Variations in Pilosity in a Group of Indonesians
Teuku JACOB
Since 1953 the Sub-Department of Physical Anthropology , Gadjah Mada University College of Medicine , has been gathering somatological data in Jogjakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. This paper is a preliminary attempt to report a part of the collected data on a portion of the material studied . The topics focused upon are the hair and its variations in distribution , color, form, texture, sex and age , and its association with skin color and in distri- bution. It is generally accepted that most Indonesians belong to the Mongoloid
race, or that the Mongoloid element is predominant among Indonesians . Con- sequently, as Mongoloids, they are supposed to have scanty body hair , and straight, coarse and black head hair associated with their dark skin . Detailed information on this topic, however , is scarce in the literature. Hence, this report is a venture to investigate the problem and to search for eventual trends in the variations in pilosity.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Sample The material consists of 120 males and 120 females between 10 and 40 years of age. Further breakdown as to their source is as follows:
Males: 14 "Pantjasila" grade school students; 31 "Pantjasila" high school students; 42 Gadjah Mada University medical students; 33 "patients" from Gadjah Mada University out-patient clinic (job appli - cants requesting physical check-ups) . Females: 20 "Pantjasila" grade school students; 12 "Pantjasila" high school students; 24 Gadjah Mada University medical students; 64 "patients" from Gadjah Mada University out-patient clinic (job appli - cants) and hospital (medical patients just before being discharged) . The study on males was conducted by the author between 1954 and 1957 , and on the females by Dr. Moertiningroem DOERJADIBROTO between 1954 and 1961. As far as can be ascertained there were no endocrine disturbance and chronic disease in any of the individuals observed .
人類 誌ZZ LXXVII-4昭 和44-VIII (8) Variations in Pilosity of Indonesians 127
Age The material is classified in age groups with a five-year interval as shown in the following table.
Table 1. Sample classified according to age and sex .
Among the females the largest groups are of 31-35 and 26 -30 years , and
the remaining groups are more or less equal in size . The 21-25 and 26-30
years age groups are slightly larger in the males, while the 36-40 years group is smaller. There are no males of 37 and 38 years of age in the sample . Comparing both sexes, we notice that in the 21-25 and 26-30 years age
groups the males exceed the females, whereas in the groups of 31-35 and
36-40 years the reverse is true, but the difference is statistically not signifi-
cant (x2 test yields p=0.075) . The 26-30 years age group is the largest if sex is ignored.
The age was recorded as given by individual subjects and was rounded to
their nearest birthdays. Up to 30 years of age the subject seemed to remem-
ber his age (birthday) correctly , but the stated age of older individuals,
mostly clinic and hospital patients , should not be accepted uncritically. Large numbers of subjects of 30,35 and 40 years of age could be accounted by
the fact that people tend to memorize their age as multiples of five . By lumping the material in groups with a five-year interval , errors caused by such trend have been minimized .
Race
Our material consists of Javanese from Central Java , especially from
Jogjakarta, being there at least for the second generation, and thus , the pre- dominant racial element in our sample is Indonesian Malay . Somatoscopic impression obtained routinely on every subject confirms the assumption that
the Mongoloid element is dominant (64%•}), while 26%•} exhibit Caucasoid
and 10%•} Melanesoid traits.
Color determination was done with VON LUSCHAN scale , both for skin and
(9) 128 T. JACOB hair colors, by applying the scale next to the skin area to be examined or by putting a bunch of hair directly on the scale. The quantity of hair was determined on the body as a whole, and the presence of hair was checked on the head, forehead, eyebrows, upper lip, chin, nostrils, axilla, pubic region, chest, abdomen, neck, back, upper arm, fore-arm, hand, femoral region, leg and foot. On paired areas the determination was performed on the right side only. Hair was considered absent if there was no hair observable or only short, downy hair present ; scanty, if it was only discernible by a close and meticulous look ; abundant, if it was obvious from a distance ; and moderate, for intermediate conditions. In addition, hair form and texture were observed and also the presence of calvities (frontal baldness). Detailed methods in special aspects of the in- vestigation will be dealt with in the relevant paragraphs. Statistical significance was determined by X2 tests (CROXTON, 1953).
RESULTS
Chest skin color In gathering the data skin color was determined on three sites, i. e. the forehead, the chest and the shoulder, in the latter two cases on the righ side. In this report attention was paid only on the skin color of the chest, which is relatively less influenced by the sun. The determination was per- formed on the right infraclavicular region employing VON LUSCHAN scale. We are aware that the scale has many shortcomings (SCHOONHEYT, 1937: 57; COON, 1948: 244), especially for color grading of Mongoloid and Negroid skin. The sequence and gradation in VON LUSCHAN scale cannot be regarded as ideally systematic for our purpose, for example at the color transitions from no. 12 to no. 13 and from no. 18 to no. 19. In this aspect a reflectance spectrophoto- meter is superior. To reduce those inherent instrumental errors, we lump the shades in the following groupings: 8-12, 13-18, 19-21, 22-24 and 25-27. Colors of groups 1-7 and 28-36 were not encountered in the present study. Among the females 12 is the most common color, followed by 14 and 15. Groups 8-12 and 13-18 are equally frequent, whereas group 19-21 is the rarest, and group 25-27 absent. Among the males nos. 13 and 15 are most often found, followed by 12 and 16. Group 13-18 is the most frequent, and group 8-12 is the next. Group 22- 24 is more frequently present than in the females. And in contradistinction to the female, in the male there are one case each of nos. 8, 25 and 26. Gen- erally, the skin of the male is darker than that of the female and this dif- ference is slightly significant (0.025 (10) Variations in Pilosity of Indonesians 129 Table 2. Distribution of skin and hair color in both sexes. Hair color The hair color of the Indonesian is generally homogeneous, so that no technical difficulty arose in its determination, which