… from page 1 Our programme for 2020

16 Jan 20 The sound of his horn: John Peel the man and Dr Sue Allan the song 12 Mar 20 German Miners under the Derwent Fells Mark Hatton 25 or 26 Historical walk: Mining landscapes of the Organiser Apr 20 Newlands Valley, plus Goldscope – leader Mark Mike Bacon February 2020 Hatton. Arrangements tbc.

May 20 Spring outing, to be arranged Contents developed. Would any local member who may be able to provide tea for the group in 14 May 20 Cattle droving through Cumbria, 1600-1900 Professor Peter Roebuck Society News Lorton or Embleton please contact Derek – and the route will be adjusted. 11 Jun 20 AGM plus From Roundhouse to Sheiling: Peter Style Historical walks in 2020 1 archaeological surveys of early settlement sites Can you help organise an outing? 1 in the Loweswater and Buttermere valleys

9 July 20 The Border Reivers –Romance and Reality Max Loth-Hill Future Programme 9,16, & 23 Historical walks: medieval Lorton, Loweswater Organiser Our Programme for 2020 2 Aug 20 & Embleton. Arrangements tbc. Derek Denman Diary dates 2 10 Sep 20 The Pilgrimage of Grace in and Dick O’Brien

Westmorland 1536 Meeting Reports 12 Nov 20 Who shot Percy Toplis – the Monocled Mutineer Dr Jim Cox Outing: Windermere Jetty Museum 3 Talks are at the Yew Tree Hall at 7.30pm unless stated otherwise. Visitors £3. Please do not park to Talk: Roman Roads through the Lakes 4 the left of the entrance (looking from outside) as the road is narrow. Talk: The Sound of his Horn: John Peel, the man and the song 5 Officers and Committee 2019/20

President, Professor Angus Winchester Financial examiner, Peter Hubbard Articles The Language of the Landscape, an Entrance to the Goldscope mine. Charles Lambrick 01900 85710 Tim Stanley-Clamp 01900 336542 appreciation 6 Chairman Vice-chair “T’moor yeat” and the repairing Message from the Chair Dr Derek Denman 01900 829097 Christopher Thomas 01900 822171 of Shatton Lane in 1769 9 Secretary derekdenman@bt Treasurer

Shedding light on LiDAR 14 internet.com Can you help organise an outing? Lena Stanley-Clamp 01900 336542 Mike Bacon Richard Easton Following my call in November’s Membership [email protected] Fiona Lambrick Committee Society News Wanderer for members to help with two Hugh Thomson members aspects of organisation, I am pleased to Historical Walks in 2020 say there was a good response. The Committee is grateful to Pip Wise, of Diary dates In 2020 the Society will be re-introducing Lorton, for agreeing to take on 22 February. Lancaster University, RHC, Study day, ‘The end is nigh’, Mortality Crises historical walks, around our ‘patch’, though responsibility for the distribution of the in north-west England in the C16th & C17th the details are to be confirmed. Wanderer and other printed material. In In April the fell walkers among us will the meantime, I am talking to other 7 March. Lancaster University, RHC, Annual Archaeology Forum be pleased that Mark Hatton has offered to people who have kindly offered to assist 9 March. The Spirit of a Lakeland Valley, by Angus Winchester, at Words by the lead a walk in the Newlands Valley to view the committee. Water, at Theatre by the Lake, Keswick, 7.45pm its mining history, with a possible There is, however, an urgent need exploration of the Goldscope mine. to find someone who will help to organise The next Wanderer will be published on 1 May 2020. Please send items to For those requiring a less energetic a Spring outing, probably in May. We are Derek Denman, by early April. walk, Derek Denman plans to lead three all grateful to Tim Stanley-Clamp for walks in August to explore the medieval having organised various Society outings Published by the Lorton & Derwent Fells Local History Society, 19 Low Road Close, centres of Lorton, Loweswater and during the past few years. However, Cockermouth CA13 0GU. Embleton, and how they have been apart from being the Society’s … page 3 http://www.derwentfells.com https://www.facebook.com/Lortonlocalhistorysociety h//fbk/ llh 1 2 vice-chair, he has recently taken on quietly did its work gliding us around the 1960s, there are many similar Roman roads don’t appear to have additional tasks which means he is unable Belle Island. The captain was on hand to stories. survived particularly well in to continue to look after arrangements answer questions about the work of the After lunch there was a short talk in archaeological terms, but that the for outings. museum and the local sites we saw on the the Gallery about Arthur Ransome and his landscape sometimes reveals an obvious The committee has in mind a guided cruise (Blackwell, Claife). Meanwhile links to, boating, Windermere, W G line of a road, the occasional Roman historical outing to the Solway coast in those on shore listened to a talk about Collingwood, Ruskin and Russia. milestone exists, and the names ‘Street’ May, including in particular visits to the restoration work that goes on: a In the afternoon some members and ‘Gate’ are indicative of Roman Allonby and Silloth, probably by coach. current project is the fitting out of called in at the Armitt Museum in activity. He cautioned against assuming