Contributors

Kimberly Brown teaches at Alabama State University and specializes in African American women’s history, the politics of beauty, and culture studies. She is the director of The Blackberry Preserve, a consulting agency for historical interpre- tation and cultural events. Kawachi Clemmons is an assistant professor of music and director of the Institute for Research in Music and Entertainment Industry Studies at Florida A&M University (FAMU). His pedagogical practices focus on the interrelation- ship of artistic agency (problem-posing and problem-solving in the arts) and cul- turally responsive teaching. Ronald L. Jackson, II is professor of communications and dean of the University of Cincinnati’s McMicken College of Arts & Sciences. His research areas of exper- tise include masculinity, identity negotiation, whiteness, and Afrocentricity. Carlos D. Morrison is professor of communications in the Department of Communications at Alabama State University. His research and publications focus on black popular culture and communication, African American rhetoric, black masculinity and the media, and social movement rhetoric. Abena Lewis-Mhoon is an associate professor of history at Coppin State University. Her fields of interest are African American history, US history, fash- ion history, and women and work. Jamal Ratchford teaches in the Department of Ethnic Studies at Northern Arizona University. Dr. Ratchford specializes in sports and popular culture, African American history, Africana studies, and the Civil Rights Movement. Diarra Osei Robertson is an assistant professor of government in the Department of History & Government at Bowie State University. His research interests include black politics, political theory, and political culture. James B. Stewart is professor emeritus of labor and employment relations, African and African American studies, and management and organization at Pennsylvania State University (Greater Allegheny). He formerly held the post of vice provost of educational equity and director of black studies. A prolific scholar of various articles, chapters, and books, Dr. Stewart edited the Review of Black Political Economy and served as president of the National Economic Association 270 Contributors

(NEA), the National Council for Black Studies (NCBS), and the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH). David Taft Terry is an assistant professor of history and coordinator of museum studies at Morgan State University. His fields of interest include slavery in the American Upper South, racial segregation and desegregation, and twentieth century urban history. Index

10 (movie). See Derek, Bo Anderson, Andy, 224 100 Proof (Chuck Baker), 18, 19, 21, 26 Anderson, Marian, 83, 84 2 Live Crew, 41, 46 Anderson, Terry, 157 50 Cent (Curtis James Jackson), 11–12, apl.de.ap (Allan Pineda Lindo), 44 36, 39 Armah, Ayi Kwei, 4, 11 Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem (Ferdinand Lewis Armstrong, Louis, 53 Alcindor), 44, 126, 128, 130 Artra, 84, 85 Abdul-Rauf, Mahmoud (Christopher Asante, M. K., 3 Wayne Jackson), 138 Asante, Molefi, 17 Adele (Laurie Blue Adkins), 34 A-Team, The, xvii Aerosmith, 38 Atkins, Charles “Cholly,” 229 African American Pythian Baseball Club attractiveness, 78, 79, 80, 82. See also (Philadelphia), 113 standards of beauty African Company, 209 Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, The, African Grove Theatre, 209 194n57 Africanisms, vii, 203, 252, 256n6 , the, 159, 160–2, 1178, 181 Afrocentric, 19, 32, 86, 103 Ayers, Roy, 95 Afrocentricity, x Air Jordan. See Michael Jordan Baartman, Saarjite, xxin21 Alhambra Ballroom, 221 Baker, Josephine, 77, 85 Ali, Muhammad (Cassius Clay), xviii, Baldwin, Brooke, 214 125, 127 Baldwin, James, 5 Allen, Ernest, 32 Ball, Jared, 2, 3 Allen, Harry, 7 Bambaataa, Africa, xii, 28 Allen, Joshua, 244 Banting Jack, 221 Alpha Kappa