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January 21, 2021

Ms. Nancy Plunkett Director of Special Projects Chittenden Solid Waste District 1021 Redmond Rd Williston, VT 05495

Subject: Residential Waste Composition Study Results

Dear Ms. Plunkett: MSW Consultants is pleased to submit this letter report to the Chittenden Solid Waste District (CSWD) to summarize the characterization of residential waste at the Casella Waste Systems Transfer Station in Williston during August and November of 2020. The objective of the study was to complete two seasons of sample collection and sorting that proportionally reflected the residential waste produced by representative communities in Chittenden County. Methodology In order to develop a Sample Plan for this study, CSWD reviewed detailed route and material quantity data from waste haulers, truck types, and sources of waste deliveries to Casella Transfer Station in Williston. The Sample Plan was developed in order to capture representative samples from communities in proportion to the volume each community contributed to the District’s overall residential waste stream. Community and/or hauler weight data was then used to proportionally allocate samples across the list of communities. MSW Consultants reviewed the Sample Plan, which was then executed during two seasonal field data collection events at the Casella Transfer Station. Prior to conducting the field work for this project, MSW Consultants and the District determined three consecutive days of the week that would have the greatest number of representative trucks from which to collect samples. To be most representative across both sorting seasons planned for this project, it was necessary to collect samples on Monday through Wednesday during Season 1, and on Wednesday through Friday during Season 2, as shown in Table 1 below. Table 1 Sample Collection Plan and Schedule

Field Data Collection Sample Collection Days Total Samples

Season 1 – August 3-5, 2020 M-T-W 15

Season 2 – November 18-20, 2020 W-Th-F 15 Total Samples 30

Based upon community waste weight and volumetric data, CSWD compiled a Sample Plan determined to be most representative in allocating the 30 samples for this project. Table 2 below summarizes the Sample Plan, while also providing the number of samples actually collected from each community during the study.

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CSWD Residential Waste Composition Study January 21, 2021 2 of 6

Table 2 Sample Plan

Targeted Actual Loads Community Loads Sampled Burlington 8 7 Colchester 1 1 Colchester/Winooski 2 2 Essex/Essex Junction/Williston 2 3 Hinesburg 1 1 Jericho 1 1 Milton 1 1 Richmond/Bolton 1 1 Shelburne 1 1 Shelburne/South Burlington 1 1 So. Burlington 3 3 Williston 1 1 Drop-Off Centers (serve multiple communities) Essex 2 2 Milton 1 1 South Burlington 2 2 Williston 2 2 Totals 30 30

As can be seen in the table above, slight variations to the Sample Plan were encountered, mostly attributable to truck schedule variations. MSW Consultants believes the slight differences between the targeted and actual sample distribution would not be expected to adversely impact the study results. Sample Collection At the transfer facility, MSW Consultants personnel identified incoming truck loads for sample collection, as targeted in the Sample Plan. Selected loads of waste were then tipped in a designated area. A bucket loader and operator were available to assist with sample collection. From each selected load, one sample of waste was collected based on systematic “grabs” from the perimeter of the load. The sample was then loaded into 30-gallon trash barrels and pre-weighed to achieve the targeted sample weight of 200 to 250 lbs. Each refuse sample was labeled by a unique sample number, community(ies) of origin, truck number, hauler name, and sample weight. Digital photographs of each load were also obtained. Sorting Each sample was then sorted by a field-trained sort crew into open bins or barrels representing 28 material categories. Sorters were trained to specialize in certain material groups, with someone handling the categories, another the plastics, another the glass and metals, and so on. In this way, sorters become highly knowledgeable in a short period of time as to the definitions of CSWD Residential Waste Composition Study January 21, 2021 Page 3 of 6