We are therefore looking for someone Penelope II, which should be ready to join Ambleside. straight lines of existing roads or who is willing to help make the necessary the Osprey in visitor cruising soon. Many thanks are due to Tim boundaries are evidence of a Roman arrangements for this outing. Support is Stanley-Clamp who organized this outing road, given that the enclosing of common available but historical knowledge is not but was unable to attend on the day. land in the 18th and 19th centuries required, nor is joining the committee. Richard Easton frequently adopted straight lines in Please step forward someone who is a ‘carving up’ such land. good organiser and interested in this Roman Roads Through the Turning to documentary and other outing! Lakes types of evidence for Roman roads Please let me know during February through the Lakes, Dr Hindle said that 14 November 2019 if you are interested or discuss with any although quite a lot of information is committee member. available, it has to be pieced together Dr Paul Hindle’s Talk on Roman Roads Charles Lambrick from a variety of sources. The earliest through the Lakes, delivered in mid- map of value in investigating the pattern November last year, attracted what was of Roman roads is Donald’s 1770 map of virtually a full house at the Yew Tree Hall. Cumberland, and the first Ordnance Apart from a good turn-out of members, Meeting Reports Survey maps are also a useful source. In a significant number of visitors were the 20th century aerial photography present. His enthusiasm for the subject, assisted in tracing roads that have largely Outing to Windermere Jetty and in particular for maps, was very disappeared from ordinary view, albeit Museum and the Armitt evident from his clearly delivered and this technique is dependent on photos well-illustrated presentation. Museum being taken in either low sun conditions Dr Hindle drew to attention the fact 30 October 2019 or after a fall of snow. Such photography that approximately 2,000 years ago the has, however, to a large extent now been Lake District (and of course land to the A centre for the operation, preservation superseded by the relatively recent north) was on the frontier of the Roman and restoration of lake boats has existed development of LiDAR.1 world, and it may be assumed that the on Windermere since the 1940s. After a Romans built roads in this part of the chequered history, permission for a Roman road over Whinlatter, from country specifically to link forts and other complete rebuild of the Jetty museum the speaker’s book ‘Roads and Trackways significant places associated with of the Lake District, 1984. was grated in 2011 to the Lakes Arts defence. He pointed out that many Trust. Construction started in 2017 and Beatrix Potter’s rowing boat was completed earlier this year. The result is an impressive building housing The Gallery occupies a huge space, gallery, boat house, conservation as it needs to, hosting as it does a large workshop and, of course, café, situated in number of whole boats (as well as many a fantastic location just north of smaller items, clocks, instruments, Windermere-Bowness. The only other toilets etc.) The history of speed-boat ingredient required for a successful racing, together with reconstructed society outing was a fine dry autumnal models, is presented with helpful multi- day, and that we had. media tools (e.g. audio oral history). Most members of the group opted to The first mechanical steamer, Dolly, was voyage out in the Osprey. This is a small sunk in 1895, crushed by ice in the steam launch dating from 1902, the teak exceptionally hard winter of that year. woodwork gleamed in the sun (ten layers She was rediscovered and restored in of varnish) as the reconditioned engine 1 See article by Roger Asquith on page 14 for an explanation of LiDAR and its uses. 3 4

Dr Hindle provided a striking among these were 37 different versions followed; by Micky Mossop in 1953, later example of what LiDAR can reveal when of D’ye ken John Peel. rereleased as an LP in the 1980s and a he showed a map of the Lune Gorge on Nowadays, the name ‘John Peel’ CD in 2002. In November 2004, on the which the results of a survey of this type tends to be associated with the musician 250th anniversary of Peel’s death a wake had been superimposed. This clearly and broadcaster (1939 – 2004). Here we was held at his graveside, with wreaths showed the route chosen by the Romans are interested in the huntsman, John Peel sent by every hunt in the country. on the east side of the River Lune. He who was born c.1776 at Caldbeck, settled Sue Allan will be introducing her also drew attention to the Roman road at Ruthwaite and died in 1854. Members former academic supervisor, our that struck out to the west of Kendal over who enjoyed the society’s outing to president Professor Angus Winchester, at Hardknott Pass, to High Street running Caldbeck in 2018 were able to examine Words by the Water on Monday 9 March southwest from the general area of his grave in the churchyard there. at 7.45 pm, when he will be talking about Penrith, and to the Roman road which ran Cumbrian hunting