Alpha (AKA) Sorority, 246 Bar Kays, The, 104 Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, 246 Baraka, Amiri (LeRoi Jones), 33–4, 35, 44 Alvarez, Gabriel, 17 Barnum, P. T., 211, 259n62 Amateur Athletic Union (AAU), 113 Basil, Tony, 237 “America My Home,” 42 Batman (Bruce Wayne), 161 American Bandstand, 225, 228, 231, 235–6 b-boying/, 26, 237, 239–40, blacks on, 225–6 242, 244 ethnicity and, 226 Beamon, Bob, 129, 134 music, 225–7 Bearden, Romare, 104 American Broadcasting Company (ABC), Beastie Boys, 26, 39, 239, 240 xv, 109, 111, 235–6 Beckham, Dave, 110 America’s Best Dance Crew (ABDC), Bedick, Paul, 230 242–4, 245 Bee Gees, 239 Amos ‘n’ Andy, xvi Bell, Ken, 228 272 Index

Bell, Sam, 124 blackness, vii–ix, xi, 17, 99, 130, 131, 224, Bell, William, 116 233, 238 Benitez, John “Jellybean,” 238 aesthetics, 63, 86 Benjamin, Paul, 107n18 alleged inferiority, 2, 57, 116, 203, 254–5 Benson, xvii appropriation of, 27, 28 Benz, Stanley, 120 celebrations of, 16, 223, 254–5 Bernard, Ed, 107n18 comics, 167, 178, 180, 181–2, 185, Berry, Chuck, 34 198n136 Berry, Fred “Mr. Penguin,” 237 culture, 254 Bethel, Pepsi, 218–19, 222 white critiques, 19, 25, 64 Bethune, Mary McLeod, 84 Blassingame, John, 212 Beulah, xvi blaxploitation, xv, xvii–xviii, 91–2, 94–8, Beulah Land, xvii 99, 103–6, 152, 165, 167–8, 172–3 Beyoncé (Carter-Knowles), 250 Blaze, Just, 55 Big Bea, 222 Blount, Jonathan, 90n56 Big Beat, The, 227 blues, 7, 9, 12, 34, 53, 166, 225, 228, 254 Bill Foster, 159, 160, 161 Bob Howard Show, The, xv as Black Goliath, 177, 187 Bolger, Ray, 221, 222 Billson, Janet, 24 Bond, Frederick, 222 Birth of a Nation, The, xiv Boogie Down Productions (BDP), 43 Birth of a Race, The, xiv Bosh, Chris, 139 biting, 55 Bosmajian, Haig, 20 Black Arts Movement (BAM), 53, 91, Bourne, Randolph, 267n223 93, 127 Bower, Frank, 210 black bottom, 217, 261n90 Bowman, Candy, 81, 82 Black Entertainment Television (BET), Breakin’, 237 238, 239 Brewer, Kevin, 242 Black Eyed Peas, The, 44 Brown, Celia, 211 black freedom struggle, x, 111, 135, 137, Brown, Clifford, 40 139. See also Civil Rights Movement Brown, Elaine, 44, 174 black music, xi–xii, 2, 5, 7, 8–12, 51, Brown, H. Rap, 112, 129 53–5, 88, 94–5, 208, 226–9, 235, 238, Brown, James, 42, 52, 53, 95, 97, 100 264n161. See also classical music; Brown, Jim, xviii, 173 country music; jazz; rap music; soul Brown v. Board of Education (Topeka), x music; spiritual music/expression Brubaker, Ralph, 125 Black/New Negro Renaissance, x, 229, 253 Brundage, Avery, 114, 116, 127, 131, Black Panther Party (for Self Defense), 35, 133–5, 137 126, 130, 166, 173 Buchanan, Charles, 218, 219, 220 demonstrations, 120, 144n61 Buck, Joan, 227 film, 96, 99 Buddy Deane Show, The, 227 Black Panther/T’Challa, 151, 154, 159, Bulldozer, 171 160–3, 1165, 168, 169–71, 179, 182, Bunch, Ralph, 84 184, 187 Burns, Hobert, 137 as Lucas Charles, 169 Burrell, Otis, 126 Black Power Movement (BPM), xix, 24–5, Bynoe, Yvonee, 8, 10 34–5, 42, 79, 85, 88, 129 Byrne, John, 175 aesthetics, 24–5, 34–5, 166, 233 Black Arts Movement, 91, 93 cakewalk, 208, 213–16, 260n78 Mexico City, 131–8 call and response, 1, 247 Blackburn, Sylvia, 83 Callis, Henry Arthur, 246 Index 273

Campbell, Don, 237 Clark Washington, 153, 191 Cannon, Nicholas Scott (Nick), 44 classical music, 51, 53 Canot, Theodore, 205 Clayton, Bob, 226 capitalism, 7, 33, 56, 103 Cleaver, Kathleen, 174 African Americans, 43–4, 96 Cleopatra Jones (Tamara Dobson), 95, 96, cultural costs, 36, 46, 105, 266–7n229 102, 1103, 167, 174, 196n90 Captain America, 161–3, 165, 168–9, Cline, Danny, 123 173–4, 178, 180, 182 Clinton, William J. “Bill,” 5 Car Wash, 153 Clorindy: The Origin of the Cakewalk, 215 Carelli, Justine, 226 Club MTV, 238 Carey, Bernadette, 90n56 Coachman, Alice, 115 Carlos, John, xviii–xix, 109–10, 111, 115, Coalition against Blaxploitation, xv 124, 126, 129, 131–7 Cobb, Lynette, 83 Carmichael, John, 129, 