individual material categories. A sorting crew chief monitored the bins as each sample was sorted, ensuring items were properly classified. The material categories and definitions are included as Exhibit 1. The sorting crew chief utilized a tablet computer synched to the cloud via cellular service to record material composition weights for each sample. After sorting, the total weight of each sample was cross-referenced against the collected sample data to assure accurate tracking of the samples each day. Please refer to Exhibit 1 at the end of this letter report for the list of Material Categories and Definitions used for this study. Data Analysis The following statistical calculations were performed to determine the overall composition of each waste generator sector: Sample Mean: The sample mean, or average composition is considered the “most likely” fraction for each material category in the waste stream. Confidence Intervals: A confidence interval is a statistical concept that attempts to indicate the likely range within which the true value lies. The confidence intervals reflect the upper and lower range within which the population mean can be expected to fall. Confidence intervals were calculated at a 90 percent level of confidence, meaning that we can be 90 percent sure that the mean falls within the upper and lower confidence intervals shown. Results MSW Consultants sorted a total of 6,386 pounds of refuse from 30 samples over the course of the two seasons. Table 3 on the following page summarizes the Seasonal results and the Aggregate composition percentages obtained for this study. Please refer to Exhibit 2 at the end of this letter report for complete seasonal data. In addition, the individual sample composition results have been added as an addendum. CSWD Residential Waste Composition Study January 21, 2021 Page 4 of 6

Table 3 Seasonal and Aggregate Composition Results Season 1 Season 2 Aggregate Recyclable Est. Est. Est. Material Category Class Percent Percent Percent Paper 14.5% 17.1% 15.8% MFUntreated OCC and RF 2.0% 1.9% 2.0% MFUntreated Recyclable Paper RF 2.0% 2.9% 2.5% MFChemically-Treated Boxboard RF 0.3% 0.4% 0.4% Aseptic Beverage Containers & 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% O Compostable Paper 8.4% 6.9% 7.7% Hardcover Books 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% O Remainder/Composite Paper 1.0% 4.4% 2.7% Plastic 9.8% 14.1% 11.9% MCRecyclable Plastic Bottles RC 0.8% 1.2% 1.0% Black Plastic Bottles, Trays, and Lids 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% MC#1 - #7 Other Plastic Non-Bottle Rigid Containers - RC 0.8% 1.3% 1.0% (Tubs, Trays, and Thermoforms) Bulky Rigid Plastics 0.6% 2.2% 1.4% Styrofoam Packaging (not for food) 0.7% 0.3% 0.5% Recyclable Film Plastics 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% O Non-Recyclable Film Plastics 5.2% 7.1% 6.1% O Remainder/Composite Plastics 1.4% 1.8% 1.6% Metals 4.5% 2.5% 3.5% MCAluminum Cans, Tins, and Foils RC 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% MCSteel Cans RC 0.6% 0.7% 0.6% Remainder/Composite (Scrap) Metal 3.3% 1.3% 2.3% Glass 1.0% 1.6% 1.3% MCGlass Bottles & Jars RC 0.8% 1.2% 1.0% O Remainder/Composite Glass 0.2% 0.4% 0.3% Organics 23.9% 31.7% 27.8% Food Scraps & Soiled Paper 20.7% 29.3% 25.0% Yard Trimmings 3.3% 2.4% 2.8% Other 46.3% 33.0% 39.7% Clean Wood & Natural Wood (logs, branches) 8.9% 3.5% 6.2% Textiles 8.0% 7.2% 7.6% O Bulky Materials (itemized & weighed) 7.5% 2.0% 4.8% Hazardous Waste & Electronics (itemized & weighed) 1.0% 0.4% 0.7% O Residue 20.5% 19.7% 20.1% O PPE 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% Grand Total 100% 100% 100% No. of Samples 15 15 30 Recoverable Fiber (RF) 4.4% 5.2% 4.8% Recoverable Containers (RC) 3.6% 4.9% 4.2%

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Per the Scope of Work for this project, Table 4 below summarizes the Electronics and Household Hazardous Materials (HHW) encountered during the sorting process.

Table 4 Electronics and HHW Summary

Item Type Item Total (lbs.)

Electronics Light Fixtures 12.44 Electronics Circuit boards (2) 5.53 Electronics Camera and headphones 3.20 Electronics Laptop Computer 3.12 Electronics 8 mm movie projector 2.45 Electronics Remote Controls (2) 1.44 Electronics Palm Pilot 0.26 Electronics iPod 0.25 Electronics Lithium Battery 0.90 Electronics Ear Thermometer 0.14 Electronics 1 mini dehumidifier 0.08 Subtotal Electronics 29.81 HHW Bag of Insecticide 3.60 HHW Motor Oil 1.98 HHW CFL Bulbs (6) 0.66 HHW CFL Tubes (2) 1.50 HHW Liquid Insecticide 0.94 HHW Liquid Disinfectant 0.50 HHW Cleaning Product 0.32 Subtotal HHW 9.50 Unidentified Unidentified Items* 1.96 Grand Total 41.27 *Descriptive data from two items was unintentionally not recorded due to severe weather conditions during Season 1.