had its origins in his recent publication: The Language of west from there towards Keswick and the 18th century as a means to kill Landscape: a journey into Lake District thence over Whinlatter Pass possibly vermin; mainly foxes but including pine History. towards forts at Papcastle or Moresby. martins, which has proved to be Sandra Shaw However, Dr Hindle pointed out that in particularly disastrous to the plight of our respect of each of these examples, and native red squirrels. Hunting was carried even with use of LiDAR, at present there out by farmers, with packs of hounds, Articles are significant gaps in our knowledge of which spent their summers farmed out to the complete routes followed by the local families, but were brought together ‘The Language of the Romans in building those roads. as a pack in the winter. This hunting In answer to a question from an involved pursuit on foot, but John Peel Landscape’ – an audience member, Dr Hindle said was known to use a small fell pony on appreciation Donald’s map, which was privately occasions. Since the ban on hunting with by Michael Baron Memorial plaque to John Woodcock produced and funded by landowners dogs, which was brought in in 2005, there Graves, Tasmania, – photo courtesy of whose names appear on it, was as good remain six fell packs, which the law Michael Baron ‘The Language of the Landscape- A as it could be when it was published. He requires to follow scent trails. Hunting Journey into Lake District History’ is added the interesting fact, from a local songs were very much part of the post- publisher Sidney Gilpin, who contacted published at the very modest price of point of view, that Donald retired to hunt social scene, although the drink Graves in Tasmania to agree the wording. £10 by Handstand Press of Sedbergh. I Loweswater, where he is buried. driving limit introduced in 1967, had In 1868 William Metcalf, organist and and my late wife, Hetty, to whom I owe Charles Lambrick already signalled the death knell of late- choir master at Carlisle Cathedral rewrote my long association with the Lorton and night singing sessions the song for voice and piano, spreading it Derwent Fells Local History Society and The Sound of his Horn: John John Peel was little known outside further afield by taking copies for sale their researches (acknowledged in the Peel, the man and the song his immediate locality before the penning when he gave a performance in London. Sources and Bibliography along with The of the song D’ye ken John Peel, written in National Archives), enjoyed until her 16 January 2020 This led to a brass band version and the the Cumbrian dialect by Wigton death in 2012 the dailiness in any adoption of the tune by the 34th huntsman and sign-writer John weather of the landscape of the valley Dr Sue Allan completed her doctorate on Cumberland Regiment (later the Border Woodcock Graves around 1830. This which stretches out from Cockermouth, the subject of traditional Cumbrian folk Regiment) as their ‘quick march’; still occurred during an evening of post -Lorton, Loweswater and Buttermere-. song, motivated by her search for local played to this day. hunting carousing at Caldbeck in what But I do not have the childhood repertoire. She has been singing since In 1906, Charles Villiers Stanford was then the Rising Sun, now the experience of a boy on a bike nor the the 1970s and the evening’s talk included included the song in The National Song Oddfellow’s Arms. Graves reportedly mature study of a professor of history - not just recorded clips, but live examples Book and in this way it became familiar announced ‘By Jove, Peel! You’ll be sung of the author, Professor Angus of the songs Sue was describing. Much of to school children throughout the still when we are both run to earth.’ How Winchester. The book as summarised on Cumbria’s traditional folksong was country. There were a couple of problems true. Graves later emigrated to the back cover is ‘a passionate and overshadowed by the popularity of the with this version. John Peel’s birthplace Tasmania. This song, like so many in the scholarly examination of the effect of Lakes Poets, but nevertheless, Sue was moved from Caldbeck to Troutbeck folk tradition, has evolved into many place on our lives and our imagination'. uncovered around 515 local songs and his coat, from being ‘so grey’, versions, passed on through the oral Not only fells and streams, soil and including border ballads, broadside became ‘gay’. One imagines the collector tradition, written down from memory and people, but language and word origins, ballads, dialect songs and other popular was more familiar with the hunting ‘pink’ circulated in the form of ballad sheets and and the changes wrought by centuries. songs, hunting songs and new songs with (scarlet) of southern hunts. In 1910 it broadsides. A Standard English version Winchester covers a wealth of detail regional distinctiveness. Of these, about was referred to as ‘The anthem of was published in 1866 by Carlisle inspired and informed, most deftly, from thirty percent were related to hunting and Cumbria’. Yes, Cumbria. Recordings 5 6 a lifetime of his heady