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Variations in Pilosity in a Group of Indonesians Teuku JACOB

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Variations in Pilosity in a Group of Indonesians Teuku JACOB Variations in Pilosity in a Group of Indonesians Teuku JACOB Since 1953 the Sub-Department of Physical Anthropology , Gadjah Mada University College of Medicine , has been gathering somatological data in Jogjakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. This paper is a preliminary attempt to report a part of the collected data on a portion of the material studied . The topics focused upon are the hair and its variations in distribution , color, form, texture, sex and age , and its association with skin color and in distri- bution. It is generally accepted that most Indonesians belong to the Mongoloid race, or that the Mongoloid element is predominant among Indonesians . Con- sequently, as Mongoloids, they are supposed to have scanty body hair , and straight, coarse and black head hair associated with their dark skin . Detailed information on this topic, however , is scarce in the literature. Hence, this report is a venture to investigate the problem and to search for eventual trends in the variations in pilosity. MATERIAL AND METHOD Sample The material consists of 120 males and 120 females between 10 and 40 years of age. Further breakdown as to their source is as follows: Males: 14 "Pantjasila" grade school students; 31 "Pantjasila" high school students; 42 Gadjah Mada University medical students; 33 "patients" from Gadjah Mada University out-patient clinic (job appli - cants requesting physical check-ups) . Females: 20 "Pantjasila" grade school students; 12 "Pantjasila" high school students; 24 Gadjah Mada University medical students; 64 "patients" from Gadjah Mada University out-patient clinic (job appli - cants) and hospital (medical patients just before being discharged) . The study on males was conducted by the author between 1954 and 1957 , and on the females by Dr. Moertiningroem DOERJADIBROTO between 1954 and 1961. As far as can be ascertained there were no endocrine disturbance and chronic disease in any of the individuals observed . 人類 誌ZZ LXXVII-4昭 和44-VIII (8) Variations in Pilosity of Indonesians 127 Age The material is classified in age groups with a five-year interval as shown in the following table. Table 1. Sample classified according to age and sex . Among the females the largest groups are of 31-35 and 26 -30 years , and the remaining groups are more or less equal in size . The 21-25 and 26-30 years age groups are slightly larger in the males, while the 36-40 years group is smaller. There are no males of 37 and 38 years of age in the sample . Comparing both sexes, we notice that in the 21-25 and 26-30 years age groups the males exceed the females, whereas in the groups of 31-35 and 36-40 years the reverse is true, but the difference is statistically not signifi- cant (x2 test yields p=0.075) . The 26-30 years age group is the largest if sex is ignored. The age was recorded as given by individual subjects and was rounded to their nearest birthdays. Up to 30 years of age the subject seemed to remem- ber his age (birthday) correctly , but the stated age of older individuals, mostly clinic and hospital patients , should not be accepted uncritically. Large numbers of subjects of 30,35 and 40 years of age could be accounted by the fact that people tend to memorize their age as multiples of five . By lumping the material in groups with a five-year interval , errors caused by such trend have been minimized . Race Our material consists of Javanese from Central Java , especially from Jogjakarta, being there at least for the second generation, and thus , the pre- dominant racial element in our sample is Indonesian Malay . Somatoscopic impression obtained routinely on every subject confirms the assumption that the Mongoloid element is dominant (64%•}), while 26%•} exhibit Caucasoid and 10%•} Melanesoid traits. Color determination was done with VON LUSCHAN scale , both for skin and (9) 128 T. JACOB hair colors, by applying the scale next to the skin area to be examined or by putting a bunch of hair directly on the scale. The quantity of hair was determined on the body as a whole, and the presence of hair was checked on the head, forehead, eyebrows, upper lip, chin, nostrils, axilla, pubic region, chest, abdomen, neck, back, upper arm, fore-arm, hand, femoral region, leg and foot. On paired areas the determination was performed on the right side only. Hair was considered absent if there was no hair observable or only short, downy hair present ; scanty, if it was only discernible by a close and meticulous look ; abundant, if it was obvious