DOCSLIB.ORG

The Grand River Haudenosaunee and Canada in Caledonia, Ontario

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Grand River Haudenosaunee and Canada in Caledonia, Ontario WHAT’S AT STAKE ON (UN)COMMON GROUND? THE GRAND RIVER HAUDENOSAUNEE AND CANADA IN CALEDONIA, ONTARIO by LAURA ALICE DeVRIES B.Sc. (Hon), University of Ottawa, 2006 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Resource Management and Environmental Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) July 2009 © Laura Alice DeVries, 2009 ABSTRACT Caledonia, Ontario made the news on February 28, 2006 as broadcasters reported on a strategically planned ‘occupation’ by Haudenosaunee protestors from the nearby Six Nations territory of a half‐finished forty‐hectare housing development known as Douglas Creek Estates. Negotiations over ownership of (and compensation for) Six Nations’ twenty‐ eight unaddressed land claims began shortly after the Ontario Provincial Police attempted and failed to remove the Six Nations occupiers, who assert that the land was not surrendered in the 1840s as Canada claims it was. The reclamation effort sparked tremendous controversy in Caledonia and across Canada; negotiations have achieved no resolution at the time of writing, and conflicts over land and resource rights are increasing in frequency and intensity both in Southern Ontario and across the continent. This thesis undertakes a discourse analysis of texts publicly circulated by the involved parties to discover the underpinnings of the dispute, to link it to histories of Haudenosaunee and Euro‐Canadian settler societies, and to generate insights regarding future Canadian‐ First Nations relationships. Competing claims to the land evidenced in these texts also constitute conflicting visions as to definitions of legitimacy, sovereignty, justice, citizenship and ‘normal’ society. As such, discursive claims are woven through with power relations and the rights to shape political and geographical landscapes. Discourses accessed, re‐ presented and re‐articulated on both sides connect (this) land to national‐cultural imaginaries, including ways of interpreting history and relationships, economies, law, and future ‘places to grow.’ Accounting for connections between identity and discourse reveal the ways in which spaces of difference and ‘truth’ are claimed by each party. In Caledonia, Six Nations is discursively positioned outside of ‘the law,’ of acceptable and rational society, and of political recognition as a nation; on the basis of these and other exclusions, Haudenosaunee epistemologies, histories, and priorities are rejected in this dispute over land. This present‐day conflict re‐presents Canada’s foundations in British colonial law and the ongoing symbolic and physical erasures of people who were here first, and demonstrates again the need to shape new relationships and landscapes in Canada. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. iv Chapter 1: Approaching the Story ............................................................................................. 1 Prologue .................................................................................................................................. 1 The Haudenosaunee Confederacy .......................................................................................... 3 Haudenosaunee‐settler relationships .................................................................................... 6 Colonial landscapes ............................................................................................................... 20 My place in the story ............................................................................................................ 27 Chapter 2: What is at stake in this dispute over land? ............................................................. 39 Setting the stage ................................................................................................................... 39 Places to grow? ..................................................................................................................... 43 Land, identity, polity ............................................................................................................. 47 Normalcy: “us” and “them” .................................................................................................. 55 Relationship or jurisdiction? ................................................................................................. 71 ‘Rule of law’ .......................................................................................................................... 80 The righting of wrongs .......................................................................................................... 95 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 116 Chapter 3: Shaping all kinds of spaces ................................................................................... 121 People, language and land .................................................................................................. 121 Canadian identity: spaces of difference ............................................................................. 130 Negotiating topographies of ‘truth’ .................................................................................... 147 The Haudenosaunee and land: identity and sovereignty ................................................... 154 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 176 Chapter 4: Future story (together?)