130 Cockrum, Dave, 183 Carmichael, Stokely (Kwame Ture), colonialism, 2–4, 6, 8–10, 36, 85, 113, 131, 132 118, 207 Carroll, Diahann, xvi, 85 Color Purple, The, xv Carroll, Lewis, 242 Coltrane, John, 53 Carroll, Ron, 224 Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), xv, Carter, Jimmy, 157–8, 177 xvi, 8, 21 Carter, Vince, 139 Columbia Records Group (CRG), 8, Cash Money Records, 39 9, 10 Castle, Vernon & Irene, 216, 260n88 Combs, Sean “Diddy,” 9, 41 Chairman Mao, 17 comics. See blackness; civil rights, Chalfant, Henry, 17 Civil Rights Movement; cultural Chamberlain, Wilt, 128 appropriation; integration Chapman, Charles Henry, 246 affirmative action, 157–8, 176 Charleston (the), 217, 220, 221, 250, anti-comic book crusade, xix, 175 261n90, 91 anti-hero, 163–5 Charnas, Dan, 36 black v. white creativity, 154 Chemistro, 165 black villains, 164–5 Chic, 54, 238 demographic sales shift, 189–90 Chisholm, Shirley, 85 gender, 174 chopping, 55 hero-for-hire, 164 civil rights, 126, 134, 177 hero-ing, 160 comic books, xix, 152, 154, 169 historical interpretation, 154 fraternities and sororities, 246 kung fu comics, 173 students, 121, 123 race and readership, 178 television, xvi reading demographic, xix Civil Rights Act (1964), 155–7, 176 Comiskey Park, 239 Civil Rights Movement, x, xvi, 86, 122, Common (Lonnie Rashid Lynn), 36, 39 135–7, 154–6, 157, 167, 228, 229 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), Civil War, xiv, xvii, 63, 64, 65, 66, 112, 118, 127 203, 213, 214 Congressional Black Caucus Claire Tempe, 174 (CBC), 157 Clansman, The, xiv Connie’s Inn, 218 Claremont, Chris, 175, 183–4 Cook, Dave, 240 Clark, Dick, 225–7, 235–6, 262n128 Cook, Will Marion, 215, 217 Clark, Robert, 119 Cooper, Musa, 241, 242 Clarke, Ron, 124 Corley, Bob, xvi 274 Index

Cornelius, Don, 232–8, 264n174, 265n184 cultural raiding, 16, 17, 19, 25, 204 black aesthetic, 233 Cuvier, Georges, xxin21 black culture, 233 black nationalism, 237 Da Brat (Shawntae Harris), 26 black power, 233 Daily Bugle, 160, 164 feud with Dick Clark, 235–6 Daily Planet, 190 Cosby, Bill (William Henry), xvi, 144n61 dance Cosby Show, The, xvii African dance, 202, 205 , 218 Africanisms, 203 Cotton Comes to , xv, 95, 96, 98, 99, appropriation, xx, 250, 254–5 101, 167 ballroom/couple dance, 216 Coubertin, Pierre de, 113, 114 b-boying/breakdancing, xix, 26, 237, country music, 35, 53, 250 239–40, 242, 244 Craig, Maxine Leeds, 78 Beat Kundo, 242 Creole Show, The, 214 black and white dance distinction, 204 Crisis of the Negro Intellectual, The, vii black dance traits, xix, 202–8, 251 Cromwell, Dean Bartlett, 115 bootdance (South African), 246, 247 Crouch, Stanley, 58 communication form, 203 Cruise, Tom, 110 concert-theatrical, 201 Cruse, Harold, vii, x, 32, 255 cultural exchange, 202 Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, 53 dance and slavery, 207–8 Culp, Robert, xvi dance characteristics, 202 culture disco, 238–9 definition, vii, 202 early television shows, 224–7 expressive culture, xi Great Depression, 220–1 frontier thesis, 251 high art v. low art, 201, 203 race, ix–x hip hop, 239–45 theories on Americanization, 252 historical memory, 255 Transatlantic Slave Trade, 202–3 krumpin’, 240 cultural appropriation, vii–viii, 2, 6, 32, Middle Passage, 205 34, 202, 254–5, 264n161 minstrelsy, 208–16 African naming, 22, 28 motor memory, 253 black athleticism, 109, 112, 114–15, 117, Negro Days, 227 122 party lines, 247 black dance, 201, 206, 212–13, 216–17, popular/social/vernacular, ix, xix–xx, 224, 227, 240, 250, 252, 258n44 201, 202–3, 204, 216, 251 in comics, 154, 159, 161, 165–6, 172, probate show, 247 174, 185, 188, 190 rebellion, 245 and commodification, 33–4, 35–41 ritual behavior, 234 hip hop, 11–12, 17, 19–20, 23–8, 31, slave trade, 205–7 33–4, 37, 39–40, 46, 51, 54, 58 social dance 1920s and 1930s, high culture, 32, 201 216–24 subject appropriation, 34, 40 soul music, 233 by whites, 2, 6 stepping, 245–50 cultural capital, 71, 245, 249, 251, 252, 254, whiteness and swing era, 224 266–7n219 dances cultural production, 28, 31, 32, 34 beguine, ix Du Bois, 33, 91 buzzard lope, 208 innovation, 54, 93 cakewalk, 208, 214–16 political activism, 34–5, 42–3, 44 Campbell lock/, 237 Index 275