was also implemented with VON LUSCHAN scale. FISCHER'S scale of hair color is of not much use here since it mainly comprises the many shades of blondness. The most frequent color of the hair in the female is 35, followed by a lighter color, no. 34. In the male 35 is also the most frequent, but it is fol- lowed by a darker color, no.36. Nos. 33 and 34 are more common in the female hair, just as nos. 35 and 36 are more common in the male. It is interesting to note that there is one case of no. 30 in the male (Table 2). From the table the hair color appears to be darker in the male, but the X2 test shows that the difference is statistically not significant (0.05 (11) 130 T.JACOB Eyebrows There is no individual in the sample lacking eyebrows. The percentage of continuous eyebrows seems to be higher in the female (12.5% vs. 8.3%), but statistically it is not significant (0.25 Table 4. Incidence of mustache and beard in males of different age groups . Beard Like the mustache, the beard is also terminal hair associated with sexual dimorphism. Beards may be found restricted to the chin , or they may extend to the cheeks either continuously or as separate entities . It is not surprising that no females in our sample exhibit any beard . On the other hand, 69.2% of the males have beards restricted to the mental re- gion, and only a small percentage shows extension to the cheeks. Between 10-15 years of age no male possesses a beard , although six of them have a mustache. This fact indicates that the mustache appears earlier than the beard. If this age group is eliminated , only 6% of the males are beardless, whereas only 2% are devoid of a mustache. Axillary hair The axillary hair is also terminal hair , but it is not a secondary sexual (12) Variations in Pilosity of Indonesians 131 characteristic. As far as we are aware, no intensive research has been car- ried out in this area, so that it remains a wide, open field for future scientific ventures. In this investigation only the presence of hair was examined; the extent, density, pattern, length, form, color and texture were not touched upon. In the female 80% exhibit axillary hair, shaven or not. On the other hand, in the 10-15 years age group 75% do not have it. No significant difference is encountered in the male axilla (0.70 Table 5. Incidence of axillary and pubic hair in different age groups and both sexes. Pubic hair Like the axillary hair, the pubic hair is terminal hair. In this study we utilized only two types for classification, i. e. the masculine and the feminine. The latter is triangular in shape with the base superiorly, which may be straight, concave or convex. The convexity, if present, is restricted to the mons pubis or around the base of the penis. In the masculine type the pubes is of rhomboid shape with the upper angle varying in the midline between the level of the anterior superior iliac spines and the umbilicus, or with the upper lateral sides not meeting at all in the midline. Thus, in this report the masculine type includes the acuminate, sagittal and disperse types (DUPERTUIS et al., 1945). Sometimes hair is encountered on the proximal portion of the scrotal surface of the penis. In the female 90% have pubic hair, or 98% if the 10-15 years age group is excluded. 82.5% of these are of feminine type. In the male, on the other hand, only 79.2% have pubic hair. This discrep- ancy is accounted by the presence of merely .5% pubes in the 10-15 years age group, whereas in the female the corresponding figure is 50%. This fact indicates the late appearance of pubic hair in the male in conformity with the later arrival of puberty. This time difference is not as striking in case (13) 132 T. JACOB of the axillary hair. In the males of 16-20 years the feminine type occurs more frequently than the masculine, but a shift toward the latter is discern- ible in the 21-25 years age group. It is worth mentioning that in the 31-35 years group the feminine type is more common. Generally, the masculine type is more often found in the male, the difference being statistically sig- nificant (P<0.001). Neck hair The neck hair is found between the head hair and the hair of the back , and one tends to include this entity into the latter group. 26.7% of the females have neck hair, while the figure for the male is 22.5%. This difference, however, is statistically non-significant (0 .30 Table 6. Incidence of neck and back hair in different age groups and both sexes . Back hair Comparable to the neck hair, the hair of the back is fine, and not as ex- tensive and dense as the axillary or pubic hair. This is because the neck and back hair observed in our material are mostly relatively long secondary hair or vellus. The back hair is less frequently present than the neck hair , and it seems to be more common in the female. The X2 test, however, shows no significant difference (0.20 (14) Variations in Pilosity of Indonesians 133 Chest hair Only the presence of hair was observed, the pattern of distribution (SETTY, 1963) was not studied. Among the females only three individuals possess chest hair, all three being in the 21-30 years group. Among the males 26.7% have hair on their chests, and most frequently in the 21-30 years age group. The sex difference is highly significant (P<0.001). Table 7. Incidence of chest and abdominal hair in different age groups and both sexes. Abdominal hair This hair is located between the chest and the pubic hair. The upper portion of masculine type pubes could be considered abdominal hair if it ex- tends high enough toward the umbilicus. The female abdominal hair appears after the age of 15 years, with the peak of incidence in the 21-30 years group. 25% of the females in our sample exhibit abdominal hair, or 30% if the 10-15 years age group is eliminated. In the male the abdominal hair appears slightly later. Like in the female, abdominal hair is not found in the 10-15 years group, and the peak of occur- rence is in the 21-30 years age group. The percentage of occurrence is 28.3%, or 34% if the 10-15 years age group is not taken into account. The sex dif- ference is statistically non-significant (0.50 (15) 134 T. JACOB Table 8. Incidence of hair in the upper limb in different age groups and both sexes . Fore-arm hair The situation is different in the fore-arm. Only 46.7% of the females have hair in the area, whereas the figure for the males is 58.3%. In the 10-15 years age group one third of the males possess fore-arm hair, which is not the case in the female. The apparent sex difference, however, is not significant (0.05 Table 9. Incidence of hair in the lower limb in different age groups and both sexes . Femoral hair The hair on the femoral region is occasionally continuous with the pubic hair, and shows varying pattern of distribution, which , however, was not (16) Variations in Pilosity of Indonesians 135 studied in this investigation. When present, the hair is usually found on the anterolateral and medial aspects of the thigh. Under 15 years of age not a single individual has any hair on the femoral region, regardless of sex. One out of four females have hair in the area, while in the male the rate of occurrence is 55%. Consequently, the difference is highly significant (P<0.001). Leg hair In this region hair is more frequently encountered than in the femoral region, and its appearance takes place earlier: it already occurs in the 10-15 years age group. 