....................................................................................... 179 A cautionary tale ................................................................................................................. 179 The land imperative ............................................................................................................ 182 Landscapes of relationship ................................................................................................. 188 Chapter 5: Summing up ............................................................................................................... 200 References ........................................................................................................................... 206 Primary sources .................................................................................................................. 206 Secondary sources ............................................................................................................. 220 Appendices .......................................................................................................................... 232 Appendix A: Key persons ................................................................................................... 232 Appendix B: Timeline of events ......................................................................................... 235 Appendix C: Six Nations Confederacy Council land rights statement ............................... 241 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my committee, Dr. Juanita Sundberg and Dr. Susan Hill, for the honest and patient insight and inspiration they provided. Thanks also to Dr. Terre Satterfield and Dr. Stephanie Chang for their straight talk and invaluable guidance. I am grateful for financial support from the Social Sciences and Humanities Council of Canada and the University of British Columbia’s Pacific Century Graduate Scholarship. My pals at RMES put up with me for two years. Thanks for the good times, people. And, of course, where would I be without my parents? You’re the best. iv Chapter One APPROACHING THE STORY Prologue Caledonia, Ontario made the news on February 28, 2006 as broadcasters reported on a strategically planned ‘occupation’ by Haudenosaunee protestors from nearby Six Nations territory of a half‐finished forty‐hectare housing development known as Douglas Creek Estates. The protestors reclaimed the land as their own, asserting that it had never been surrendered to the Crown to be sold to third parties. Many non‐First Nations Caledonians and other Canadians across the country felt shocked and betrayed: to them, Canadian land title meant ownership, and the developing company had paid for the property ‘fair and square.’ What did it mean if First Nations people could invade and seize at will, apparently without consequences? Spokespersons for the attention‐grabbing protest maintained that action was necessary, following years spent waiting for Canada’s land claims system to address fraudulent land alienations.1 Should the events have been surprising? Physical and discursive expressions of First Nations ‘land claims,’2 in the forms of demonstrations, declarations, and scholarship on the subject, have been mounting in frequency, forcefully disrupting Canadian cultural imaginaries of history long‐passed and harmony in diversity predicated on the ongoing denial of First Nations’ rights. Three years after the beginning of this protest, negotiations between Canada and Six Nations drag on without appreciable
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The “Nanfan Treaty” – Legal Considerations
    Part 3 The “Nanfan Treaty” – Legal Considerations Is the “Nanfan Treaty” legally valid? Does the 1701 “Conveyance of lands by the Native American Chiefs of the Five Nations ” constitute a valid treaty between the Crown and the Indians? Do the Haudenosaunee have a valid case to claim hunting rights in the Dundas Valley Conservation Area? Does the Hamilton Conservation Authority have the right to enter into relevant Protocol Agreements with the Haudenosaunee, based on alleged “treaty rights”? Were the Ontario learned justices in R. v. Ireland and Jamieson [1990] and R. v. Barberstock [2003] wrong? Is the Ontario government wrong? On June 6, 2011, the Hamilton Spectator published an article, “Treaty covers HCA lands: Bentley”, in which it reported: “Ontario's attorney general and minister of aboriginal affairs says Six Nations' hunting and fishing treaty rights apply in lands owned by the Hamilton Conservation Authority (HCA).” “In a letter received by the authority last month, Chris Bentley said the 1701 Treaty of Albany (or Nanfan Treaty) provides for the continuation of Six Nations “hunting and fishing activities on the lands subject to the treaty. The lands owned by the Hamilton Conservation Authority are within this treaty territory. /…/ "HCA general manager Steve Miazga said the letter, which was accepted at the board of directors' annual general meeting Thursday, “builds on” the recommendations they received from police and the Ministry of Natural Resources' enforcement branch to “build the relationship with the Haudenosaunee regarding environment matters. /…/ “Bentley wrote that he “fully support(s)” an agreement that was reached to respect the treaty rights of Six Nations people to hunt deer in the area for food.
    [Show full text]
  • Toronto Has No History!’
