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United Nations University Press Is the Publishing Arm of the United Nations University. UNU Press Publishes Scholarly and Policy United Nations University Press is the publishing arm of the United Nations University. UNU Press publishes scholarly and policy-oriented books and periodicals on the issues facing the United Nations and its peoples and member states, with particular emphasis upon international, regional and transboundary policies. The United Nations University was established as a subsidiary organ of the United Nations by General Assembly resolution 2951 (XXVII) of 11 December 1972. The United Nations University undertakes a wide range of activities focused on knowledge generation (basic and applied research, and foresight and policy studies), education and capacity devel- opment (developing human and organizational capabilities) and know- ledge transfer and sharing (communications, dissemination and outreach). The University operates through its institutes and programmes located throughout the world, and its planning and coordinating centre in Tokyo. Defying victimhood The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) is an international foundation whose mission is to assist the in- ternational community in pursuing good governance and reform of the security sector. DCAF develops and promotes norms and standards, con- ducts tailored policy research, identifies good practices and recommenda- tions to promote democratic security sector governance, and provides in-country advisory support and practical assistance programmes. DCAF PO Box 1360 CH-1211 Geneva 1 Switzerland www.dcaf.ch Defying victimhood: Women and post-conflict peacebuilding Edited by Albrecht Schnabel and Anara Tabyshalieva © United Nations University, 2012 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not nec- essarily reflect the views of the United Nations University. United Nations University Press United Nations University, 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan Tel: +81-3-5467-1212 Fax: +81-3-3406-7345 E-mail: [email protected] general enquiries: [email protected] http://www.unu.edu United Nations University Office at the United Nations, New York 2 United Nations Plaza, Room DC2-2062, New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: +1-212-963-6387 Fax: +1-212-371-9454 E-mail: [email protected] United Nations University Press is the publishing division of the United Nations University. Cover design by Andrew Corbett Cover photograph by Tim McKulka/UN Photo Printed in the United States of America for the Americas and Asia Printed in the United Kingdom for Europe, Africa and the Middle East ISBN 978-92-808-1201-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Defying victimhood : women and post-conflict peacebuilding / edited by Albrecht Schnabel and Anara Tabyshalieva. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-9280812015 (pbk.) 1. Women in development—Developing countries. 2. Women—Developing countries—Social conditions. 3. Women and war—Developing countries. 4. Postwar reconstruction—Developing countries. 5. Women—Political activity— Developing countries. I. Schnabel, Albrecht. II. Tabyshalieva, Anara. HQ1240.D44 2012 305.409172'4—dc23 2012014360 Contents Figures and tables . viii Contributors . ix Acknowledgements . xv Abbreviations . xvii Introduction . 1 1 Forgone opportunities: The marginalization of women’s contributions to post-conflict peacebuilding . 3 Albrecht Schnabel and Anara Tabyshalieva 2 Frameworks for understanding women as victims and peacebuilders . 48 Lisa Schirch Part I: From victimhood to empowerment: Patterns and changes . 77 3 Mass crimes and resilience of women: A cross-national perspective . 79 Krishna Kumar vi Contents 4 Victimization, empowerment and the impact of UN peacekeeping missions on women and children: Lessons from Cambodia and Timor-Leste . 96 Sumie Nakaya 5 Frontline peacebuilding: Women’s reconstruction initiatives in Burundi . 118 Rose M. Kadende-Kaiser Part II: Women and children: Essential partnership of survival and peace . 143 6 Women and children in the post-Cold War Balkans: Concerns and responses . 145 Constantine P. Danopoulos, Konstantinos S. Skandalis and Zlatko Isakovic 7 Emerging from poverty as champions of change: Women and children in post-war Tajikistan . 166 Svetlana Sharipova and Hermine De Soto 8 Young mothers as agents of peacebuilding: Lessons from an early childcare and development project in Macedonia . 191 Deborah Davis Part III: Putting good intentions into practice: National and global efforts to right past wrongs . 205 9 Gender and transitional justice: Experiences from South Africa, Rwanda and Sierra Leone . 207 Lyn S. Graybill 10 Empowering women to promote peace and security: From the global to the local – Securing and implementing UN Security Council Resolution 1325 . 