35.8% of the females have hair on their legs; in the male the figure is 80%, so that the difference is statistically significant (P<0.001) . Hair, when present, is generally found on the anterolateral and medioposterior aspects of the leg. Foot hair The hair on the dorsum of the foot, toes included, is very scarce and does not occur in the 10-15 years group. In the female only 5% possess hairy feet and in the male the percentage is 40.8%; hence, the difference is highly significant (P<0.001). When present, the hair is usually found on the dorsum pedis and the dorsum of the great toe. The pattern of distribution of the hair of the lower limb was not studied in detail. Hair form Human hair may be straight, lank, slightly wavy, wavy, strongly wavy, and curly. In this investigation hair is considered straight if it is coarse and shows no undulation ; lank, if easily manageable and smooth. We regard it as slightly wavy if the hair is not straight and there is a tendency to wave. If the waves are obvious but not close to each other, we call it wavy . If the waves are close together, it is termed strongly wavy . Curly is used when there is no appreciable straight portion between two successive waves. Spiral and peppercorn hairs were not found in our material . Generally, Mongoloid hair is straight, Caucasoid hair slightly wavy , while Negroid hair is curly or peppercorn. As expected, lank hair is the most com- mon in our sample, both in the males (66.7%) and in the females (76. 7%). The next most frequent is slightly wavy hair (14.2 % in the females, 15.8% in the males). Other types of hair form are rarely present. If straight and lank hair, slightly wavy and wavy hair , and strongly wavy and curly hair are paired, then the straight and lank group is the most fre- quent (68.4% in the males, 77.5% in the females), followed by the slightly wavy and wavy group (21.6% in the males, 18.4% in the females) . The strongly wavy and curly group is more common in the males (10.0% vs . 4.1% (17) 136 T. JACOB Table 10. Distribution of hair form and texture in both sexes. in the females). Even if the four grades of waviness are put together, this kymatotrichous group is more frequent in the males. However, the apparent difference is statistically non-significant (0.10 (18) Variations in Pilosity of Indonesians 137 calvities, whereas not a single case of total calvities was encountered. It is obvious that the difference is statistically significant (P<0.001). Table 11. Association in distribution of body hair in both sexes. Association in hair distribution In Table 11 the association is demonstrated between the pubic hair pat- tern and quantity of body hair, chest and abdominal hair, femoral and axil- lary hair, mustache and beard, and calvities. It is evident that in the male abundant or moderate body hair is strictly associated with the masculine type of pubic hair. Chest, abdominal and femoral hairs are also more often associated with the masculine type. The same is true for the beard and the mustache. Although less striking, the axillary hair exhibits a similar tendency. Likewise, the calvities, partial or total, is more commonly associated with the masculine pubic hair pattern. In the female, moderate and abundant body hair were found to be strictly associated with the feminine pubic hair pattern. But admittedly, the number of the masculine type is very few for ascertaining a positive conclusion. The presence of chest, abdominal and femoral hairs, and mustache are rela- tively more often associated with the feminine pattern. The beard was never found in the females in our sample. Axillary hair and calvities betray a similar trend; they are frequently associated with the feminine type of pubic hair. Furthermore, we are interested in the association between skin and hair color. It is generally accepted, that darker skin color is associated with darker hair complexion. In this study hair color was determined on the right side of the head and the skin color on the right side of the chest, employing VON LUSCHAN scale. As depicted in Table 12, the males have most frequently hair color no. 35. (19) 138 T. JACOB Table 12. Association between hair and skin color in both sexes. The most common skin colors are nos. 13 and 14. Skin and hair color tend to concentrate around the combination 35/13. A lesser degree of concentration occurs around 35/23. Consequently, it is evident that it is not true and accurate to think that lighter hair color is associated with lighter skin color in a particular subrace. Hair color no.30, for example, is associated with skin color no. 13. Skin color no.8 is associated with hair color no 35, and hair color no. 36 is frequently associated with skin color nos. 12, 13 and 14. Similar trends could be observed in the females. Hair and skin color com- binations concentrate around 35/12 and 35/22, showing a shift to the left on the 35 axis relative to the males. Skin color no.9 associates with hair color no.36, and hair color no.33 is commonly associated with skin color no.22. Table 13. Association between mustache and beard in male subjects. Table 13 summarizes the association between the mustache and the beard. If the mustache is absent, the beard is not present either. If the beard is absent, however, there is a high probability that the mustache is absent. If the mustache is present, then in 89.3% of the cases the beard will be present, too. With the foregoing table we try to demonstrate the probable association between continuous eyebrows and abundant body hair. There are only 25 cases of continuous eyebrows in the sample, 15 of which are females and 10 males. Either in the males or the females continuous eyebrows are found (20) Variations in Pilosity of Indonesians 139 Table 14. Association between continuous eyebrows and amount of body hair. to be associated with scanty body hair. Table 15. Association between neck and back hair in both sexes. In the above table we observe the association between neck and back hair. It