Charleston (the), 217, 220, 221, 250, dozens, the, 18, 23, 24, 25, 26, 53 261n90, 91 Dr. Dre (Andre Young), 8, 25, 40 fox trot, 216, 255 Drake (Aubrey Drake Graham), 36, 48n31 jig, 208 Drake, Bill, 9 juba/pattin’ juba, 207–8, 246 Drake, James, 213 Lindy hop, 221–3 Dred Scott v. Sanford, 112 moonwalk, 237, 250 Dru Opera House, 84 ring dance, 208 Du Bois, Ja’net, 104 tap dance, 208, 211 Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt (W. traditional steps, 247 E. B.), 1, 106, 202, 250–2 turkey trot, 216 art, 32–3, 91, 93, 229 Dandy, Evelyn, 22 color line, 251 Daniel Rand (), 173, 175 double consciousness, 79–80, 111, 112, Daniels, Jeffrey, 237 251–2 Daniels, Joe, 222 Negro problem, 32 Darkwater: Voices from within the pluralism, 251 Veil, 250 talented tenth, 32 Dash, Damon, 9 DuMont Broadcasting, xv Dasit (David Shinavar), 18 Dunbar, Paul Lawrence, 215 Davis, Angela Y., 96, 101, 166, 174 Dunham, Katherine, ix, 221, 245, 255, Davis, Clive, 8 261n91, 266n203 Davis, John P., 79, 85, 88 Dyer, Richard, 58 Davis, Miles, 40 Davis, Ossie, xv, 167 E! Entertainment Television, xii DC Comics, 161, 188 East Coast MCs, 43 D.C. Hand Dance Club, 224 Easy-E (Eric Lynn Wright), 17 De Lorenzo, Michael, xvii Eaton, Richard, 229–31 Dead Prez, 47 Edwards, Harry, 116, 117–19, 123, 124, Dean, Dora, 214–15 126, 131, 134, 136, 146n112 Death Row Records, 11 Ego Trip, xii, 15, 17–18, 27 Def Jam Records, 9, 10, 34, 36, 39, 46 Ellington, Edward Duke, 53 DeLeall, Walter, 225 Eminem (Marshall Bruce Mathers), 7–8, Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, 246 25, 26, 27, 39–40, 240 Derek, Bo, xii, 26 Emmett, Dan, 210 desegregation, 70, 112, 117, 129, 156, 176, Enter the Dragon, 173 226, 227, 231 EPMD, 35 Diamond, Master John, 211 Equal Employment Opportunity Dickens, Charles, 211 Commission (EEOC), 157 Diff’rent Strokes, xvii Erik Killmonger, 165 Different World, xvii Ethel Waters Show, xv Dines, Gail, 19 Europe, James Reese, 216, Dixon, George Washington, 208 260n88 Dixon, Ivan, 101 Evans, Faith, 28 Dixon, Thomas, xiv Evans, Lee, 126, 129, 132 DJ Jazzy Jeff, 55 DJ Kool Akiem, 55 Facts of Life, xvii Dobson, Tamara. See Cleopatra Jones Fame, xvii Dorrell, Philip, 52 Fanon, Frantz, 235 Douglas, Carl, 244 Fantastic Four, 151, 159, 78, 188 Douglas, Emory, 34, 35 Farmer, James, 118 276 Index fashion, xiii Gordy, Robert, 228 ancient roots, 63, 6 Gorney, Karen, 239 black presence, 167, 174, 194n54 Graham, Billy, 178–9, 187–8, 199n144 freedom/emancipation, 66, 67, 68 Grandmaster Flash, 17 modern, 68–72, 81, 85–8, 97, 236 grassroots activism, 2, 103, 137 Fauntroy, Walter, 230 Graystone Ballroom, 229 Federal Communications Commission Green, Jayjion, 243 (FCC), 230 Green, Joshua, 243 Ferguson, Russell, 244 Greene, Charlie, 131, 147n126 Ferguson, Stacy Ann (Fergie), 44 Gregory, Dick, 125 Fernandez, Jessica, 241 Gregory, Robin, 87 Fiasco, Lupe, 37 Griffith, David Llewelyn Wark, xiv Fleetwood, Moses, 117 Gutierrez, Eddie, 242 Fletcher, Raynell, 231 Fletcher, Tom, 215 Hacker, Andrew, x, 202, 254 Floyd, Samuel A., 53, 94 Haley, Alex, xvi Forty Million Dollar Slaves, xviii Half & Half, xvii Fosse, Bob, 250 Hall, Stuart, 56, 57, 58, 201 Foster, Jimmy “Scooby-Doo,” 237 Hamilton, Brutus, 115 Fotopoulos, Natalie, 241 Harlow, Barbara, 33 Fouchard, Claudinette, 85 harmonics, 53 fox trot, 255, 260n88 Hartmann, Douglas, 131 Franklin, V. P., 251, 266–7n219 Harvard Report, 8–10 Freed, Alan, 226 Hayes, Bob, 124 Freeman, Damito Jo, 237 Hayes, Isaac, 104 Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, The, xvii Hazel Scott Show, The, xvi Friedland, LeeEllen, 