    ‘TORONTO HAS NO HISTORY!’ INDIGENEITY, SETTLER COLONIALISM AND HISTORICAL MEMORY IN CANADA’S LARGEST CITY By Victoria Jane Freeman A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto ©Copyright by Victoria Jane Freeman 2010 ABSTRACT ‘TORONTO HAS NO HISTORY!’ ABSTRACT ‘TORONTO HAS NO HISTORY!’ INDIGENEITY, SETTLER COLONIALISM AND HISTORICAL MEMORY IN CANADA’S LARGEST CITY Doctor of Philosophy 2010 Victoria Jane Freeman Graduate Department of History University of Toronto The Indigenous past is largely absent from settler representations of the history of the city of Toronto, Canada. Nineteenth and twentieth century historical chroniclers often downplayed the historic presence of the Mississaugas and their Indigenous predecessors by drawing on doctrines of terra nullius , ignoring the significance of the Toronto Purchase, and changing the city’s foundational story from the establishment of York in 1793 to the incorporation of the City of Toronto in 1834. These chroniclers usually assumed that “real Indians” and urban life were inimical. Often their representations implied that local Indigenous peoples had no significant history and thus the region had little or no history before the arrival of Europeans. Alternatively, narratives of ethical settler indigenization positioned the Indigenous past as the uncivilized starting point in a monological European theory of historical development. i i iii In many civic discourses, the city stood in for the nation as a symbol of its future, and national history stood in for the region’s local history. The national replaced ‘the Indigenous’ in an ideological process that peaked between the 1880s and the 1930s.
    [Show full text]
  • BROKEN PROMISES: Continuing Federal Funding Shortfall for Native Americans
    U.S. COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS BROKEN PROMISES: Continuing Federal Funding Shortfall for Native Americans BRIEFING REPORT U.S. COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS Washington, DC 20425 Official Business DECEMBER 2018 Penalty for Private Use $300 Visit us on the Web: www.usccr.gov U.S. COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights is an independent, Catherine E. Lhamon, Chairperson bipartisan agency established by Congress in 1957. It is Patricia Timmons-Goodson, Vice Chairperson directed to: Debo P. Adegbile Gail L. Heriot • Investigate complaints alleging that citizens are Peter N. Kirsanow being deprived of their right to vote by reason of their David Kladney race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or national Karen Narasaki origin, or by reason of fraudulent practices. Michael Yaki • Study and collect information relating to discrimination or a denial of equal protection of the laws under the Constitution Mauro Morales, Staff Director because of race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin, or in the administration of justice. • Appraise federal laws and policies with respect to U.S. Commission on Civil Rights discrimination or denial of equal protection of the laws 1331 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW because of race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or Washington, DC 20425 national origin, or in the administration of justice. (202) 376-8128 voice • Serve as a national clearinghouse for information TTY Relay: 711 in respect to discrimination or denial of equal protection of the laws because of race, color, www.usccr.gov religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin. • Submit reports, findings, and recommendations to the President and Congress.
    [Show full text]
  • First Nation Observations and Perspectives on the Changing Climate in Ontario's Northern Boreal
    Lakehead University Knowledge Commons,http://knowledgecommons.lakeheadu.ca Electronic Theses and Dissertations Electronic Theses and Dissertations from 2009 2017 First Nation observations and perspectives on the changing climate in Ontario's Northern Boreal: forming bridges across the disappearing "Blue-Ice" (Kah-Oh-Shah-Whah-Skoh Siig Mii-Koom) Golden, Denise M. http://knowledgecommons.lakeheadu.ca/handle/2453/4202 Downloaded from Lakehead University, KnowledgeCommons First Nation Observations and Perspectives on the Changing Climate in Ontario’s Northern Boreal: Forming Bridges across the Disappearing “Blue-Ice” (Kah-Oh-Shah-Whah-Skoh Siig Mii-Koom). By Denise M. Golden Faculty of Natural Resources Management Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Forest Sciences 2017 © i ABSTRACT Golden, Denise M. 2017. First Nation Observations and Perspectives on the Changing Climate in Ontario’s Northern Boreal: Forming Bridges Across the Disappearing “Blue-Ice” (Kah-Oh-Shah-Whah-Skoh Siig Mii-Koom). Ph.D. in Forest Sciences Thesis. Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario. 217 pp. Keywords: adaptation, boreal forests, climate change, cultural continuity, forest carbon, forest conservation, forest utilization, Indigenous knowledge, Indigenous peoples, participatory action research, sub-Arctic Forests can have significant potential to mitigate climate change. Conversely, climatic changes have significant potential to alter forest environments. Forest management options may well mitigate climate change. However, management decisions have direct and long-term consequences that will affect forest-based communities. The northern boreal forest in Ontario, Canada, in the sub-Arctic above the 51st parallel, is the territorial homeland of the Cree, Ojibwe, and Ojicree Nations.