is evident that if the neck hair is not present, the probability is high that the back hair is absent in the males. Similarly, if the back hair is not present, mostprobably the neck hair will be absent either, even though the probability of it being present is not as low as in the former case. If the neck hair is present,it is impossible to guess the presence or absence of the back hair, since there is a fifty-fifty chance either way. But if the back hair is present, then weare almost certain that the neck hair will be there too. These rules are not applicable in the females, because if the back hair is present,there is equal chance that the neck hair will be present or not. On the other hand, if the neck hair is present, the chance that the back hair will be absent istwice as high. Table 16. Association between chest and abdominal hair in both sexes. And how is the association between the abdominal and chest hair? The males show, as depicted in Table 16, that if the chest hair is present, there is a high probability that the abdominal hair will be present, and the reverse is also true. In the females there are only three individuals having chest hair, so that (21) 140 T. JACOB the trend is obscure. And all these hairy-chested females have abdominal hair. If the abdominal hair is absent, the chest hair will be absent, too. DISCUSSION In this study of pilosity in a group of Indonesians, the eyelash, the tragi and the perineal hair were not included. Skin color It is risky to compare results of skin color determination done by different authors due to different methods and sites used, degrees of tanning , amount and quality of light used during observation,and subjective evaluation . If similar scales are employed, the results of fine determination are more subject to observer's errors than if several grades of color are considered together. Dissatisfaction with available scales was expressedby BIJLMER as early as 1929 (p.69): even the best •c scale of colours is mostly beside the gradation one is looking for. And further in a given case one is never certain of the skin-colour that offers itself , because one does not know the degree of sunburn , and finally on account of the fact that one might not proceed to state the colour until the persons to be examined should have been soaked in soap-suds for some time. SCHOONHEYT (1937: 57) also had trouble with dirty skin , and commented on VON LUSCHAN scale (translated): "The first three comparative colors are praCtically found only in anemic Europeans." He observed no cases of nos. 19-21 in Batavia (=Djakarta), although there were colors darker than 18 but lighter than 21 whichhedesignated as 19.5. COON (1948: 244) was of the opinion that "VON LUSCHAN'S skin-color scale does not always approximate human shades, and this is especially true with whites." Working mostly with students we did not have any problem with skin uncleanliness. In fact we encountered what MEAD (1955: 255) termed pattern- ed cleanliness. She observed that "in Indonesia and the Pacific Islands there is frequent bathing by immersion throughout the day, apparently for refreshment." It is a habit of most individuals in our sample to take a bath twice a day for refreshment as well as cleanliness , and thus, as a measure against the tropical heat, humidity, sweat and dust . The result of skin color determination in our material can be compared with SCHOONHEYT'S (1937) data on the Djakartanese. In 400 males and females of equal number, between 17 and 60 years of age, SCHOONHEYT (subsequently will be referred to by S.) observed that the skin is darker in the axillary and pudendal regions, which were not studied in our work. We found that colors 19-21 are present though not frequent . The lightest (22) Variations in Pilosity of Indonesians 141 color in our male series is 8, while in S. it is 10; in our female series it is 9 against 11 in S. In both series the male has the lightest color. The con- trary is also true: in both series the male has the darkest color. In our series the darkest skin color in the male is 26 and in the female 24, whereas in S. the figures are respectively 261/2 and 26. Comparisons of skin color according to our classification are shown in Table 17 and according to S. in Table 18. Table 17. Skin color in Jogjakarta and Djakarta* series according to our classification (in %). * SCHOONHEYT, 1937 Table 18. Skin color in Jogjakarta and Djakarta* series according to SCHOONHEYT's classification (in %). * SCHOONHEYT, 1937 In the tables above we notice that in the males in both series the most frequent color is of group 13-18. But the second most common in our series is a lighter group, while in S. a darker group. This does not necessarily mean that the Djakartanese are darker than the Jogjakartanese, because S. material, consisting of prisoners, beggars, servants, hospital personnel and patients, were most likelymore exposed to the sun than students and "pa- tients" in our material. Itshouldbe added that Djakarta, due to its coastal location, has a higher average annual temperature. In S. females 13-18 group is also the most frequent, followed by group 22.0. In our series group 13-18 is as often as group 8-12. Using S. classifica- tion, the difference mentioned is more striking; lighter skinned Indonesians are more commonin our series. As previously noted, the females have lighter skin color than themales. This is also true with S. findings among the Djakartanese and Box's(1940 findings among the Javanese. MARTIN (1928) observed the same phenomenon; (23) 142 T. JACOB KEERS (1937) confirmed it in the Karo-Bataks of North Sumatra , and KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN (1942) in the Balinese . As stated by HOOTON (1956: 459), "the skin of women is usually poorer in melanin than that of men ." KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN (SCHOONHEYT, 1937) found that the skin color in Indo- nesian Malays ranges from 18 to 26 for males in coastal regions , while the mountain dwellers exhibit more frequently skin color lighter than 18. This is in accordance with SALLER (1930) who stated that the skin color of Proto- Malays is lightbrown. Blackbrown skin was never observed by S. in the Djakartanese, and KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN also never found black skin in the Minangkabaus of West Sumatra. The skin color of the Mentawaians was report- ed by MAASS (KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, 1917) as yellowish brown , by VOLZ (KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, 1917) as light olive yellow, by VON ROSENBERG (BEUKERING, 1947) as light reddish brown, and by BEUKERING (1947) as darkbrown . Hair color Our results