204 Hazzard-Gordon, Katrina, 214, 251, Fung, Richard, 34 257n32 Hecht, Michael L., 23 Gale, Moe, 218 Helms, Jesse, xviii Gang Starr, 36 Henry Pym (Goliath), 159 Gantt, Harvey, xviii Herskovits, Melville, 202, 252 Gardner, Howard, 55 Hilfiger, Tommy, 11 Garnet, Henry Highland, 1 Himes, Chester, xv, 167 Gates, Henry Louis, 53 Hines, Dwayne, 243 Gaye, Marvin, 35, 95, 96, 98 Hip Hop Is Dead, 31, 46 G-Child (Gina Morganello), 18, 19, 26 hip hop, vii, xii, 2–3, 10, 15, 18, 20–1, 28, George, Nelson, 9, 35 45–6, 52, 61, 239, 242, 244 Georgia Minstrels, 213 commercialization, 3, 35–6, 38–44, Ghetto Boyz, 46 105, 240 Gilbert, Dan, 139 creative process, 54–6, 58 Gilroy, Paul, 202 dance, 241, 244–5, 265n192 Gimme a Break!, xvii industry vs. community, 10, 11 Girlfriends, xvii masculinity, 17, 23–5 Gladys Knight and the Pips, 233 materialism, 12, 56–7 Glen Echo Amusement Park, 231 objectification of women, 10, 11, 12 Gloria “Glory” Grant, 174 race, 242 Good Times, xvi white appropriation/exploitation, 4, 6, Goodman, Benjamin David “Benny,” xii 7–8, 22, 25–7, 39, 41–2, 51, 240, 250 Gordy, Berry, 43, 46, 227–9 Hobie Brown (Prowler), 164 Index 277

Hobson, Julius, 230 Jackson, Chuck, 236 Hogan, Ernest, 215 Jackson, Henry, 126 Hollingsworth, Cecil, 90n56 Jackson, Jesse L., 140 Hollywood Jackson, Jonathan David, 204 aesthetic ideals, 84, 224 Jackson, Michael, 237, 250 black characters/films, 167, 220, 248 Jackson, Ronald L., 23 black stereotypes, 7, 94 Jackson, Samuel L., 110 movies, xiii–xv James, Etta, 10 racism, 80, 234 James, LeBron, 139, 141, 149n165 See also blaxploitation films James, Leon, 222 Home Box Office (HBO), xvii, 56 James, Leroy, 222 Horn, Bob, 225, 226 Jan Van Dyme (the Wasp), 159 Houphouet-Boigny, Felix (Madame), 85 Jay Z (Shawn Corey Carter), 9, 36, 44, House Un-American Activities 48n31 Committee, xvi jazz music, 7, 40, 53, 93, 95, 218, 241, Howard University, 246 245, 254 Hughes, Albert & Allen, 105 Jeffersons, The, xvi, 194n57 Hughes, Langston, x, 213, 258n53 Jeffries, Hasan, 112, 119 human rights, 112, 119, 122–3, 124–31, Jenkins, Sacha, 17 133–4, 162Hunt Jensen, Arthur, 115 Humez, Jean McMahon, 19 Jive Records, 4 Hurt, Marlin, xvi Johansson, Scarlett, 44 John Brown (Greg Kaysen), 17, 18–26, 28 “I Can,” 45 John Shaft (Richard Roundtree), 167 I Spy, xvi Johnson, Beverly, 167 Ice Loves Coco, xii Johnson, Charles, 214–15 Ice-T (Tracy Marrow), 41 Johnson, George (businessman), 233 Immortal Technique (Felipe Andres Johnson, George (filmmaker), xiv Coronel), 3, 45, 47 Johnson, Jack, xviii Impressions, The, 42 Johnson, John E., 233 improvisation, 1, 22, 55, 204, 222–3 Johnson, Lyndon (Baines), 155 Incredible Hulk (Bruce Banner), 190 Johnson, Noble, xiv Ingram, Luther, 105 Johnson Products Industries, 233 institutional racism, 139, 140 Johnson, Sabra, 244 integration Jon Boy (Jon Wertz), 18 athletics, 111–12, 115, 117, 122, 128 Jones, Arvell, 188 in comics, 152, 153–5, 160, 162–3, 171, Jones, Charisse, 78 174, 181–2, 185–91 Jones, Eugene Kinckle, 246 desegregation, x–xi Jones, Kidada, 11 entertainment industry, 225, 226, Jones, Quincy, 11 228–9, 231 Joplin, Scott, 53 general, 42, 65, 131–2, 151, 156, 169, 176, Jordan, Michael, xviii, 28 219, 252–3 Joseph, Peniel, xxv, xxvii, 146n112, Interscope Records, 39, 40 263n145 Iota Phi Theta Fraternity, 246 Joseph “Robbie” Robertson, 160, 171 Julia, xvi J. Jonah Jameson, 160 Jus Rhyme (Jeb Middlebrook), 18 Jabbawokeez (JabbaWokeeZ), 242, 243 “Jabberwocky,” 242 Kaba Modern, 243–4 Jack, Sam T., 214 Kanazawa, Satoshi, xiii 278 Index

Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, 246 Levison, Andre, 203 Kaufman, Sarah, 250 Levitin, Daniel, 52 Keckley, Elizabeth, xiii, 66 Lewis, David Levering, 252 Keeping Up with the Kardashians, xii Lewis, Ed, 90n56 Keersmaeker, Anne Teresa de, 250 Lime Wire, 38 Kelley, Robin D.G., vii, 33 Lincoln Motion Picture Company, xiv Kelly, George Biddle, 246 Lincoln, Mary Todd, xiii, 66 Kenazawa, SoToshi Lindbergh, Charles, 221 Kennedy, Jacqueline, 85 Lindy hop, 204, 219–23, 253, 261–2n112 Kennedy, Randall, 24 aerial school, 222 Kerner Commission, 156, 168 breakaway, 221 Kerr, Audrey Elisa, 82, 89n22 collegiate, 221 Kid Rock (Robert James Ritchie), 34 floor school, 222 Kim, Victor, 241 hand dance, 223 King, Bob, 231 jitterbug, 223 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 161, 228, 229 swing/neo-swing, 224 Kirby, Jack, 151, 179–80 Texas Tommy, 221 Kirby Kontroversy, 180 white appropriation, 223–4 Kirondi, Katiti, 167 Linen, James, 132 Kitt, Eartha, 102 Linkin Park, 34 Kitwana, Bakari, 41 Little Richard (Richard Wayne Knight, Gladys, 233 Penniman), 34 Knight, Marion Hugh Suge, 41 Little Wayne (Dwayne Michael Carter), 36 Kochman, Thomas, 23 Living Single, xvii Konishi, Hokuto “Hok,” 241 LL Cool J (James Todd Smith), 39, 52 Kool Herc (Clive Campbell), xii Locke, Alain, x, 253 Koumaev, Ivan, 241 Lockers, 237 KRS-One (Lawrence Krisna Parker), 17, locking, 237, 242, 244 43, 45 Long, Richard, 201 krumpin’, 240, 244 Look Out, Whitey! Black Power’s Gon’ Get Ku Klux Klan, xiv, 45, 179 Your Mama, 165 “Kung Fu Fighting,” 244 Lopez, Jennifer, xii Kurtis Blow (Kurt Walker), 17 Louis, Joe, xviii, 37 (Carl Lucas), 163–4, 171–2, 174, Lamar, Kendrick, 48n31 175, 181, 182, 186, 188 Lane, William Henry (Master Juba), as Power Man, 172, 173, 186, 187 211–12, 259n57 Lymon, Frankie, 226 Larot, Joe, 242 Lythgoe, Nigel, 241 Larson, Charles U., 17 Last Poets, The, xii Macklemore (Ben Haggerty), 40, 48n31 Laytons, The, xvi Madame Sul-Te-Wan (Nellie Conley), xiv Learning Tree, The, xv Madonna, 38 Lee, Bruce, 173, 242 Mae, Gracie, 7–8, 12 Lee, Jerry, 34 Maher, Bill, 56, 57 Lee, Spike, 105 Maher, Charles, 128 Lee, Stan, 151, 152, 159 Maira, Sunaina, 34 Legend, John, 44 Majors, Richard, 24 Leila Taylor, 173–4, 80 (El-Hajj Malik Lester, Julius, 165 El-Shabazz), 105 Levine, Lawrence, vii, 202 Malone, Annie Turnbo, 67 Index 279 mammy figure, xvi, 212 minstrelsy, 5–6, 105, 208–14, 231, 258n48, Manning, Frankie, 218, 219, 220–2, 53, 260n69 261–2n112 black minstrel troops, 213 Manning, Taryn, 44 blackface, 209–13 Manoloff, Dennis, 140 democracy and culture, 209 Maple Leaf Rag, 53 Jim Crow and minstrelsy, 209–13 Marable, Manning, xxv, 251 minstrel show, 213–14 Marcuse, Herbert, 33, 34 minstrel troops, 210–13 Martha and the Vandellas, 42 white minstrels and black dance, 210 Martin, xvii Minton, Henry, 246 , xix, 151–5, 159–62, 164, Misfit Dior (Laeticia Guzman), 18, 19, 20, 168–9, 170–1, 173, 175, 177–80, 181, 21–2, 26, 28 183–90 Moesha, xvii black power and blaxploitation, xix, Mok, Ken, 18 155, 165–8, 186 Monk, Thelonius, 7 civil rights, xix, 152, 154–5, 158, 160–2 Moore, Michael, 28 dearth of black writers and artists, xix Moore, Rudy Ray, 18 de-raced characters, xix, 155, Morton, Jelly Roll, 53, 54 177–86, 190–1 Mos Def (Dante Terrell Smith/ ghetto focus, xix, 155, 168–77, 185, 186 Yasiin Bey), 36 Marvel Premiere, 173, 179 Moses Magnum, 165 parent company Cadence, 184 motion pictures. See movies reform and resistance, xix, 155, 162 Motion Pictures Patent Company, xiii true believers, 152 Motown Records, 227–9 Master Juba (William Henry Lane), 211, Motown Revue, 228 212, 259n57 Moynihan Report, 168 Master P (Percy Miller), 9, 39 movies, xiii–xv Matthews, Charles, 209 Hollywood, xiv–xv Mayfield, Curtis, 42, 95, 96, 98 race movies, xiii MC (master of ceremonies), 38, 40, 43, World War II, xiv 44, 46, 54 Murphy, Isaac, 114 MC Hammer (Stanley Kirk Burrell), 55 Murray, Nathalial Allison, 246 MC Lyte, 49n39 Musburger, Brent, 111 MC Serch (Michael Berrin), 16, 18–19 Music Television (MTV), 238, 239, 243 McCarthy, Cameron, 15 musical borrowing, 53, 245, 250 McCarty, George, 136 musicianship, 54, 55 McDaniel, Hattie, xvi musicing, 54, 58 McGregor, Don, 175, 178–9, 187 “My President Is Black,” 43, 44 McKay, Jim, 109 McLeod, Kembrew, 38 Nas (Nasir Jones), 17, 31, 43, 45, 46 Mercedes “Misty” Knight, 174, 175, 187 “Nation Time,” 44 “Message from a Black Man,” 42 National Association for the Advancement Metallica, 38 of Colored People (NAACP), xiv, xv, Miami Vice, xvii 84, 116–17, 167–8 Micheaux, Oscar, xiv National Association of Baseball Middle Passage, 202 Players, 115 Miller, Norma, 218 National Association of Fashion and Milt Grant Show, 227, 231 Accessory Designers, 67 Black Tuesdays, 231 National Basketball Association Minns, Al, 222 (NBA), 110 280 Index

