Chafaï, Mohamed Hatimi, Esmahen Ben Moussa, Muriel Girard, Lucie Hofbauer, et l’ensemble de l’équipe CITERES-EMAM. Je remercie également Florence Troin, cartographe du laboratoire qui a eu l’extrême gentillesse, et la patience, de m’expliquer le fonctionnement d’Adobe Illustrator, et sans qui je n’aurais jamais pu réaliser ma cartographie. Enfin, je veux exprimer ici toute ma gratitude à mes parents qui m’ont permis de faire ces longues études, et à Mohamed pour son indéfectible soutien. Je leur dédie cette thèse. 5 Sommaire Remerciements 1 Sommaire 3 INTRODUCTION GENERALE 6 1. Urbanisme colonial au Maroc et inflation discursive, création et prégnance d’un mythe 8 2. Objet de recherche 19 3. Outils d’analyse et méthodologie 22 1ÈRE PARTIE : PLANIFICATION ET APPLICATION DES PLANS D’AMENAGEMENT OU LES DOCTRINES URBANISTIQUES CONFRONTEES AU TERRAIN FASSI 36 Chapitre 1 : L’ADMINISTRATION DU PROTECTORAT ET LA CREATION DE FES-NOUVELLE 37 Introduction 37 1. Lyautey : 1 er résident général 38 2. Les services centraux chargés du contrôle de l’urbanisme et de l’architecture 51 3. Les voix de la population : participation française et marocaine, Fès, un cas particulier ? 63 Conclusion 89 Chapitre 2 : PRINCIPE FONDATEUR DE L’URBANISME COLONIAL DE FES : SEPARATION, SEGREGATION OU APARTHEID URBAIN ? 91 Introduction 91 1. Une terminologie binaire ambiguë et réductrice 93 2. Le choix du terrain : le principe de la séparation confronté aux contingences locales 97 3. Point de contact et abord de la ville nouvelle et de la médina : barrière ou couture ? 104 4. Une ville nouvelle cosmopolite 111 Conclusion 131 6 Chapitre 3 : PLANIFICATION URBAINE RATIONNELLE CONFRONTEE AU TERRAIN FASSI 133 Introduction 133 1. Une planification adaptée aux nouveaux moyens de transports 135 2. Un zoning fonctionnel et typologique flexible 148 3. Lieux publics ou à usage du public : rationalisation au service de la communauté 174 Conclusion 196 Chapitre 4 : VERS LA VALORISATION DES TERRAINS 197 Introduction 197 1. Constitution du domaine municipal 198 2. Propriété foncière et modalités d’attribution des terrains 202 3. Travaux de voirie : égouts, terrassements, trottoirs, etc. 217 4. Les lotissements d’initiative privée : projet d’embellissement urbain 226 Conclusion 233 2 NDE PARTIE : ÉLABORATION DU PAYSAGE ARCHITECTURAL 235 Chapitre 5 : ARCHITECTURES DE FES - NOUVELLE : PLURALITE DES MAITRES D’ŒUVRE 236 Introduction 236 1. Propriétaires : des compétences mises en question 238 2. Entrepreneurs : une profession controversée 243 3. Architectes : la professionnalisation d’une activité 247 Conclusion 261 Chapitre 6 : QUARANTE ANNEES DE TENDANCES ARCHITECTURALES 264 Introduction 264 1. Ordonnances architecturales : le dess(e)in public et les intérêts privés 265 2. Hybridations architecturales 272 Conclusion 292 7 Chapitre 7 : MEDINA AUX : PATRIMOINE ET URBANISME : UN MARIAGE DE RAISON 294 Introduction 294 1. La protection de la médina 296 2. Opérations d’urbanisme et constructions nouvelles en médina, processus conciliables avec la politique patrimoniale du Protectorat ? 313 3. Diversité des solutions pour combattre la crise de l’habitat indigène : des extensions intra et extra-muros à la création de villes nouvelles marocaines 329 CONCLUSION 351 CONCLUSION : FES-NOUVELLE : ENTRE PLANIFICATION ET HASARDS CONFONCTURELS 353 Lexique 360 Liste des sigles et abréviations 362 Bibliographie 364 Sources imprimées 379 Sources archivistiques 389 Index 407 Table des matières 410 Liste des tableaux dans le texte 417 8 INTRODUCTION GENERALE 9 L’établissement du Protectorat français au Maroc (1912-1956) engendre de profonds bouleversements urbains. Dans le cadre de la mise en valeur du territoire, une dizaine de villes nouvelles 2 sont fondées sous le patronage du premier résident général Louis-Hubert Gonzalve Lyautey (1854-1934) : Agadir, Casablanca, Fès 3, Marrakech, Mazagan (actuelle El Jadida), Meknès, Mogador (actuelle Essaouira), Ouezzane, Oujda, Port-Lyautey (actuelle Kenitra), Rabat, Sefrou, Settat, et Taza, créées non pas ex nihilo mais à côté de cités anciennes, les médinas. Notre travail, résolument inscrit dans le champ
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