show that the most common hair color is 35. KEERS found that the hair of the Bataks is black or X of FISCHER'S table . Likewise, S. observed that X or very darkbrown hair color is found in 70% of the males and 73% of the females in Djakarta. In our material the figures are respective - ly 65.8% and 60%. In the Minangkabaus KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN reported that the most common hair color is brownblack, but never black. In S . male series genuine black color is 11%, while in our series it is 16.7%. In S. females it is 16.5% and in ours it is 10%. STRATZ (SCHOONHEYT, 1937) reported that Javanese hair is black, and similarly, SALLER (1930) was of the opinion that the hair of Proto-Malays is black, while in the Deutero-Malays it is blackbrown. MAASS, VON ROSENBERG and STERK (BEUKERING, 1947) all stated that the hair color of the Mentawaians is black. S. speculated that oil might cause the hair to appear darker. He thought that hair is possibly darker in the females, but BEUKERING found in the Mentawaians that male hair is generally darker. In our findings hair seems to be darker in the males, but the difference is statistically not significant . Body hair The amount of body hair can be compared with S. data. Moderately hirsute people are more often encountered in his material than in ours (64% vs. 21.7% in the males and 69.3% vs. 22.5% in the females) . In our series the scanty-haired are the most frequent. In both series the females seem to be less hairy, but, at least in our series, the difference is statistically not significant. Eyebrows Eyebrows are very rarely absent . S. reported none of that phenomenon , (24) Variations in Pilosity of Indonesians 143 and the same is true in our findings. Continuous eyebrows were found more often in our sample (10 males, 15 females) than in S. (respectively 5 and 3). Thus, about one in ten people has continuous eyebrows. KEERS observed several cases of the trait in the Karo-Bataks. Mustache and beard The frequency of the mustache is higher in S. series, both for males and females, than in ours (male 94.5% vs. 86.7% ; female 4% vs. 2.5%). This could be due to theinclusion of individuals below 15 years of age in our series. If this group is excluded, the rate in our males is 98%. The frequency of the beard in our series is similar to S. (78%), but the frequencyof whiskers on the cheeks is higher in the Djakartanese. It is interestingto note that one female has a respectable beard in S. series. KEERS reported sparse beards in the Bataks, and that some extend to the cheeks,but theyshould not be confused with secondary hair occasionally present on female cheeks. Scanty beards in Deutero-Malays were also related by SALLER. BEUKERING (1947: 122) noted that terminal hair is very limited in the Mentawaians, and that there was a custom to depilate beard and mus- tache by means of bamboo forceps. As COON (1948) observed, there is a correlation between the beard and body hair. MONTAGU (1960) is of the opinion that the mustache and beard are influenced by different genes. It is revealed in our series that, if the 10-15 years group is excluded, there are 2% mustacheless and 6% beardless males. Hence, not all of those who possess a mustache can boast of their beard. Axillary hair The female axilla in our series displays a similar rate of occurrence of hair as in S. series. In the males, however, the incidence in the Djakarta- nese is higher. But if the 10-15 years group is excluded, our sample shows a rate of 95% (vs. 94.5% in S.). If the same procedure is applied to the fe- males, then 95% have hirci in our material against 83% in S. In German females RODECURT (1934) could not find any individual without axillary hair. Pubes No special problems had been faced during the examination of this ter- minal hair, since the observation was carried out by consexual investigators and in the laboratory. S. reported no case of absence of pubes in the male and only 4% in the female. In our series, excluding the 10-15 years group, the rate of absence in the female is 2% and in the male 6%. S. mentioned that the female pubic hair is so to speak countable and that it is also the case in most of the (25) 144 T. JACOB males. Only several women have a dense hair cover on the mons pubis and two of them display pubes of masculine type . Similarly, STRATZ wrote that the pubes in the females of Java is less de- veloped than in Europe, and that in some cases it was epilated except above the clitoris. In the Mentawaian women, even without epilation , BEUKERING found only a few hair on the pubic mound. Masculine type of pubic hair was found in 2% of S. series of females, whereas in our series the percentage is 7. 5. On the other hand , feminine type was found in 22% of S. males and in 30% of our males. Masculine type in males occur more often in Caucasoid populations (DuPERTuis et al., 1945: 61. 7%; MCGREGOR, 1961: 85. 2%). Feminine type is more common in DUPERTUIS' population, but he reported no case of non-occurrence . KLEIN (1960) stated that abundant pubic hair is not frequent in the females , and that among moderately dense pubes masculine type is more often found , while in scanty-haired pubic regions the feminine type is more common . A comparison with DUPERTUIS' Caucasoids shows that the rate of occurrence of masculine types in the females is slightly higher in that race, and likewise , the rate of feminine types in the males is aloso higher. We noticed that in our and DUPERTUIS' series the occurrence of masculine types increases with - increasing age, whereas the occurrence of feminine types decreases . The op- posite is true in the female series. The percentage of feminine types in our female material is similar to that in RODECURT'S Caucasoids . He found that all women have pubic hair but the rate of hevay pubes is about 1 in 5. THOMAS and FERRINAN (1957) found no case of glabrous pubic mounds in Cau- casoid women, while in Korean women KLEIN did encounter such cases . The type of the superior boundary of the pubes does not necessarily in- dicate the degree of its development. The horizontal upper border could be situated anywhere at or below the iliospinal line. The lateral borders could be just around the base of the penis or the labia majora, or they could be locted more laterally and reach the inguinal grooves, or even show femoral extensions. Similarly, perineal extension could be found , reaching the peri- anal or coccygeal area. Neck and back hair Neck hair reported here consists mostly of vellus, and in only a few cases of terminal hair. The apparent frequency in the female could be explained by the better developed secondary hair in this sex. Compared with S. data on the Djakartanese (Table 19), the rate of occur- rence is much higher in our series. The reason is probably the difference i n technique of observation; S. might have considered only terminal hair in (26) Variations in Pilosity of Indonesians 145 data collecting. Table 19. Distribution of body hair in Jogjakarta and Djakarta* series (in %). * SCHOONHEYT, 1937 Due to the better development of downy hair which basically constitutes the back hair in Mongoloids, the rate of incidence in the females is apparent- ly higher than in the males. S. reported no case of occurrence, because he probably did not include the vellus into consideration. Vibrissae This terminal hair in the vestibular region of the nasal cavity is found in large quantity significantly more frequent in the males than in the fe- males. Chest and abdominal hair The incidence of chest hair is slightly higher in our series relative to S. series. While he found no occurrence in the females, there are 2. 