National Black Political Agenda, 166 Parliamentary Committee for the National Black Political Convention, 166 Abolition of Slavery, 206 National Broadcasting Network (NBC), Pasteur, Alfred, 2, 5–6 xv, xvi, xvii, 130 Patrick, Danica, 110 National Collegiate Athletic Association Peatross, Jimmy, 227 (NCAA), 113, 115, 131 Pelham, Dick, 210 National Football League (NFL), xviii, Pennsylvania Association of Baseball 110, 124 Players, 115 National Hand Dance Association, 224 Perry, Tyler, 106 National Negro Convention, 1 Persia (Rachel Mucerino), 17, 18–19, 22–6 Naturalization Act, 112 Peter Parker (Spider-Man), 160, 174, 178 Nelson, A. Sherwood, 130 Peters, Brock, 103 New Negro, The, 253 Peters, John, 221 New York Undercover, xvii Phi Beta Kappa Honor Society, 245 Newton, Huey, 126 Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, 246 Nichols, Martha, 240, 241 Philadelphia International Records, 8 Nigger Heaven, 218 Phillips, Ernest, 243 Nino, Ashlee, 241 Phillips, James, 237 Nixon, Richard (Milhous), 157, 176 Plessy v. Ferguson, 113 No Limit Records, 9–10, 39 Podhoretz, Norman, 6, 7 Noel, Ken, 119, 120, 121 Pollard, Keith, 188 nommo, 19 popular culture, 251 Norman, Peter, 110, 133 African American/black, 201–2, 251 Nowitzki, Dirk, 139 cultural appropriation, vi–viii n-word, 19, 24 debate, vii definition, vii–xi Obama, Barack, ix, 28, 43, 44, 45 globalization, 202 Ogbar, Jeffrey, 130 white supremacy, 251 Ogle, Robert Harold, 246 Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., xvi Olympic Committee for Human Rights Presley, Elvis A., xii, 7, 8, 34, 229 (OCHR), 126, 129 Price, Judy, 236 Olympic Games (1968), xviii–xix, 113–17, Prince (Prince Rogers Nelson), 238 122, 127–30, 132–41 Prince Paul, 17 Olympic Games (general), 109, 110–11, Proctor, Jerry, 126 124–5, 13 Profile Records, 10 Olympic Project for Human Rights Pryor, Richard, 153, 190–1, 199n152 (OPHR), 122, 126–7, 130, 135 Psychedelic Soul, 42, 43 Omega Psi Phi, 83, 119, 123, 246 Psychology Today, xiii O’Neal, Ron, 95 Public Enemy, 2, 43, 45 Other, the, viii, 15, 16, 22, 34, 202 Purple Rain, 238 Outkast, 35 Owens, Jessie, xviii, 115–16, 122, 131 Q-Tip (Jonathan David/Kamaal Ibn John Fareed), 36 Pablo, Petey, 11 Quinones, Adolfo “Shabba Doo,” 237 Paglia, Camille, 239 Palmer, Walter, 226 Radio Corporation of America (RCA), xv Parkers, The, xvii Radio One, 9, 106 Parks, Gordon, xv Randolph, Amanda, xvi Parks, Rosa, 137 rap music, ix, 9–10, 16, 18–19, 24, 35, Parliament/Funkadelic, 53 239–40, 245 Index 281

aesthetics, 52, 54, 57–8 San Francisco Athletic Club, 113 commercialism, 11, 12, 35 Sanford and Son, xvi, 194n57 influence, ix Santana, Juelz, 17 popularity, 11, 105, 238 Saturday Night Fever, 239 white appropriation, 15, 17, 21–2, 25, Savoy Ballroom, 203, 218–21 27–8, 34 Cats’ Corner/the Corner, 203, 220, 222 “Rapper’s Delight,” xii Scandals, 217 Reagan, Ronald (Wilson), 57, 128, 153, Scherzinger, Nicole, 44 158, 176–7, 186, 191, 197n101 Schloss, Joseph, 55 Reconstruction, xiv, xvii, 67, 113 school segregation, 176 Redding, Saunders, x Schwimmer, Benji, 241 Redman (Reginald Noble), 17 Scott, Emmett J. xiv Regents of the University of California v. Scott, Hazel, xvi, 82 Bakke, 176, 180 Scott-Heron, Gil (Gilbert), 35 Renaissance Ballroom, 218–19 Sears, Roebuck and Company, 232, 233 Revolt of the Black Athlete, The, 124, Shrager, Ian, 238 146n112 “Seize