In addition, MSW Consultants recorded itemized data from Bulky Materials during the sorting process, summarized in Table 5 as follows: CSWD Residential Waste Composition Study January 21, 2021 Page 6 of 6

Table 5 Bulky Materials Summary

Bulky Item(s) Total (lbs.)

Carpet (wet) - 8 pcs 227.28 Furniture 37.40 Tire 24.25 Partial Toilet 12.80 Foldable Chair 4.74 Child’s Suitcase 2.94 Total 309.41

Conclusion

This study successfully collected and analyzed samples of residential waste that were representative of residential waste routinely collected with the CSWD. The data collected appears to be reasonable and consistent for this generator sector.

Please refer to the Exhibits at the end of this letter report for the Material Definitions and Seasonal Results Composition tables.

We remain available to discuss these results as needed. On behalf of the firm, thank you for the opportunity to perform this analysis.

Sincerely, MSW CONSULTANTS, LLC

Joe Vetrano Project Manager

(Exhibits)

EXHIBIT 1 MATERIAL CATEGORY DEFINITIONS

CSWD

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CSWD 2020 CSWD Waste Composition Study Material Definitions

PAPER 1 OCC AND KRAFT PAPER: Untreated corrugated boxes or paper bags made from Kraft paper. Uncoated Corrugated has a wavy center layer and is sandwiched between the two outer layers and does not have any wax coating on the inside or outside. Examples include shipping and moving boxes, product packaging cartons, clean pizza boxes and sheets and pieces of boxes and cartons. This type does not include chipboard. Examples of Kraft paper include paper grocery bags, un-soiled fast food bags, department store bags, and heavyweight sheets of Kraft packing paper. 2 MIXED RECYCLABLE PAPER: Includes the following (untreated) paper products: , chipboard, phone books, manila folders/envelopes, soft back books, , junk mail, carbonless forms, non-high grade envelopes, paperprinted and unprinted ground wood , glossy paper inserts, high-grade paper, bond, rag-content, or stationery grade paper with or without color. Includes ledger, photocopy paper, computer printouts, index cards, and white envelopes (with and without windows or gummed labels). Also - magazines and catalogs printed on glossy, stock. Also includes brochures/pamphlets. 3 CHEMICALLY-TREATED BOXBOARD: Frozen food boxes, beverage boxes and cartons. 4 ASEPTIC BOXES & GABLE TOP CARTONS: Aseptic containers (multi-layered packaging that contains shelf-stable food products such as apple juice, soup, soy/rice milk, etc.) and "gable top" cartons (non-refrigerated items such as granola and crackers; refrigerated items such as milk, juice, egg substitutes, etc.). Rigid food and beverage cartons are usually paper-based, may be any shape, and may include a plastic pour spout as part of the . 5 COMPOSTABLE PAPER: Low grade paper that is not recyclable. Examples include paper towels, uncoated paper plates/cups/bowls, waxed and cardboard, fiber egg cartons, and tissues. NOTE: Food-soiled paper and pizza boxes will be sorted with food for this study. 6 HARDCOVER BOOKS: Hardcover or hardback books with a binder. 7 REMAINDER/COMPOSITE PAPER: Items made mostly of paper but combined with large amounts of other materials such as plastic, metal, glues, foil, and moisture. Examples include plastic-coated corrugated cardboard, receipt paper, insulation, sepia, onionskin paper, foiled-lined (un-soiled) fast food wrappers, frozen juice containers, , blueprints, self-adhesive notes, playing cards, lottery scratch tickets, cigarette boxes, and photographs. PLASTIC 8 RECYCLABLE PLASTIC BOTTLES: Plastic bottles and jars labeled with types #1 through #7. 9 BLACK PLASTIC BOTTLES, TRAYS, & LIDS: Any plastic bottle, tray or lid that is black in color. Such items include some take out containers and take-out coffee lids. 10 #1 THROUGH #7 OTHER NON-BOTTLE CONTAINERS (TUBS, TRAYS, & THERMOFORMS): Non-bottle or jar rigid plastic containers labeled with resin types #1 through #7. Includes tubs, trays and thermoforms. Examples include take-out containers, produce & egg cartons. 11 BULKY RIGID PLASTICS: These items may bear the numbers 1 through 7 in the triangular recycling symbol, and are typically greater than 5-gallon size. Examples include crates, buckets (including 5-gallon buckets), baskets, totes, large plastic garbage cans, large tubs, large storage tubs/bins (usually with lids) that don't have sharp corners, flexible (non-brittle) flower pots of 1 gallon size or larger, lawn furniture, large plastic toys, tool boxes, first aid boxes, and some sporting goods. 12 STYROFOAM PACKAGING (NOT FOR FOOD) : Non-food service polystyrene, polystyrene packaging, and "peanuts". Any expanded foam product labeled #6 that is not used to contain grocery food products or take-out food. 13 RECYCLABLE FILM PLASTICS: Includes clean polyethylene film bags commonly used for grocery and merchandise, plastic bags with #2 or #4 resin labels, dry cleaning bags, newspaper sleeves, commercial product case wrapping, industrial film (pallet and furniture shrink wrap, painting tarps, mattress bags), and product bags (bread, toilet paper, etc.) 14 ALL OTHER FILM : All other film plastic including garbage bags, dry cleaning bags, bubble wrap, air pillows, cereal bags, household shrink wrap, tarps, sandwich bags, zip (recloseable) bags, produce bags, frozen vegetable bags, food wrappers such as candy-bar wrappers and chip bags, mailing pouches, bank bags, X-ray film, and metallized film (wine containers and balloons).