5% in our material, all of them of circumareolar pattern (SETTY, 1963). This trait seems to besex-limite; the sex difference is significantly more distinct than the usual difference between terminal hairs in both sexes. In Caucasoid fe- males RODECURT found the rate of non-occurrence to be only 20. 6%. The occurrence of abdominal hair in our series is higher than reported by S. in the Djakartanese. The discrepancy could be due to difference in procedure; if not, it is statistically highly significant. Upper arm, fore-arm and hand hair There is no striking difference between the Djakarta and Jogjakarta series in the incidence of upper arm hair. In the males of Djakarta the rate of occurrence is 7.5% and in our males 10.0%, while in the females the figures are respectively 6.5% and 9.2%. Relative to the upper arm hair, the frequency of hair on the fore-arm is (27) 146 T. JACOB higher in both the Djakarta and Jogjakarta series and in both sexes , with a higherrate of occurrence in the Djakarta series in both sexes . As stated before, there is no sex difference in both series. There is not much hair on the dorsum of the hand, with significant sex difference favoring the male. In S. males the rate of occurrence is 73.5%, whereas in the females only 6%. In our series the sex difference is less pro- nounced, but it is still significant. Femoral, leg and foot hair There is also sex difference in the rate of occurrence of femoral hair , fa- voring the males both in our and S. series. In the females the frequency in our series is higher than in S. As in the upper extremities, the lower segment is the most hirsute with significant sex difference. The rate of incidence in the Djakartanese is higher for both sexes. It is not a widespread custom in the females in our sample to shave their legs. In the foot the difference in the occurrence of hair in both sexes is sta- tistically significant. S. population displays a more pronounced difference due tothe higher rate in the males. To summarize, in the lower limb the highest rate of occurrence is in the leg, followed by the thigh and the foot, whereas in the upper limb the fore- arm is followed by the hand and then the upper arm. Hair form It is evident that lank hair is the most frequent . Really straight hair is quite uncommon. Wavy hair seems to be found more often in the males , but the discrepancy is statistically insignificant . The results reported by S. in the Djakartanese are comparable to ours except that his males show considerably less lank hair and more wavy hair . The findings of NYhSSEN (1929) in the Sundanese of West Java are more or less similar, and likewise are the findings of BEUKERING in the Mentawaians . If the first three groups and the last four groups in Table 20 are lumped together,the results are as Table 21. It is apparent that the sex difference is more striking. Kymatotrichous hair is more frequent in the Djakartanese and the Karo-Batak. S. attributed this fact to the Vedda element present in the interior. COON (1962), how- ever, does not believethat this racial element is present in Indonesia. BIJLMER (1929) reported that straight and coarse hair is due to coconut oil: if the hair is uncombed, it is never straight. S. harbored the same opin- ion, and DANFORTH and TROTTER (1922) remarked that people try to dekink their curly hair by applying oil. (28) Variations in Pilosity of Indonesians 147 Table 20. Variations in hair form in several Indonesian populations (in %). Table 21. Distribution of hair form in several Indonesian populations (in 0%). Thus, there is no strong reason for repeating the myth that strictly limits the range of variation of Mongoloid hair and maintains that the presence of any curl is an indication of foreign elements, especially the Veddoid. KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN said that wavy hair is not uncommon in the Minangkabaus. In another article he stated (KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, 1942: 57): Meine eigene Erfahrung hat mich freilich gelehrt, dass v011ig schlichtes Haar bei den malaiischen VOlkern nur selten angetroffen wird and ihr Haar beinahe immer eine kleine Wellung zeigt. SALLER mentioned that the Proto-Malays have lank hair, while the Deutero- Malays have straight hair. The hair of the Mentawaians is reported by MAASS as slightly wavy, by VOLZ as wavy, and by VON ROSENBERG as curly. (29) 148 T. JACOB KEERS observed lank, slightly wavy and occasionally curly hair among the Bataks. But she noted that the females have wavy hair more often than the males. In the Tradjas KEERS (1941) found wavy and spiral hair , whereas in the Buginese lank hairis more common . Hair texture Hair of medium texture turns out to be the most frequent in our Jogja - kartanese and in S. Djakartanese . The data on the females differ slightly in that the mediumgroup is larger in our series . This trait, however, is highly influenced by subjective evaluation: doubted cases tend to be thrown into the medium group. Thehair of the Mentawaians was evaluated by MAASS as coarse, but by VON ROSENBERG as fine . Baldness COON (1948) declared that there is direct association between baldness and airiness. Consequently, in Indonesians who have scanty body hair baldness should be infrequent which is actually the case . Total calvities is found in the male 6.7%, while in the female there is none. S.,on the other hand , reported 4.5% in the male and 10.5% in the female. Association The order of appearance of different body hair is suggested by the fol - lowing table (Table 22): Table 22. Incidence of body hair at adolescence. Thus, in the male the mustache and leg hair seem to appear the earliest , followed by hirci and pubes. This does not conform to the order stated