combination of there to climber Lehmann Oppenheimer estates from long established here, the indispensable guide and settler evidence and observation. Even with led me to read his ‘Heart of Lakeland ‘ proprietors. Lords of the manor are no of fireside arguments. How else would occasional poetry (and quotations from (1908), and the finding, by this longer minor or major aristocrats. we know of the long memory of Annie poets) evoked by sight and sound, it is a sculptor, of Bowfell Buttress, Holme Wood at Loweswater was the Nelson of Gatesgarth, the rewarding fascinating book (with photographs) and thus in turn to my discovery of the creation of Marshall, and once bore his calm of our churches and chapels, the when age prevents me, once an adopted wonders of the Lakes, though first, a sort name. Work ceases to be ruled by smell of the ubiquitous Herdwick sheep? Cumbrian, from walks which journeys of of rite of passage, I had to make, roped findings of manorial courts. Change will At the end of the last chapter, ‘The this engagement can only encourage. and booted, in December 1949 a cold bring about disappearance and their Freedom of the Fells’, Angus Winchester An adopted Cumbrian I was proud and wet, ascent of the buttress. I swore power of environmental control. The writes- the sentence is lyrical - ’who, I to be. Shortly after making a home in I would return. And I did with Hetty to ‘green deals’ they ordered or brokered, find myself wondering, was the very first Loweswater, I was quizzed by, dare I Loweswater in the Spring of 1987. and superbly documented here come to person to set eyes on the lake which we say, a native about whether I was really In the book, Winchester an end. now know as Buttermere on a May coming to live, or was I just another of acknowledges, often with quotations, Landscapes, Winchester reminds morning , and to hear the cuckoo calling the growing number who came only for several poets - Hopkins, Nicholson, Eliot, the reader, are no longer ‘physical across the valley, perhaps five thousand the summer months. And then there Cummings, Kavanagh, Roberts and resources but part of a visual, sensory and more years ago?‘ were dire ecclesiastical warnings that the Farley. Inexplicably he passes over the experience to be relished and taken That is a question that we cannot Barons would not last the winter, to great twentieth century poet, W H away in memory’. Later still the scenic answer, but this journey into past and which the only riposte was that stay we Auden. As a schoolboy he holidayed with ‘lure of the lakes’ brings in the present makes Winchester the best would; and enjoy the special, unique, his parents at Wescoe near Keswick, and professional middle classes, the travel companion when we try to find out rare, pleasures that only living in the thereafter he remained obsessed with university professors, and the gentlemen why. North Western Lakes can give. the rugged hills, the mines of climbers- who joined up with the older The picture on my computer is of Westmorland and Yorkshire, and the cragsmen. John Wilson Robinson of Watergate Farm and Barn, Loweswater, Fangs Brow. Stone wall and rough grass neighbourhoods of Alston and Nenthead. Whinfell Hall was one of these. in 1931 (photo: Pat Evans Archive) in the foreground. There is a line of fence So for me it is in his poem written This is a book that everyone in the For the more recent members of the posts, and, dominating, Grasmoor with long after Auden’s adolescent valleys should have on their shelves. Society, Michael Baron is a past chair of Dale Head behind. Above this irresistible infatuation, ‘In Praise of Limestone’ Surely one wants to know the origin of the Society. Hetty was once our scene, a blue, unclouded sky. For a where he voices so much of what our field names, how boundaries have been treasurer and the leader of our Three moment, I am at home, back in what I valleys are about: fixed, what water does to us and what Valleys Oral History Project. know so well. Admittedly, that is not the If it form the one landscape that water has been, the numbers of sheep, The image shows, beyond the pig, knowledge of the working farmer, but we, the inconstant ones, the industries, the use of bracken. It is Watergate Barn before conversion into that of the live-in off-comer, and a Are consistently homesick for, this the house grandchild of immigrants from the is chiefly which later closed-in very distant life of Eastern Because it dissolves in water. … became their Europe. … home. From my first acquaintance as a … when I try to imagine a faultless Watergate, or hopeful climber in the winter of 1949, I love earlier Water have been in love with Lakeland valleys Or the life to come, what I hear is Yeat, was the If, as Winchester says in his preface, ‘the the murmur gate to the history of the area is coloured by the Of underground streams, what I common by particularities of family history‘, then our see is a limestone landscape’. Loweswater, passions have similar roots. In many That life to come may be ever until the later senses, I have been waiting for this present, but the past and the present, its C16th, when