The Reproductive Sphere. of the Ceases to Be Moved
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73 mechanical irritation; indeed, haemorrhage from the kidney hand, wiped from the interior of the gall-bladder, left in water is, according to Dr. Prout, " perhaps more frequently pro- I during a few days, yielded abundance of crystals possessing duced by an oxalate of lime than by any other form of con-I all the attributes of oxalate of lime. It is thus manifest that cretion."* For this reason, the innermost strata, or those the oxalate of lime in the gall sediments is eliminated from nearest the nucleus, alternate with layers of modified colour- the mucous glands of the mucous membrane of the biliary ing matter of the blood. conduits, and not from the proper cells of the liver. If a combination of albumen with oxalic to The final Dr. in acid, analogous , argument adduced by Schmidt support of that with phosphoric acid, or with lime, be secerned by the the analogy betwixt oxalate and phosphate of lime, in refer- glandular cells of the mucous membrane, the following will ence to the mode of diffusion (double albuminate) through be the result :- At the instant of contact of these two secre- the organism and the seat of secretion, (mucous membrane,) tions, the feeble combination of the oxalate-albuminate is is the constant appearance of the former in the mucous mem- decomposed by the counter-current issuing from the papillas, brane of the impregnated uterus. This phenomenon was first (acidulous hippurate, urate, phosphate of soda, Liebig); oxa- noticed in rabbits by Reichert, about the sixth day after im- late of lime is separated, and incrusts the glandular cells. pregnation. The quality of the food swallowed did not seem These get impermeable, lose their vitality, and becoming to make the least difference. The result was uniformly the detached, cohere with the loose adjunct cells, and thus form same, whether the animal was fed upon grain exclusively, or small, irregular-pointed concretions. These minute bodies, upon cabbage-leaves, grass, and trefoil. agglutinated by clots of blood-the consequence of hmmor- Bloomsbury-square, July, 1847. rhage, caused by irritation of the renal papillse, and rendered slippery, glide into the pelvis of the kidney. Here they may coalesce v.’ith similar concrete particles, which have preceded ON THE or followed them, so as to form calculi, or slip into the INFLUENCE OF THE NERVOUS CENTRES ON and constitute the so-called bladder, smooth, hemp-seed THE INTESTINES. stones. Most, if not all, concretions which determine haemor- rhage of the papillae, are mechanically lodged in the pelvis of BY DR. JULIUS BUDGE. of Bonn. the which are kidney, (mulberry-stones.) Those, however, To the remarkable effects of the irritation of the cord pass at once into the bladder, and as spinal spherical-shaped, they on the movements of the mentioned in article of are of in that situation, exhibit heart, my unproductive haemorrhage last I will now add another of the influence of a When renal con- May, example only faint, greenish-yellow tinge. calculi, nervous on the which are of alternate of oxalate and carbonate of the " centre" of the system parts sisting layers lime, the intestines. are dissolved in the cellular incrustration may be only involuntarily moved-namely, acids, a the skull is detected the colour for the membrane If, immediately after the death of rabbit, opened by imparted by iodine; a manner " medulla and " cere- of the cell resists the action of the acid in such that the oblongata" original can these on A in of the above views is derived bellum" be well seen, then parts, being touched strong argument support wires with the from the fact of the occurrence of oxalate of lime in the by communicating magneto-electric machine, the intestines are as as the secretion of other mucous in that of the large forcibly moved, long appa- membranes-namely, ratus is This effect can be seen on the biliary passages, and in the physiologically allied system of applied. principally the "intestinum cæcum," which, soon after the opening of the reproductive sphere. of the ceases to be moved. Some- If fresh be allowed to stand for a while in a body beast, spontaneously ox-gall cylin. times the movement is so that the excrements are drical vessel, a flocculence subsides. This is com- strong, glass slimy when an is made in the intestine. The posed of amorphous mucus, epithelial cylinders, ova and emptied, opening of the distoma, and fine oxalate effect above mentioned is the same if, instead of the medulla embryos ascaris-lastly, very the " cerebellum" is electrined, but the effect is of lime octahedrons with a square base. The gall of rabbits, oblongata," not so an however, never before the dogs, and of a large pike, (Esox lucius,) as representing