236 Ancil Adrian-Paul Part IV: Deconstructing victimhood: Women in political and security institutions . 261 11 State-building or survival in conflict and post-conflict situations? A peacebuilding perspective on Palestinian women’s contributions to ending the Israeli occupation . 263 Vanessa Farr Contents vii 12 Women’s participation in political decision-making and recovery processes in post-conflict Lebanon . 286 Kari H. Karamé 13 Combating stereotypes: Female security personnel in post-conflict contexts . 309 Kristin Valasek Conclusion . 331 14 Defying victimhood: Women as activists and peacebuilders . 333 Anara Tabyshalieva and Albrecht Schnabel Index . 361 Figures and tables Figures 2.1 Sociological approaches to gender difference . 50 2.2 Hierarchical beliefs and structures . 52 2.3 Public and private violence against women . 53 2.4 Examples of direct and structural violence against women . 53 2.5 Violence against women throughout the life cycle . 54 2.6 Reasons for women and men to be partners in peacebuilding . 61 2.7 Map of peacebuilding activities . 66 2.8 Three key steps to mainstream gender in peacebuilding . 71 Table 5.1 Distribution of 100 displaced women aged 15 and above according to current professional activity in camps and before the crisis . 123 viii Contributors Ancil Adrian-Paul has been working Ethiopia, among many other on women’s and children’s issues for countries. Much of her recent the past 20 years. She has a degree research, training and publications in education, a BEd (Hons) in focused on the impact of UN sociology and an MSc in Security Council Resolution 1325 on development practices and refugee women and unpacking the studies from Oxford Brookes resolution to enable women to use it University and the Refugees Studies effectively in their work on the Centre, Oxford University. Born in ground. Guyana, South America, Ancil Constantine P. Danopoulos is Adrian-Paul lives in London, UK. professor and chair of the political She is an independent consultant science department at San Jose State focusing on human rights and University. He has written or edited democracy issues and has worked 11 books, numerous articles and for the United Nations, civil society book chapters, and dozens of organizations, bilateral agencies and conference papers. His publications EU institutions. Most recently she deal with civil-military relations, has been involved in international national security, poverty, the long-term election observation for bureaucracy and the environment. the European Union. She is He served as election observer in currently employed as a consultant Bosnia (1996) and editor of the adviser on a DFID project Journal of Political and Military supporting elections in Sierra Leone, Sociology. He is the West Coast and has worked on women’s issues associate editor of Mediterranean in Afghanistan, Liberia, Colombia, Quarterly and serves on the editorial South Korea, Uganda, Kenya and board of Armed Forces and Society, ix x Contributors Journal of Southern Europe and the Hermine De Soto is a senior social Balkans and the Annual Review of scientist/anthropologist and works Political and Military Sociology. currently as independent consultant From 1993 to 1999 he served as in international social development. president/chair of the Research Before retirement she worked as Committee on Armed Forces and World Bank staff and consultant. At Society of the International Political the World Bank she focused on Science Association, and Fulbright social analyses, gender, minority Scholar to Greece (2008). studies/action plans, resettlement/ Constantine P. Danopoulos is the social policies and project recipient of the President’s Scholar management in the Europe, Russia Award, the Warburton Award of and Central Asia region as well as in Excellence in Research and Pi the Africa and East Asian/Pacific Sigma Alpha Professor of the Year. regions. She also served as country social scientist in Tajikistan and Deborah Davis has a degree in Albania, where she developed and political theory from the University implemented post-conflict social of California, Berkeley. She has development programmes. Before worked as a policy analyst and social joining the World Bank she held a development specialist at the World research and teaching position at the Bank for the past 20 years, with a University of Wisconsin-Madison. focus on gender and local She is a widely published governance. Her fieldwork has anthropologist, both within the Bank included studies of democratization, and in international academia. A gender empowerment and recipient of various awards and community justice in Indonesia, recognitions, she is a fellow of the Rwanda and Afghanistan. She was Woodrow Wilson International the editor of three World Bank Center for Scholars and the Kennan policy research reports
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