Page 1 of 2 2020 CSWD Waste Composition Study Material Definitions 15 REMAINDER/COMPOSITE PLASTIC: Plastics that cannot be put in any other type or subtype, including items comprised mostly of plastic but combined with other materials. Examples include auto parts made of plastic attached to metal, single use cutlery/straws/cup lids, foam packing blocks (non-EPS), plastic strapping, new plastic laminate (e.g., Formica), vinyl, linoleum, plastic lumber, imitation ceramics, handles and knobs, some kitchen ware, plastic string (as used for hay bales), and plastic rigid bubble/foil packaging (as for medications) METAL 16 ALUMINUM CANS, TINS, AND FOILS: All aluminum food and beverage containers, as well as all aluminum food and beverage containers. Includes aluminum foils, trays, and sheet siding. 17 STEEL CANS: All coated and tin-free ferrous food and beverage cans. Includes bi-metal cans and non-aerosol spray cans. 18 REMAINDER/COMPOSITE (SCRAP) METAL: Must be at least 80% metal and may consist of magnetic ferrous and alloyed ferrous scrap metals. Also includes non-magnetic metals such as copper, brass, bronze, silver, zinc, stainless steel and pipe tubing. Other examples include empty or dry paint cans, structural steel beams, boilers, clothes hangers, pipes, some cookware, security bars, scrap ferrous items, and galvanized items such as nails and flashing. GLASS 19 GLASS BOTTLES & JARS: Recyclable clear and brown and green beverage and food bottles and jars and pieces greater than 2". 20 REMAINDER/COMPOSITE GLASS: Other glass containers (e.g., blue) and flat, pressed and blown glass products such as light bulbs, mirrors, decorative items and fixtures, windows, safety glass, and cooking ware. Also includes all broken glass less than 2". ORGANICS 21 FOOD WASTE SCRAPS AND SOILED PAPER: All food and food waste scraps and paper soiled with food. 22 YARD TRIMMINGS: Grass clippings, leaves, and prunings less than 1/4" diameter 23 CLEAN WOOD & NATURAL WOOD (LUMBER, LOGS, LARGE BRANCHES): Clean dimensional lumber, including pallets, as well as other yard waste consisting of branches greater than 1/4" diameter, logs, and stumps. OTHER 24 TEXTILES & LEATHER PRODUCTS: Fabric materials including natural and man-made textile materials made from cottons, wools, silks, nylon, rayon, polyesters, and other materials. This category includes clothing rags, curtains, and other fabric materials. Leather and leather goods are also included such as belts and wallets. Includes all shoes. 25 BULKY MATERIALS (ITEMIZED & WEIGHED): Products made from multiple materials and large in size, which are meant for extended use. Includes mattresses, tires, box springs, and large and small appliances. 26 HAZARDOUS WASTE & ELECTRONICS (ITEMIZED & WEIGHED): Includes medically (not COVID-19) related needles and other medical sharps that have been used in animal or human patient care or treatment or in medical, research or industrial laboratories. Also includes medical tubing, IV bags, prescription drugs and other medical materials. Includes fluorescent tubes and bulbs, corrosives, caustic acids, cleaning chemicals, pesticides/herbicides, gasoline, motor oil and other flammable fuels/oils, explosives, anti-freeze, latex/water-based/oil-based paints, adhesives/glues, putties/fillers/sealers, personal care/cosmetics (not including containers unless product cannot be easily separated), and all other potentially harmful wastes that do not fit the above categories. Electronics defined as electronic devices, including those prohibited from landfill disposal such as televisions/monitors, computers/laptops, tablets/e-readers, printers/scanners/copiers, peripherals (mice keyboards). Includes lithium and automotive and marine batteries. 27 RESIDUE: All other materials not elsewhere classified. Includes C&D materials, dirt, fines, rocks and miscellansous organics, and inorganic materials. 28 PPE: Face masks, gloves, gowns, smocks, and other personal protective equipment, whether disposable or reusable, associated with protection from COVID-19