gramini- strong; effect, appears, if, and carnivorous each the wires are applied, the " nervus vagus" is separated on both vorous, omnivorous, animals, gave the movement of the " intestinum caecum" same result. The gall of the last afforded of remark- sides; and, lastly, crystals can also be if both sides of the " nervus are able of a line in diameter. A produced, vagus" beauty, one-eightieth peculiar electrified. diathesis would seem to concur to its production, influencing Bonn, 1847. one animal more readily than another. Thus, the oxalate has been searched for in vain in the biliary sediment from a cat, and met with only once in that from the human subject, not- ON THE numerous examinations. Diet and manner of withstanding LAWS OF DIETING. living did not seem at all essential conditions, at least in so far as the pike was concerned. BY ROBERT DUNDAS THOMSON, M.D., A question now arises: Is oxalate of lime a necessary con- LECTURER ON PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW. stituent of of other a secretion bilo (bilate soda)-in words, (Translated from Liebig’s "Annalen der Chemie," March, 1847, by from the cells of the liver; or is it a mere concomitant thereof Mr. JOHN BROWN, for THE LANCET.) -a secretion from the mucous glands of the biliary passages? In the latter case it must be present in solution; but in fresh THAT the amount of cdorifiant food, as distinguished from vesical mucus directly removed through a wound in the gall- the peculiarly nutritive, as Liebig has demonstrated, is greater bladder, nc trace of crystals could be discovered: it must than that required to supply the waste of the solid matter of therefore occur as an albuminate of the nature above de- the body, is proved by the following table, which shows the scribed. Again: Fresh ox-gall, digested with twice its volume amount of the ultimate constituents of the food of a cow of alcc’aol, in order to separate the mucus, nitcred, and placed during one dav.— for some days in a cylindrical vessel, afforded no trace of sedilnc,ut. The same filtrate, evaporated so as to dissipate the spirit, and then dissolved in water, became turbid after some time, but no octahedral crystals could be seen after the most minute microscopic research. Mucus, on the other * Op. ct., p. 6;-. t The "quadrate pyramidal" crystals in the Malpig-hian vessels of the caterpillar of the sphinx convolvuh are, according to Muller’s description and nxures, (Archlv., lS4Ö,p. 44, ng. 31,) evidently oxalate of lime. They ocem in the cavity f tlie follicles, exterior to the glandular cells, and must In this case the food used was grass. therefore have been separated in s. fluid state from the cela, and originally By multiplying the quantity of nitrogen consumed by 6.25, conceatrated or crystallized in the efferent ducts. The same observer we 1.561bs, which is the destined for nutrition. detect’ d moleeu’es of uric Nvitli the in get quantity amorphous salt, along octaheB:Tol1s, A of diet would therefore such the 3alp=hian vese!s ot ]nsects. The patholica.1 secretion of vertebrate regular system require animals appears to be a constant normal excretion m insects, but possibly tables for every condition of animals, so that there may be a only in the larva state. The subject, however, requires further investi- relation between the wants of the system and the food. If gation- this method of be the relation between the The occurrence.of uric salts within the glandular cells, as the cell can- reasoning correct, tent of finer molecules, is very interesting-. The urine would seem to be nutritive and the calorifiant constituents of the food is nearly secerned throng-h sheddinc and bursting of a who e series of glandular cells, as 1 to 81/3. By comparing this fact, which is independent of H the mode abeve assumed tor the oxalate of time on the mucous mem- all supposition, with the difterence in the food of mankind, it brane of n.e urinary conduits in mammals. Should not the same thing is that some be obtained the differ- appy to birds, in the kidneys of whicn the uric saline deposits have been probable light may upon found to inject the most delicate uriniferous tubules ? ence in the relative number of these constituents. Milk, for 74 example, the food of the infant mammalia, contains two parts animal in a state of exercise should lie between milk and of calorifiant constituents for every one of nutritive; but as wheat flour, and it is to be hoped that more light will be long as an animal continues to grow, the nutritive part of the thrown on this subject by careful researches. It is thus we food not only compensates for the consumption of solid explain how beans, oatmeal, oats, and barleymeal, should be matter, but more is required to increase the bulk of the so much used in the feeding of horses.