    [Show full text]
  • What Was the Iroquois Confederacy?
    04 AB6 Ch 4.11 4/2/08 11:22 AM Page 82 What was the 4 Iroquois Confederacy? Chapter Focus Questions •What was the social structure of Iroquois society? •What opportunities did people have to participate in decision making? •What were the ideas behind the government of the Iroquois Confederacy? The last chapter explored the government of ancient Athens. This chapter explores another government with deep roots in history: the Iroquois Confederacy. The Iroquois Confederacy formed hundreds of years ago in North America — long before Europeans first arrived here. The structure and principles of its government influenced the government that the United States eventually established. The Confederacy united five, and later six, separate nations. It had clear rules and procedures for making decisions through representatives and consensus. It reflected respect for diversity and a belief in the equality of people. Pause The image on the side of this page represents the Iroquois Confederacy and its five original member nations. It is a symbol as old as the Confederacy itself. Why do you think this symbol is still honoured in Iroquois society? 82 04 AB6 Ch 4.11 4/2/08 11:22 AM Page 83 What are we learning in this chapter? Iroquois versus Haudenosaunee This chapter explores the social structure of Iroquois There are two names for society, which showed particular respect for women and the Iroquois people today: for people of other cultures. Iroquois (ear-o-kwa) and Haudenosaunee It also explores the structure and processes of Iroquois (how-den-o-show-nee). government. Think back to Chapter 3, where you saw how Iroquois is a name that the social structure of ancient Athens determined the way dates from the fur trade people participated in its government.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Duty': the City of Toronto, a Stretch of the Humber River, and Indigenous-Municipal Relationships
    The Peter A. Allard School of Law Allard Research Commons Faculty Publications Allard Faculty Publications 2020 Rethinking 'Duty': The City of Toronto, a Stretch of the Humber River, and Indigenous-Municipal Relationships Doug Anderson Alexandra Flynn Allard School of Law at the University of British Columbia, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.allard.ubc.ca/fac_pubs Part of the Indigenous, Indian, and Aboriginal Law Commons Citation Details Doug Anderson & Alexandra Flynn, "Rethinking ‘Duty’: The City of Toronto, A Stretch of the Humber River and Indigenous-Municipal Relationships" (2020) 58:1 Alta L Rev 107. This Working Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Allard Faculty Publications at Allard Research Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Allard Research Commons. Citation: Doug Anderson & Alexandra Flynn, “Rethinking ‘Duty’: The City of Toronto, A Stretch of the Humber River and Indigenous-Municipal Relationships” (2020) 58:1 Alberta Law Review 107 RETHINKING ‘DUTY’: THE CITY OF TORONTO, A STRETCH OF THE HUMBER RIVER, AND INDIGENOUS-MUNICIPAL RELATIONSHIPS Doug Anderson1 and Alexandra Flynn2 The nation-to-nation relationship between Indigenous peoples and cities remains largely unexplored in the Canadian context.3 This oversight is especially problematic in light of the significant percentage of Indigenous people who live in urban areas, and the many concerns that Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples share. These shared concerns include the environment, land use, housing, social services, and much more, and modern municipalities do make attempts to address Indigenous-specific needs in these areas; but Indigenous-municipal relationships have implications that far exceed the technocratic and siloed ways in which Canadian systems generally approach these broad areas of concern - implications not only with regard for Indigenous people, but for all people.