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EXHIBIT 2 SEASONAL SAMPLE COMPOSITION RESULTS

CSWD

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CSWD Exhibit 2

2020 Chittenden Solid Waste District Waste Composition Study Summary Composition Table - Manually Sorted Samples - Season 1 Recyclable Est. Conf. Material Category Class Percent Int (+/-) Paper 14.5% 3.3% MFUntreated OCC and Kraft Paper RF 2.0% 1.3% MFUntreated Recyclable Paper RF 2.0% 0.6% MFChemically-Treated Boxboard RF 0.3% 0.4% Aseptic Beverage Containers & Cartons 0.5% 0.2% O Compostable Paper 8.4% 2.2% Hardcover Books 0.3% 0.3% O Remainder/Composite Paper 1.0% 0.4% Plastic 9.8% 1.6% MCRecyclable Plastic Bottles RC 0.8% 0.3% Black Plastic Bottles, Trays, and Lids 0.2% 0.1% MC#1 - #7 Other Plastic Non-Bottle Rigid Containers RC 0.8% 0.4% (Tubs, Trays, and Thermoforms) Bulky Rigid Plastics 0.6% 0.5% Styrofoam Packaging (not for food) 0.7% 0.6% Recyclable Film Plastics 0.1% 0.0% O Non-Recyclable Film Plastics 5.2% 0.9% O Remainder/Composite Plastics 1.4% 0.6% Metals 4.5% 1.5% MCAluminum Cans, Tins, and Foils RC 0.6% 0.2% MCSteel Cans RC 0.6% 0.3% Remainder/Composite (Scrap) Metal 3.3% 1.4% Glass 1.0% 0.4% MCGlass Bottles & Jars RC 0.8% 0.4% O Remainder/Composite Glass 0.2% 0.2% Organics 23.9% 6.7% Food Scraps & Soiled Paper 20.7% 5.8% Yard Trimmings 3.3% 2.5% Other 46.3% 6.7% Clean Wood & Natural Wood (logs, branches) 8.9% 5.8% Textiles 8.0% 2.6% O Bulky Materials (itemized & weighed) 7.5% 4.2% Hazardous Waste & Electronics (itemized & weighed) 1.0% 0.7% O Residue 20.5% 5.8% O PPE 0.4% 0.5%

Grand Total 100% No. of Samples 15 Recoverable Fiber (RF) 4.4% Recoverable Containers (RC) 3.6% Exhibit 2 (continued)