by GARDNER et al. (1966), NELSON (1959) and TANNER (1962): pubes-hirci-face-chest- limbs. Of course, we are aware of the small sample in our transverse study . In our female series, however , the pubes seems to be the first to appear, fol- lowed by hirci and leg hair, and hence, the findings correspond to those of GREULICH (REYNOLDS and WINES,1948) and GARDNER et al . Terminal hair ap- pears earlier in the female with the earlier arrival of puberty. COON (1948) stated that the amount of body hair is associated with age and withthe presence of beards. In our findings it has been suggested that abundant and moderate body hair is associated with masculine type pubes , (30) Variations in Pilosity of Indonesians 149 and this in turn is associated with the presence of beard and mustache. KLEIN (1960) likewise concluded that heavy pubes is correlated with abundant body hair and axillary hair. In our males it is also evident that chest, ab- dominal and femoral hair are correlated with masculine pattern of pubic hair. Furthermore, chest and abdominal hair are also associated. DUPERTUIS et al. (1945) found that masculine pubes is correlated with chest and femoral hair. And RODECURT (1934) reported the same correlation with the axillary hair. Conclusion can be drawn from our data that there is no association be- tween the amount of body hair and skin color. DUPERTUIS et al. were of the opinion that there is some correlation between dark hair and abundant body hair. As stated previously, MONTAGU (1960) argued that the beard and mustache are controlled by different genes. Our data conform to this hypothesis; the presence of mustache does not necessarily indicate the presence of beard. In addition, continuous eyebrows have no correlation with the amount of body hair. Back and neck hair are secondary hair which might be correlated. It seems that if the secondary hair is scanty, it will be present only in the neck region, but if it is relatively abundant, it will extend down the back. The condition in the females, however, does not follow this line of argument. COMAS (1960) expressed his opinion that lissotrichous people have no body hair and only slight traces of beard and mustache. This is confirmed to a certain degree by our data. CONCLUSIONS 1. In 240 Javanese from Jogjakarta, Central Java (Indonesia), consisting of equal numbers of males and females between 10 and 40 years of age, we found that the females have a lighter chest skin color. In both sexes colors of group 8-18 (VON LUSCHAN scale) are the most common, but in the females the percentage of group 8-12 is considerably higher than in the males. 2. The most common hair color is 35 (VON LUSCHAN scale); the sex dif- ference in hair color is of no statistical significance. 3. In both sexes the body hair is scanty, and about 10% have continuous eyebrows. 4. The great majority of post-pubertal males have beards and mustache, and the great majority of post-pubertal individuals of both sexes have axil- lary hair. 5. The absence of pubic hair above 15 years of age is a little greater in (31) 150 T. JACOB the males due to the later arrival of puberty . Feminine patterns are more often found in the males than masculine patterns in the females , indicating lesser development of body hair cover in Indonesians . In addition, masculine patterns in the males occur less often relative to the Caucasoids, and the same is true with masculine patterns in the females . With increasing age masculine patterns increase in the males. 6. Neck and back hairs, both secondary and terminal combined , are more frequent in the females. 7. Distinct vibrissae are significantly more common in the males . 8. Very significant sex difference favoring the males is found in the occurrence of chest hair. Only 2. 5% of the females have some hair on their chests, mostly in the circumareolar region. Abdominal hair is encountered in one of four individuals with no significant sex difference . 9. Upper arm hair is not common and shows similar frequency in both sexes. Again no sex difference is found in the incidence of fore-arm hair which is more common than the upper arm hair. Hand hair demonstrates a strong sex difference. 10. Sex difference is encountered in the femoral hair , being twice as often in the males than in the females. In the former the leg is also more hirsute with comparable sex difference. Foot hair is almost a male character- istic; it occurs in 40.8% of the males and in only 5% of the females . 11. The head hair in our sample is mostly lank (male 66.7%, female 76.7%), and of medium texture (male 64.2%, female 85%) . 12. There is no case of baldness in our sample; calvities is almost ex- clusively found in the males. 13. Abundant body hair is associated with masculine pattern of pubes in the males, and the presence of beard and mustache; these in turn are as- sociated with the presence of chest, abdominal and femoral hair . 14. There is no correlation between the amount of hair and skin color . 15. Continuous eyebrows have no correlation with abundant body hair , and finally mustache and beard are not associated. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to Dr. S. TJOKROHADIDJOJO, head of the Out-Patient Clinic , and the late Prof. M. SARDADI, head of the Department of Medicine , Gadjah Mada University Medical School Hospital, and the heads of "Pantjasila" schools, Jogjakarta, for their kind cooperation in obtaining the sample . The data on females were collected by Dr . Moertiningroem DOERJADIBROTO, and in compiling the data the author was assisted by Mrs. S. MOEKARDIMAN. (32) Variations in Pilosity of Indonesians 151 REFERENCES BEUKERING, J. A. v., 1947: Bijdrage tot de Anthropologie der Mentaweiers . Kemink en Zoon N. V., Utrecht. BIJLMER, H. J. T., 1929: Outlines of the Anthropology of the Timor-Archipelago . G. Kolff & Co., Weltevreden. Box, J. E., 1940: Bijdrage tot de Kennis der Raseigenschappen van het Javaansche Volk . N. V. A. Oosthoek's Uitgevers Mij., Utrecht COMAS, J., 1960: Manual of Physical Anthropology. . Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, III. COON, C. S., 1948: The Races of Europe . MacMillan Co., New York. COON, C. S., 1962: The Origin of Races . Alfred A. Knopf, New York. COON, C. S., 1965: The Living Races of Man . Alfred A. Knopf, New York. CROXTON, F. E., 1953: Elementary Statistics with Applications in Medicine and the Bio - logical Sciences. Dover Publications , Inc., New York. DANFORTH, C. H., and M. TROTTER , 1922: The distribution of body hair in white subjects. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 5: 259-265. DUPERTUIS, C. W., W. B. ATKINSON and H. ELFTMAN , 1945: Sex differences in pubic hair distribution. Hum. Biol., 17: 137-142. GARDNER, E., D. J. GRAY and R. O'RAHILLY , 1966: Anatomy, 2nd ed. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. GARN, S. M., 1962: Human Races, rev. 2nd printing . Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, III. GATES, R. R., 1952: Human Genetics , Vol.2. MacMillan Co., New York. GRIMM, H., 1966: Grundriss der Konstitutionsbiologie und Anthropometrie , 3. erw. Aufl. VEB Verlag Volk und Gesundheit, Berlin. HARRISON, R. J., 1958: Man the Peculiar Animal. Penguin Book Ltd ., Harmondsworth, Middlesex. HOOTON, E. A., 1956: Up from the Ape, 6th printing. MacMillan Co. , New York. KEERS, W., 1937: Een anthropologisch onderzoek van de Karo-Batak. Geneesk. Tijdschr . Ned.-Ind., 77: 322-352. KEERS, W., 1941: Anthropologische beschouwingen over de bewoners van Zuid-West en Zuid-Midden Celebes. Geneesk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Ind., 81: 1783-1836. KEERS, W., 1948: The Proto-Malay of the Netherlands East-Indies . Kon. Vereenig. Ind. Inst., Meded. 74, Afd. Volkenk., 26: 158-170. KLEIN, F., 1960: Scham- und Achselhaare. Zbl. allgem. Pathol. u. pathol . Anat., 100: 385-390. KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, J. P. , 1917: Bijdrage tot de anthropologie der Mentaweiers. Tijdschr. Kon. Ned. Aardrijksk. Gen., ser. 2, 34: 877-901. KLEIWEG DE ZWAAN, J. P., 1942: Anthropologische Untersuchungen auf Bali und Lombok. Meded. Afd. Volkenk. Kol. Inst., extra ser. 4. MARTIN, R., 1928: Lehrbuch der Anthropologie. Verlag von Gustav Fischer , Jena. MCGREGOR, D., 1961: Distribution of pubic hair in a sample of fit men. Brit . J. Dermatol., 73: 61-64. MEAD, M. (ed.), 1955: Cultural Patterns and Technical Change. New American Library , New York. MONTAGU, M. F. A., 1951: An Introduction to Physical Anthropology. Charles C. Thomas , Springfield, III. MONTAGU, M. F. A., 1960: Human Heredity. New American Library , New York. MONTAGU, M. F. A., 1965: The Human Revolution. World Publishing Company , Cleveland. (33) 152 T. JACOB NELSON, W. E., 1959: Textbook of Pediatrics, 7th ed. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadel- phia. NIEUWENHUIS, A. A. J., 1948: Een Anthropologische Studie van, Tenggerezen en Slamet- Javanen. Eduard Ydo N. V., Leiden NYESSEN, D. J. H., 1929: The Races of Java. Ind. Com. Wetensch. Onderz., Weltevreden. REYNOLDS, E. L. and J. V. Wines, 1948: Individual differences in physical changes associ- ated with adolescence in girls. Am. J. Dis. Children, 75: 329-350. ROBINSON, L., 1892: On a possible obsolete function of the axillary and pubic hair tufts in man. J. Anat. Physiol., 26: 254. RODECURT, M., 1934: Beobachtungen uber Nabel and Korperbehaarung beim Weibe. Zschr. Konstitutionsl., 18: 373. SALLER, K., 1930: Leitfaden der Anthropologie. Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin. SCHAEFFER, J. P. (ed.), 1953: Morris' Human Anatomy, 11th ed. McGraw-Hill Book Corn- pany, Inc., New York. SCHOONHEYT, L. J. A., 1937: Bijdrage tot de Anthropologie der Bevolking van Batavia en Naaste Omstreken. Batavia-C. SETTY, L. R., 1962: Hair patterns on the back of White males. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 20: 365-374. SETTY, L. R., 1963: The circumareolo-pectoral series of chest hair patterns. J. Nat. Med. Assoc., 55: 233-235. SETTY, L. R., 1964: The distribution of hair of the upper limb in Caucasoid males. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 22: 143-148. SETTY, L. R., 1966: A comparative study of the distribution of hair of the hand and the foot of White and Negro males. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 25: 131-138. STEWART, T. D. (ed.), 1952: Hrdli6ka's Practical Anthropometry. Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia. TANNER, J. M., 1962: Growth at Adolescence, 2nd ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. THOMAS, P. K. and D. G. FERRINAN, 1957: Variation in facial and pubic hair growth in White women. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 15: 171-180. TROTTER, M., 1961: Hair: introduction and anthropology. In: Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ltd., Chicago. Sub-Department of Physical Anthropology, Gadjah Mada University College of Medicine, Jogjakarta, Indonesia (34) Variation in Pilosity of Indonesians 153 イ ン ドネ シ ア人 の一 集 団 に お け る毛 生 の 変 異 Teuku JACOB イ ン ドネ シ ア人 の う ち に はMongoloidの 要 素 が 優 勢 で あ る こ とが 一 般 に 認 め られ て お り,従 つ て 体 毛 は 乏 し く,頭 髪 は 剛 直 毛 で 黒 色 で あ る こ と が 予 想 され る。 しか し これ に 関 す る詳 細 な 知 見 は文 献 上 は稀 で あ る 。 この 論 文 は 中央 ジ ャワ の ジ ョク ジ ャ カル タ に お いて1953年 以 来 集 あ られ て 来 た 生 体 学 的 資 料 の 一 部 に つ いて の 報 告 で,性 ・年 齢 を 考 慮 した毛 髪 の身 体 各 部 位 に お け る 分 布 ,色,形,太 さの 変 異,お よび 毛 髪 と 皮 膚 色 の 関 連 や 各 部 位 間 の毛 髪 分 布 の 関連 な ど の 問題 を 取 り上 げ た 。 調 査 対 象 は240名(男 女 各120名)の 学 校 生 徒,学 生,大 学 病 院 患 者 を 含 む集 団 で ,観 察 個 体 中 に は 内分 泌 障 害 や 慢 性 疾 患 は 存 在 しなか つ た 。 年 齢 は10歳 か ら40歳 ま で で,5歳 間 隔 の六 つ の 年 齢 群 に 分 類 され た(第1表)。 これ ら は少 くと も2世 代 に 亙 つ て 中央 ジ ャ ワ,特 に ジ ョ クジ ャ カル タ に居 住 す る ジ ャ ワ人 か ら成 り ,人 種 要 素 と して は イ ン ドネ シ ア ・マ レ イが 優 勢 で あ る。 生 体 観 察 の 印 象 で もMongoloid要 素 が 優 勢(64% 内 外)で あ る こ と が確 か め られ,26%内 外 がCaucasoid,10%内 外 がMelanesoid的 特 徴 を 示 した 。 この 調 査 の 結 論 を 要 約 す る と次 の 通 りで あ る 。 1. 胸 部 皮 膚 色 は 女性 は 男 性 よ り も淡 く,両 性 と もVON LUSCHANの 色 調 表 に よ る8-18群 が 最 も 多 いが,女 性 で は そ の う ち8-12群 の 率 が 男 性 よ りか な り高 い(第2表) 。 2. 毛 髪 色 はVON LUSCHANの35が 最 も多 く,性 差 は 統 計 的 に有 意 で な い(第2表)。 3. 両 性 と も体 毛 は全 体 と して 少 量 で(第3表) ,約10%に 連 続 した 眉 毛 が 見 られ る。 4. 青 春 期 後 の個 体 で は,男 性 は 大 部 分 が 須 毛 お よ び 口 髭 を もち ,ま た 両 性 と も大 部 分 が 腋 毛 を も つ (第4,5,22表)。 5. 15歳 を 超 え て陰 毛 の な い もの は男 性 に や や 多 い が ,こ れ は青 春 期 に達 す る の が 女 性 よ り も遅 い こ と に よ る。 男 性 の 女 性 型 陰 毛 は 女性 の 男 性 型 陰 毛 よ り も多 く出 現 して いる 。 こ の こ とは イ ン ドネ シ ア 人 に お いて 一 般 に 体 毛 の発 達 が 低 度 で あ る こ とを 示 す 。 男 性 型 はCaucasoid諸 集 団 に 比 して 男 女 と もに 少 いが 男 性 で は 年 齢 と と もに 増 加 す る(第5,22表)。 6. 頸 部 お よび 背 部 の 二 次 的 終 生 毛 は女 性 に お いて よ り高 頻 度で あ る(第6 ,15表)。 7. 明 瞭 な 鼻 毛 の 存 在 す る もの は 男 性 に お いて 有 意 に 多 い。 8. 胸 毛 の 存 在 に は著 明 な 性 差 が あ り,男 性 に 多 い。 女 性 で は2.5%の み が,主 と して 乳 輪 周 辺 に 若 干 の 胸 毛 を もって い る 。腹 毛 は4分 の1の 個 体 に 存 在 し,有 意 な 性 差 は な い(第7表)。 9. 上 腕 毛 は 少 く,両 性 で の頻 度 は 同様 で あ る。 前 腕 毛 も出 現 率 に性 差 は 見 られ な い が ,上 腕 毛 よ り も 多 い。 手 毛 は 強 い性 差 を 示 す(第8表)。 10. 大 腿 毛 に は性 差 が あ り,男 性 で は 女 性 の 約2倍 に存 在 す る 。下 腿 毛 も男 性 に 多 い。 足 毛 は ほ ぼ 男 性 特 徴 と見 な され,男 性 の40.8%に 出現 す る が,女 性 で は5%に 過 ぎ な い(第9表)。 11. 頭 髪 は 大 部 分 が 直 毛(男66.7%,女76.7%)で,ま た 中等 の太 さ(男64 .2%,女85%)で あ る (第10,20,21表)。 12. この 資 料 に は はげ(baldness)の 例 は な い 。前 頭 部 生 え 際 の 後 退(calvities)は ほぼ 独 占 的 に 男 性 の み に見 られ る。 13. 体 毛 が 多 量 で あ る こと は 男 性 に お いて 男 性 型 陰 毛 や 須 毛 ・口 髭 の 存 在 と 関連 が あ り,こ れ らは 次 い で 胸 毛 ・腹 毛 ・大 腿 毛 の存 在 と関 連 して い る(第11表)。 14. 毛 の量 と皮 膚 色 の 間 に 相 関 は な い 。 15. 連 続 した 眉 毛 は体 毛 が 多 量 で あ る こ と と相 関 は な く(第14表) ,さ らに 口 髭 と須 毛 と は 関連 が な い(第13表)。 (35)