    [Show full text]
  • The Protocols of Indian Treaties As Developed by Benjamin Franklin and Other Members of the American Philosophical Society
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (Religious Studies) Department of Religious Studies 9-2015 How to Buy a Continent: The Protocols of Indian Treaties as Developed by Benjamin Franklin and Other Members of the American Philosophical Society Anthony F C Wallace University of Pennsylvania Timothy B. Powell University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/rs_papers Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, Religion Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Wallace, Anthony F C and Powell, Timothy B., "How to Buy a Continent: The Protocols of Indian Treaties as Developed by Benjamin Franklin and Other Members of the American Philosophical Society" (2015). Departmental Papers (Religious Studies). 15. https://repository.upenn.edu/rs_papers/15 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/rs_papers/15 For more information, please contact [email protected]. How to Buy a Continent: The Protocols of Indian Treaties as Developed by Benjamin Franklin and Other Members of the American Philosophical Society Abstract In 1743, when Benjamin Franklin announced the formation of an American Philosophical Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge, it was important for the citizens of Pennsylvania to know more about their American Indian neighbors. Beyond a slice of land around Philadelphia, three quarters of the province were still occupied by the Delaware and several other Indian tribes, loosely gathered under the wing of an Indian confederacy known as the Six Nations. Relations with the Six Nations and their allies were being peacefully conducted in a series of so-called “Indian Treaties” that dealt with the fur trade, threats of war with France, settlement of grievances, and the purchase of land.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ONTARIO CURRICULUM, GRADES 9 to 12 | First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Studies
    2019 REVISED The Ontario Curriculum Grades 9 to 12 First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Studies The Ontario Public Service endeavours to demonstrate leadership with respect to accessibility in Ontario. Our goal is to ensure that Ontario government services, products, and facilities are accessible to all our employees and to all members of the public we serve. This document, or the information that it contains, is available, on request, in alternative formats. Please forward all requests for alternative formats to ServiceOntario at 1-800-668-9938 (TTY: 1-800-268-7095). CONTENTS PREFACE 3 Secondary Schools for the Twenty-first Century � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3 Supporting Students’ Well-being and Ability to Learn � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �3 INTRODUCTION 6 Vision and Goals of the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Studies Curriculum � � � � � � � � � � � � � �6 The Importance of the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Studies Curriculum � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �7 Citizenship Education in the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Studies Curriculum � � � � � � � �10 Roles and Responsibilities in the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Studies Program � � � � � � �12 THE PROGRAM IN FIRST NATIONS, MÉTIS, AND INUIT STUDIES 16 Overview of the Program � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �16 Curriculum Expectations � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �
    [Show full text]
  • The Iroquois Confederacy Way of Making Decisions Was Different from That of the Ancient Greeks
    76_ALB6SS_Ch4_F 2/13/08 3:37 PM Page 76 CHAPTER The Iroquois 4 Confederacy words matter! The Haudenosaunee [how-den-o-SHOW-nee] feel that they have a message about peace and the environment, Haudenosaunee is the name just as their ancestors did. In 1977, they made a speech to that the people of the Six Nations the United Nations (UN). This is part of it. call themselves. French settlers called them “Iroquois,” and historical documents also use “Iroquois.” Coming of the The United Nations is an organization that works for world Peacemaker peace. It builds cooperation “Haudenosaunee” is a word which means “people who among countries and protects build” and is the proper [traditional] name of the people the rights of people. Most of the Longhouse. The early history, before the Indo- countries, including Canada, Europeans came, explains that there was a time when belong to the United Nations. the peoples of the North American forest experienced war and strife. It was during such a time that there came into this land one who carried words of peace. That one would come to be called the Peacemaker. The Peacemaker came to the people with a message that human beings should cease abusing [hurting] one another. He stated that humans are capable of reason [thinking things through logically], that through that power of reason all men desire peace, and that it is necessary that the people organize to ensure that peace will be possible among the people who walk about on the earth. That was the original word about laws—laws were originally made to prevent the abuse [harming] of humans by other humans.
    [Show full text]
  • Transforming the Grand River
    The WCA thanks the Ontario Trillium Foundation for their support of this TRANSFORMING ‘War of 1812’ Bicentennial commemorative project. THE GRAND RIVER eography matters. In many ways, the Grand River has determined the course of history for Canada. The geography attracted Aboriginal peoples at the close of the last ice age, and led Gto the emergence of vibrant and complex agrarian aboriginal nations. Following European colonization, the region became strategically important and figured heavily in the various events that shaped modern North America. The early settlements that located along the Grand River Watershed have today become some of Ontario’s major cities and commercial centres. The region’s excellent waterways and the river’s natural capacity to provide power to operate heavy machinery made it an ideal place to locate the centres that would later provide the industrial infrastructure of the Province of Ontario, and serve as a major driver of the Canadian economy. Scan to view this panel ! Just below Brantford, The Grand River opens up into a slow and relatively shallow watercourse used for transporting goods until the 1850’s when the railways were built. Grand River Sunrise " The fast flowing water of the Grand River attracted the first settlers to this area ! The Grand River Watershed and in 1817, Roswell feeds the needs of thousands Matthews built the first house of industries and almost one in what was to become the million citizens. Village of Elora. Incorporated ! The Grand River Watershed today. as the Town of Elora in 1852, Source: Canadian Heritage River Systems website. the town soon became a # Grand River Watershed.