distillation of excellence about my ruthless partner, change, is the the Holme, adopted home. underground stream that runs through, meaning island, Once there was dry-as-dust history and wells up unexpectedly. As when new was enclosed. writing. This is different. The thirteen people and their money arrive. What The name chapter-headings tell everything about better example than Leeds textile served to the comprehensiveness of the author’s magnates like John Marshall, seeking identify the journey. For example, Place Names, advice from Wordsworth on how to farmstead by People, Dwelling Places, Common Lands, rephrase the landscape, influenced by its location. dd Water, Wood and Rock, and the last– the advent of Romanticism, he equates The Freedom of the Fells. A reference land ownership with status, and buys 7 8

Stanger was created after the gate was “T’moor yeat”, and the removed. Before that Stanger was open repairing of Shatton Lane in to the common. There was either a gate or a lonning, not both. It sounds like a 1769 tall tale, to impress the hearers. by Derek Denman Coming from Cockermouth, through “t’moor yeat” and into the ‘Now let me take you with Mrs Lancaster enclosed land, you continued along [born 1802] as for a guide through Shatton Lane, another lost road name. Lorton. Since she can remember, the Mrs Lancaster recalled that ‘From whole of the common from Shatton to Shatton, however, to Lorton, the land Grayson Tarn was unenclosed. There was enclosed, but there were a lot of was a gate fixed somewhere beside the small fields & little dirty lonnings down little beck that crosses the road before to Cocker side. Where Cass How sand we get to Pearson Clark's lonning [to pit is now was as far back as 1800 the Stanger]. This gate was called by the locale of boggles, & robbers.’ Lorton folk "t'moor yeat", & it was about The other significant development as far as any one dare to venture at of the road that she mentioned was the evening. A Story is told of a man who turnpiking of the road over Whinlatter, wished to impress on his hearer the from Cockermouth to Keswick and the sense of a great distance- It's as far, South, which was completed around says he, as- as Lonnon Moor Yeat!’ 1770 and would carry rather more traffic John Bolton’s lecture of 1891, given than Mrs Lancaster would imply – having at Lorton School, described the been in business for thirty years before childhood experience of his wife’s she was born. She acknowledged that grandmother, to an audience who would the turnpike’s New Bridge on Whinlatter have thought those times were the old was built before her time, though she did world, before the great technical not know the date, which was by 1770. advances and social improvement of the Before that bridge was built, and before nineteenth century. The moor gate, the turnpike bypassed High Lorton with shown in general pre-enclosure plan of the new Whinlatter road, the old main the turnpike road on page 10, would route through Lorton to Keswick went have been there for centuries, keeping along High Lorton Street, over High the stock on the moors and out of the Lorton Bridge, up through Boonbeck, enclosed lands, in the same way that Scales and over Blease Bridge to there are still two on the road above Whinlatter. Little Blease Bridge had the Hopebeck and High Swinside. status of a county bridge in the 1750s. Young Dinah Iredale would have From Cockermouth to Lorton, the new been about thirteen when the gate was turnpike replaced and widened the old no longer needed, after the enclosure road, including Shatton Lane. Mrs and division of Embleton Common in Lancaster never knew the poor narrow about 1815. Shortly before that time road of the 1760s, though she might Cockermouth Moor had been enclosed, have heard tall tales about it. stretching from another old gate near Tom Rudd Beck to the township Shatton Lane and the disputed repairs boundary with Embleton at Grayson Tarn (see the plan on page 12) – soon to be filled in. From about 1815 Coming across the moor from the road to Cockermouth was fenced and Cockermouth in the 1760s and reaching gateless – apart from the tollgate at “t’moor yeat”, the traveller was in Kirkgate. There is a slight problem with Embleton Township, because Lorton and the tale of ‘a great distance’ to ‘Lonnon Cockermouth are separated by Moor Yeat’ because the Lonning to Embleton, which contains the Hundith

9 10