from a distance ; and moderate, for intermediate conditions. In addition, hair form and texture were observed and also the presence of calvities (frontal baldness). Detailed methods in special aspects of the in- vestigation will be dealt with in the relevant paragraphs. Statistical significance was determined by X2 tests (CROXTON, 1953). RESULTS Chest skin color In gathering the data skin color was determined on three sites, i. e. the forehead, the chest and the shoulder, in the latter two cases on the righ side. In this report attention was paid only on the skin color of the chest, which is relatively less influenced by the sun. The determination was per- formed on the right infraclavicular region employing VON LUSCHAN scale. We are aware that the scale has many shortcomings (SCHOONHEYT, 1937: 57; COON, 1948: 244), especially for color grading of Mongoloid and Negroid skin. The sequence and gradation in VON LUSCHAN scale cannot be regarded as ideally systematic for our purpose, for example at the color transitions from no. 12 to no. 13 and from no. 18 to no. 19. In this aspect a reflectance spectrophoto- meter is superior. To reduce those inherent instrumental errors, we lump the shades in the following groupings: 8-12, 13-18, 19-21, 22-24 and 25-27. Colors of groups 1-7 and 28-36 were not encountered in the present study. Among the females 12 is the most common color, followed by 14 and 15. Groups 8-12 and 13-18 are equally frequent, whereas group 19-21 is the rarest, and group 25-27 absent. Among the males nos. 13 and 15 are most often found, followed by 12 and 16. Group 13-18 is the most frequent, and group 8-12 is the next. Group 22- 24 is more frequently present than in the females. And in contradistinction to the female, in the male there are one case each of nos. 8, 25 and 26. Gen- erally, the skin of the male is darker than that of the female and this dif- ference is slightly significant (0.025<P<0.05). (10) Variations in Pilosity of Indonesians 129 Table 2. Distribution of skin and hair color in both sexes. Hair color The hair color of the Indonesian is generally homogeneous, so that no technical difficulty arose in its determination, which was also implemented with VON LUSCHAN scale. FISCHER'S scale of hair color is of not much use here since it mainly comprises the many shades of blondness. The most frequent color of the hair in the female is 35, followed by a lighter color, no. 34. In the male 35 is also the most frequent, but it is fol- lowed by a darker color, no.36. Nos. 33 and 34 are more common in the female hair, just as nos. 35 and 36 are more common in the male. It is interesting to note that there is one case of no. 30 in the male (Table 2). From the table the hair color appears to be darker in the male, but the X2 test shows that the difference is statistically not significant (0.05<P<0.09). In both sexes the most common hair color is 35, with 34 as runner-up. Body hair The hair of the body, including downy hair, is scarce in the Mongoloids and our observation confirms this assertion. Almost three out of four fe males or males have no or scanty body hair. The males seem to be a little- hairier, but the difference is not significant (0.8<P<0.9). Table 3. Amount of body hair in different age groups and both sexes. (11) 130 T.JACOB Eyebrows There is no individual in the sample lacking eyebrows. The percentage of continuous eyebrows seems to be higher in the female (12.5% vs. 8.3%), but statistically it is not significant (0.25<P<0.30). Mustache The mustache is terminal hair on the upper lip which constitutes a male secondary sexual characteristic. It begins to appear at puberty, more or less simultaneously with other terminal hairs. In the female, a mustache could be found occasionally after the menopause due to physiological hormonal change, or before the menopause due to pathological hormonal disturbance . It is rather interesting that in our material three of 120 females , or 2. 5%, have a mustache, their ages being 27, 29 and 36 years. Among the males 86.7% have a mustache, shaven or not but if the pre- pubertal group of 10-15 years is excluded, 98% of the males can boast of pos- sessing a mustache. Table 4. Incidence of mustache and beard in males of different age groups . Beard Like the mustache, the beard is also terminal hair associated with sexual dimorphism. Beards may be found restricted to the chin , or they may extend to the cheeks either continuously or as separate entities . It is not surprising that no females in our sample exhibit any beard . On the other hand, 69.2% of the males have beards restricted to the mental re- gion, and only a small percentage shows extension to the cheeks.
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