    [Show full text]
  • Rivers at Risk: the Status of Environmental Flows in Canada
    Rivers at Risk: The Status of Environmental Flows in Canada Prepared by: Becky Swainson, MA Research Consultant Prepared for: WWF-Canada Freshwater Program Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the valuable contributions of the river advocates and professionals from across Canada who lent their time and insights to this assessment. Also, special thanks to Brian Richter, Oliver Brandes, Tim Morris, David Schindler, Tom Le Quesne and Allan Locke for their thoughtful reviews. i Rivers at Risk Acronyms BC British Columbia CBM Coalbed methane CEMA Cumulative Effects Management Association COSEWIC Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada CRI Canadian Rivers Institute DFO Fisheries and Oceans Canada EBF Ecosystem base flow IBA Important Bird Area IFN Instream flow needs IJC International Joint Commission IPP Independent Power Producer GRCA Grand River Conservation Authority LWR Low Water Response MOE Ministry of Environment (Ontario) MNR Ministry of Natural Resources (Ontario) MRBB Mackenzie River Basin Board MW Megawatt NB New Brunswick NGO Non-governmental organization NWT Northwest Territories P2FC Phase 2 Framework Committee PTTW Permit to Take Water QC Quebec RAP Remedial Action Plan SSRB South Saskatchewan River Basin UNESCO United Nations Environmental, Scientific and Cultural Organization US United States WCO Water Conservation Objectives ii Rivers at Risk Contents Rivers at Risk: The Status of Environmental Flows in Canada CONTENTS Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Canada's Rivers at Risk
    Canada’s Rivers at Risk Environmental Flows and Canada’s Freshwater Future Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Canada’s River’s at Risk WWF-Canada acknowledges the valuable Cover page Rivers contributions of the river scientists, advocates, Large photo © Garth Lenz / WWF-Canada Skeena © Mike Ambach / WWF-Canada and managers from across Canada who lent Dam © Ontario Power Generation Mackenzie © Tessa Macintosh / WWF-Canada their time and insights to this report. Special Sunset © Becky Swainson Fraser © Michel Roggo / WWF-Canon 2 Summary thanks to Becky Swainson for synthesizing vast Irrigation © Photodisc Athabasca © Jiri Rezac / WWF-UK volumes of information into the technical study Parliament © Jupiter Images Nipigon © Gord Ellis on which Canada’s Rivers at Risk is based, and Dry earth © Photodisc Grand © GRCA photo by Carl Hiebert 4 Introduction Ottawa © Alex Indigo to Brian Richter, Oliver Brandes, Tim Morris, Table of contents South Saskatchewan © Rob Huntley David Schindler, Tom Le Quesne and Allan Locke © Garth Lenz / WWF-Canada for their thoughtful reviews. WWF-Canada also St. Lawrence © Dave Finger wishes to acknowledge Sarah Weber of Lightning Summary Saint John © Gilbert Van Ryckevorsel / WWF-Canada 6 Environmental Flows: Threats and Impacts © Garth Lenz / WWF-Canada Editorial and the staff at Mystique Creative for Conclusion their work on the final product. Introduction © Garth Lenz / WWF-Canada © Greg Stott / WWF-Canada Finally, WWF-Canada gratefully acknowledges Back cover 8 Skeena River John McCutcheon for his long-standing commit- Environmental Flows © Garth Lenz / WWF-Canada ment to freshwater protection in Canada. We also Large photo © Frank Parhizgar / WWF-Canada thank the Pat and John McCutcheon Charitable Dam © Patricia Buckley / WWF-Canada 10 Mackenzie River Foundation and Ted Hogarth for providing financial Irrigation © Patricia Buckley / WWF-Canada support to this project.
    [Show full text]