Hill Hotel (formerly a mansion boasting wished to be tested at law. Should all the the fine name of Mire End), the former landowners in Embleton Township tile works of Walter Murray at Mire End, contribute to the cost of Highways, via a Stanger, and Shatton. Past the gate, old rate levied by the vestry meeting? Or Shatton Lane went some 800 yards as were the landowners whose property far as Grey Beck, which defined the adjoined to the road responsible for boundary with Lorton, though no gate repairing their part? was needed at that boundary, perhaps The latter arrangement had been just some rannels over the water. the custom of the old manor of In the 1760s there was a legal Embleton, in which lay Shatton Lane. dispute among the landowners of ‘We find’ said the Embleton manor court Embleton about the responsibilities for jury in 1686, ‘that it is our Custom that maintaining Shatton Lane, just as the the Highways is to be repaired by every road was being turnpiked. The one thereto adjoining according as their Cockermouth, Keswick and Kendal Ground lyes and the Water to be taken Turnpike Trust was inaugurated by the away by them whose Ground lyes on the Act of 1761, and for some years lower side of the Way as usually it has following it was known that Shatton Lane Descended. And this is to be done yearly was to be widened to twenty feet and as there shall be occasion upon Pain of then maintained by the turnpike trust – 6s:8 upon everyone refusing or paid for by future tolls on usage. They neglecting to do’. However, the manor would also need a wider moor gate. of Embleton had been extinguished in It seems that the Act was the signal about 1698, through the for the Embleton landowners to stop enfranchisement of the freeholds to all maintaining Shatton Lane, maybe the landowners. The customs would expecting that the Turnpike Trust would have been extinguished with the manor take over soon. Some inhabitants and its court. There was no undertaking suggested that the Act immediately to repair the highway in the absolved them from repairing Shatton enfranchisement agreements. Lane. Consequently the narrow lane Embleton Manor was smaller than became ‘ruinous, mire deep, broken and Embleton Township, in that it did not in such decay for want of due reparation include Embleton Common, which was and amendment of the same so that the part of Derwentfells Manor. Nor did it liege subjects of our said lord the King include those enclosed lands in thro’ the same way by themselves and Embleton, such as Mire End, which had with their horses, coaches, carts and been enclosed from the common after carriages could not during the time the medieval grants of the manor lands aforesaid nor yet can go pass ride and had been made. So that the roads on the labour without great danger of their lives common, including that from the moor and so also of their goods …’. So read the gate to the boundary with Cockermouth indictment in the King against the Township, were maintained directly by inhabitants of Embleton Parish, as stated Embleton Township, through a rate for in 1769 by William Jackson, the the highways made by the vestry. prosecutor, and scheduled for the From around 1700, the township Midsummer in 1770. could no longer rely on manorial customs The inhabitants of Embleton of a defunct manor to fulfil the Township, in Brigham Parish, could not township’s obligations to maintain the deny their legal responsibility for King’s highway. However, up to the repairing the roads; it was rather a 1760s, Shatton Lane, in common with matter of which inhabitants were other highways, continued to be responsible. There was also the more maintained by the adjoining landowners, general question that some inhabitants despite being the busiest road in the 11 12 township and being worn out mostly by repairs of the roads adjoining their own (Pleasure and Pain, 1780-1818, p.17): Shedding light on LiDAR outsiders, from Lorton and beyond. lands, have spirited up thereof the ‘In Cumberland there is a species of by Roger Asquith In 1769 the highways were the persons charged by the plea to contest Human Beings (in the Language of the responsibility of Embleton vestry this matter … .’ County called “Statesmen”) who live The Society’s November 2019 talk, by Dr meeting of Brigham Parish. The rateable One of those landowners ‘spirited upon & cultivate their own little Estates Paul Hindle, touched on the use of LiDAR landowners of the township were roughly up’ was Isaac Fearon, the Quaker man- of 15 or 20£ a year: …This minute in Roman road studies. Knowledge of the same set of people as the ex- of-business of Shatton: Division of Property creates & nourishes ancient Mayan civilisation has been manorial tenants. The vestry meeting ‘Isaac Fearon, one of the owners of an Abundance of Law-suits, which do greatly extended by an 800 square mile would not fund the repair of highways the adjoining lands gladly would have infinite Honor to the County:- We LiDAR survey of dense jungle in through the rates, but went to law to the parish to appear to the indictment breakfasted at Cockermouth, a neat built Guatemala.1 The acronym crops up leave the cost with the Shatton and submit to a fine by which means Town; …’ regularly in Current Archaeology – a landowers, who were presumably they would always have been charged The idea, that an unyielding Historic Environment LiDAR outvoted in this divisive process. and the owners of the adjoining lands disputatious nature was correlated with survey of the Isle of Arran discovered To prepare the case for its defence acquitted, but however the parish were the form of land tenure, chimes with ‘hundreds of sites of archaeological at the 1770 midsummer assizes, advised to the contrary and determined another piece by Housman, in interest’.2 So what is LiDAR? Embleton vestry engaged, and enriched, to contest it on which Fearon would have Hutchinson’s History of Cumberland of Light Detection And Ranging uses Baynes and Benson, solicitors of had the surveyors to charge the 1796, (vol2, p.255), on the character of laser light to scan the ground and build Cockermouth. They had plans drawn of commissioners of the turnpike with the leaseholders in the Grahams’ estate at up an accurate ground surface model, the road, its closes and ownerships, repairs.’ Kirkandrews-on-Esk: including the humps and depressions left which is redrawn on page 12, preserving ‘MANNERS OF THE INHABITANTS by the activities of past generations. the original representation of the gate Disputes among Neighbours Under this head we find something Where no evidence remains on the and the buildings. Formal depositions This case is unlikely to have come to peculiar; their uniform dependence on surface Lidar offers no help; taken from eight witnesses, who court before the Turnpike Trust took the same person … produces a similarity archaeological surveys must rely on confirmed their experience of observing over and made up the road, but at some of manners, very opposite to the other methods, including geophysics the continued maintenance of these 800 point Embleton township took on the unbending spirit so remarkable in those which detects and maps changes in key yards of highway by the Shatton responsibility for other highways parishes, where almost every little farm properties below the surface. From the landowners. This was to be evidence of through the rates. What is of more is occupied by its owner, in whose family late 1990s the Environment Agency used their continued responsibility. interest here is the way in which disputes it hath continued for, perhaps, several aircraft-mounted LiDAR equipment (also The curious circumstance was that among small landowners/yeomen could centuries. … [Here] they seem to live in known as Airborne Laser Scanning or in 1769 the repair of the Shatton Lane grow to become expensive legal cases, peace and harmony: no wrangling, or ALS) to map much of the country for by the turnpike trust was imminent. ‘Mr with little hope of resolution by law-suits about their land-marks; no flood defence work. Having realised its Radcliffe the surveyor of the Turnpike agreement. The Wanderer Nov. 2019 disputes about rights of passing over potential, archaeologists have made use Road … acquainted the Court that he showed how the next generation fought another’s ground; all belongs to the of the data, now made freely available, would get the road repaired a hopeless case from 1816, to exclude same person, and he may settle these and developed the technology further to immediately.’ However, it seems clear two lords from benefitting from feudal matters as he pleases.’ increase the benefits. that Shatton Lane was regarded by other rights to the commons. That could be an The qualities of the yeomen or The laser itself produces a narrow roadside landowners in Embleton as a example of the character which John Statesmen, already reducing in number, beam of coherent light. When used to test case. Some other landowners Housman described in his Topology, of were extensively valorised by measure distance, a detector next to the wanted the case it to proceed at the 1800, p.105, ‘Oppression is little known Wordsworth and the Lake Poets, and light source registers the time lag Assizes, even though Shatton Lane among them; but whenever it rears its other writers, particularly during the between a pulse of light being sent out would soon be mended. They did not head, no people in the world are more years of the wars with France. and the reflected light coming back. want the Turnpike Trust to step in and impatient under its control.’ Agricultural improvers took a different Mounted on an aircraft the laser shoot their fox: However, this present case shows view. There is much scope for research. source/sensor is scanned from side to ‘William Jackson, the prosecutor of that their fathers fought one-another to side, over a broad swathe of terrain as this indictment does not chouse to optimise their positions. While this is Main Source the aircraft flies forwards. Each elevation proceed in it but one Joseph Rothery and anecdotal, and while solicitors’ records The working papers of the Commissioner measurement requires its location on the two or three people who have a great are over-represented in the archives, the for the Enclosure of Embleton and earth’s surface, necessitating accurate quantity of land adjoining the highways vast number of petty disputes between Setmurthy commons, Thomas Benson. aircraft position and orientation data. As and who under the false hopes that the neighbours is well recorded. Was it in the DBen., Box277 an indication such equipment might trial and event of this dispute if it character or the environment? terminates against the parish will be a Sir Thomas Bernard, touring in ground work for them to evade the 1780, and a trained barrister, noted 1..https://www.nationalgeographic.com/cultur 2. ‘LiDAR Survey on the Isle of Arran’, Current e/2019/03/lasers-reveal-maya-war-ruins/ Archaeology, Issue 358 January 2020 13 14 produce one or