2020 Chittenden Solid Waste District Waste Composition Study Summary Composition Table - Manually Sorted Samples - Season 2 Recyclable Est. Conf. Material Category Class Percent Int (+/-) Paper 17.1% 3.2% MFUntreated OCC and Kraft Paper RF 1.9% 1.0% MFUntreated Recyclable Paper RF 2.9% 0.8% MFChemically-Treated Boxboard RF 0.4% 0.2% Aseptic Beverage Containers & Cartons 0.5% 0.1% O Compostable Paper 6.9% 1.1% Hardcover Books 0.2% 0.2% O Remainder/Composite Paper 4.4% 2.8% Plastic 14.1% 1.6% MCRecyclable Plastic Bottles RC 1.2% 0.3% Black Plastic Bottles, Trays, and Lids 0.2% 0.1% MC#1 - #7 Other Plastic Non-Bottle Rigid Containers RC 1.3% 0.2% (Tubs, Trays, and Thermoforms) Bulky Rigid Plastics 2.2% 1.1% Styrofoam Packaging (not for food) 0.3% 0.1% Recyclable Film Plastics 0.1% 0.1% O Non-Recyclable Film Plastics 7.1% 1.1% O Remainder/Composite Plastics 1.8% 0.3% Metals 2.5% 0.6% MCAluminum Cans, Tins, and Foils RC 0.5% 0.2% MCSteel Cans RC 0.7% 0.4% Remainder/Composite (Scrap) Metal 1.3% 0.5% Glass 1.6% 0.9% MCGlass Bottles & Jars RC 1.2% 0.8% O Remainder/Composite Glass 0.4% 0.2% Organics 31.7% 6.4% Food Scraps & Soiled Paper 29.3% 6.3% Yard Trimmings 2.4% 3.3% Other 33.0% 5.5% Clean Wood & Natural Wood (logs, branches) 3.5% 2.5% Textiles 7.2% 2.6% O Bulky Materials (itemized & weighed) 2.0% 2.5% Hazardous Waste & Electronics (itemized & weighed) 0.4% 0.3% O Residue 19.7% 3.7% O PPE 0.3% 0.1%

Grand Total 100% No. of Samples 15 Recoverable Fiber (RF) 5.2% Recoverable Containers (RC) 4.9% Exhibit 2 (continued)

2020 Chittenden Solid Waste District Waste Composition Study Summary Composition Table - Manually Sorted Samples - Aggregate Recyclable Est. Conf. Material Category Class Percent Int (+/-) Paper 15.8% 2.2% MFUntreated OCC and Kraft Paper RF 2.0% 0.8% MFUntreated Recyclable Paper RF 2.5% 0.5% MFChemically-Treated Boxboard RF 0.4% 0.2% Aseptic Beverage Containers & Cartons 0.5% 0.1% O Compostable Paper 7.7% 1.2% Hardcover Books 0.2% 0.2% O Remainder/Composite Paper 2.7% 1.5% Plastic 11.9% 1.3% MCRecyclable Plastic Bottles RC 1.0% 0.2% Black Plastic Bottles, Trays, and Lids 0.2% 0.1% MC#1 - #7 Other Plastic Non-Bottle Rigid Containers RC 1.0% 0.2% (Tubs, Trays, and Thermoforms) Bulky Rigid Plastics 1.4% 0.6% Styrofoam Packaging (not for food) 0.5% 0.3% Recyclable Film Plastics 0.1% 0.1% O Non-Recyclable Film Plastics 6.1% 0.7% O Remainder/Composite Plastics 1.6% 0.3% Metals 3.5% 0.8% MCAluminum Cans, Tins, and Foils RC 0.5% 0.1% MCSteel Cans RC 0.6% 0.2% Remainder/Composite (Scrap) Metal 2.3% 0.8% Glass 1.3% 0.5% MCGlass Bottles & Jars RC 1.0% 0.4% O Remainder/Composite Glass 0.3% 0.1% Organics 27.8% 4.6% Food Scraps & Soiled Paper 25.0% 4.3% Yard Trimmings 2.8% 2.0% Other 39.7% 4.6% Clean Wood & Natural Wood (logs, branches) 6.2% 3.1% Textiles 7.6% 1.8% O Bulky Materials (itemized & weighed) 4.8% 2.5% Hazardous Waste & Electronics (itemized & weighed) 0.7% 0.4% O Residue 20.1% 3.3% O PPE 0.3% 0.2%

Grand Total 100% No. of Samples 30 Recoverable Fiber (RF) 4.8% Recoverable Containers (RC) 4.2%