more data points per surface model) or DTM (digital terrain square metre, at a rate of 100,000 per model) i.e. with or without trees, small features and second with errors less than 150mm. buildings etc. The options to select finer detail a Surface modelling software 0.25m or 0.5m are of little use to most resolution of 0.5m converts all these data points into a users currently, there being so little (2 laser strikes per recognisable map, a process which can survey data at these resolutions. It may square metre) is be extensively refined and tuned to suit be noticed that it is the water surface of preferred. The the objectives of the study. More data a lake rather than lake bed which is Arran LiDAR points per square metre increases the defined on ‘lidarfinder’.The additional survey, with resolution of the map, hence more detail challenges of sea/lake bed scanning are similar terrain and can be made visible. ‘Hill-shading’ can be addressed by bathymetric (as opposed archaeological used to highlight key features - the same to topographic) LiDAR, with increased features to effect as low winter sun showing up laser power and water-penetrating Derwent Fells, ‘ridge and furrow’. A useful aspect of shorter wavelength green light. used 3 - 4 laser LiDAR when surveying woodland is the By way of example and strikes per square facility to, in effect, remove the trees comparison, fig. 1 shows Old Carlisle metre.4 and show the ground surface beneath. Roman fort, near Wigton as it appears on Unless the tree canopy gives very dense www.lidarfinder.com, the typical ‘playing coverage some light pulses get through card’ shaped earthworks being clearly Despite the wider usage and Figure 1. Example of a large to the woodland floor, giving a range of visible. Other detail is much less distinct. archaeological feature as found on technical advances being made in LiDAR height measurements. By selecting only The same site shown on the Roman ‘lidarfinder’. (Old Carlisle, Roman fort it may be a little while yet before we can ‘last return’ data (i.e. from the ground) Roads Research Association (RRRA) alongside the A595, between Red Dial discover lost farmsteads, medieval halls the resulting model can show features website appears in fig.2.3 The improved and Wigton.) and Iron Age enclosures by searching on obscured by trees, or other vegetation, detail including the fort grid pattern, our tablets and smart phones! as with the Mayan ruins in dense jungle vicus and ‘mansio’, is remarkable. The mentioned above. present A595 Carlisle road is clear above Sources

The Environment Agency (EA) the fields in the lower right corner. The Historic England 2018. Using Airborne Figure 2. Old Carlisle Roman fort from gives free access to its LiDAR data, to be image in fig. 2 is based on EA data the Roman Roads Research website, Lidar in Archaeological Survey: The Light processed and presented by the end- processed using bespoke software Cumbria pages, showing the level of Fantastic, Swindon. Historic England. user to suit specific needs. Those without specifically to help locate lost stretches detail that can be achieved with the https://historicengland.org.uk/content/ the necessary expertise and computer of Roman road. The excellent RRRA Environment Agency’s LiDAR data. docs/research/using-ea-lidar-data-pdf software can still access usable surface website illustrates the current state of modelling output via the EA website, knowledge regarding Roman roads in however www.lidarfinder.com is very our area and the major advances due to Environment Agency much more user friendly, presenting EA LiDAR. https://data.gov.uk/ LiDAR output alongside a Google map for The potential for LiDAR to reveal dataset/80c522cc-e0bf- ease of navigation. Significant parts of sites of historic interest within the 4466-8409-57a04c456 the Derwent Fells area, such as Mosser Derwent Fells area is at present 197/lidar-composite- and much of Loweswater, have still to be restricted. Firstly, the survey data is dsm-1m surveyed though this should be incomplete, though that should be addressed by the planned 2019/2020 addressed (at 1m resolution) in 2020 Accessing Environment winter survey - the EA aims to deliver a under the Environment Agency’s current Agency lidar tiles from full national 1m LiDAR height data-set by plans. The second issue is that the the web: htpps://historic mid-2021. The ‘1m’ means one laser readily accessed basic surface maps, on england.org.uk/content/ strike per square metre, which ‘lidarfinder’ or the EA website, are barely docs/research/ coincidentally is considered the basic adequate with regard to the clarity of using-ea-lidar-data-pdf/ minimum for archaeological survey detail. Substantial improvement could purposes. The settings in ‘lidarfinder’ be realised by processing the available enable the user to select DSM (digital 1m data using alternative software. For

3 Roman Roads Research Association, Roman http://www.romanroads.org/gazetteer/cumbri 4 Canmore National Record of the Historic 9 Oct 2019. Roads in Cumbria. a/cumbriapages.html Environment, ‘Arran Archaeological Survey’, https://canmore.org.uk/project/1036806 15 16