the Time,” 44 Rhoden, William C., xviii, 139 “Self-Destruction,” 43, 44 Rhymes, Busta, 12 Shabazz, Bettie, 85 rhythm and blues, 9, 34, 225, 228 Shaft, xv, 172 Ribeau, Sidney A., 23 Shakur, Tupac Amaru, 28, 35, 39, 44, 45 Rice, Jerry, 110 Shalamar, 237 Rickey, Branch, 84, 117 Shaw, Harry, vii, 201 Riley, Clayton, 234, 235 Sheridan, Chris, 140 Rize, 240 Shocklee, Hank, 52, 58 Robertson, Oscar, 128 Shooter, Jim, 181 Robinson, Jackie, xviii, 115–16, 131, 132 Shorter-Gooden, Kumea, 78 Robinson, Joe, 10 Showtime, xvii Robinson, Sylvia, 10 SickStep, 241 Roc-a-Fella Records, 9 Sigma Gamma Rho, 246 rock ‘n’ roll, 34, 166, 224–5, 227, 235, 245 Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity (Boulé), 246 Rock, Pete, 36, 55 signification, 17, 18, 22–3, 25 Rocket Racer, 165 Silver, Abraham, 228 Rodgers, Niles, 238 Simmons, Russell, 9, 36, 41, 46 Roediger, David, 15 Simone, Nina, 41, 42 Rollins, Brent, 17 Sims, Naomi, 167 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 84 Slave Community, The, 212 Roots: The Saga of an American Family, slavery stereotypes, 212–13 xvi–xvii, 194n57 Slim Thug, 39 Rose, Tricia, 40, 46, 58 Sly and the Family Stone, 8 Rubell, Steve, 238 Smalls, Biggie (Christopher Wallace), 17 Rubin, Rick, 39 , 218 Run-DMC, 11, 35, 39 Smith, Clarence, 90n56 Russell, Bill, 124, 128 Smith, Denise, 133 Rutherford, Al, 137 Smith, Ernie, 218, 222 Rutledge, Darvis, 243 Smith, Suzanne, 43, 228 Smith, Tommie, xviii–xix, 109–11, 115, Sam Wilson (the Falcon), 162–3, 165, 122–6, 128–9, 132–3, 136–7 170–1, 173, 180, 182, 184, 187 Smith, Will, 36 sampling ethics, 54, 55 Smitherman, Geneva, 22, 23 282 Index

Smokey Robinson and the Miracles, 228 Storm (Ororo Munroe), 174, 181, 183–5, Sneed, Mary Catherine (MC Sneed), 9 187 Snoop Dogg (Calvin Broadus, Jr.), 11, 26 Stoudemire, Amar’e, 139 Snowden, Shorty, 220, 221, 222, 261n112 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 113 So You Think You Can Dance, 240–2, Stuckey, Sterling, 32, 202, 256n6 244, 245 Student Nonviolent Coordinating soul, xx, 253–4 Committee (SNCC), 129, 131 Soul Camp (Washington, D.C.), 240 Studio 54, 238 Soul Food, xvii Sugar Hill Gang, xii, 54 soul music, 1–2, 8, 233, 234, 253–4, Sugar Hill Records, 10 264n161 Sugar Hill Times, xv Soul Train, 232–9, 264n174 Sullee (Bobby Sullivan), 18, 19 black power, 234 Superman (Clark Kent), 161 blackness, 233–4 Supernigger, 190 comparison with American Sweet Sweetback’s Baadassss Song, xv Bandstand, 235–6 latest dances, 236, 237 T La Rock (Clarence Ronnie Keaton), 39 social dance, 236 Taboo (Jaime Luis Gomez), 44 white viewers, 233–4 Talib Kweli (Talib Kweli Greene), 36, Soul Train Gang, 234, 236 38, 39 Soul Unlimited, 235–6 Tandy, Vertner Woodson, 246 Souls of Black Folk, The, 20, 251 Tate, Greg, 7, 254 Source, 17 Taussig, Michael, 16 Sousa, John Philip, 215 Tayag, Phil, 242 Southern Christian Leadership Taylor, Clarice, 104 Conference (SCLC), 117, 228, Teen Town, 227 229, 230 Teenarama Dance Party, 227, 229, 231–2 Sparks, Shane, 241, 242 regluars, 231–2 Spinderalla, 11 television, xv–xvii spiritual music/expression, 1, 2 Civil Rights Movement, xvi Sprite Step Off competition, 248–9 World War II, xv sports, xviii, 109–49 Temptations, The, 42, 43 black athlete/athletic revolt, 111, 115, Terada, Steve, 241 119, 120, 122, 124, 125, 135, 146n112 That’s My Mama, 194n57 Stafford, Glen, 237 Thatcher, George, 5 standards of beauty, xii–xiii, 68, 88, 212 The Big Beat, 226 Staple Singers, The, 104 Thicke, Robin, 8 Starr, Edwin, 43 Thing (Benjamin Grimm), 151, 178 Status Quo (aka Legendary Seven), 242–3, Thomas, Roy, 170 244, 245 Thomas, Rozonda “Chilli,” 249 Stax Records, 8 Thomas, Rufus, 104 Stern, Darine, 167 Thompson, Ralph, 230 Stern, David, 138, 139–40 Thor, 178, 188 Steve Harvey Show, The, xvii Thornton, Willie Mae “Big Mama,” 7 Stewart, James B., 92 Three the Hard Way, 173 Stewart, Lee, 225 Thriller, 238 Stewart, Rod, 239 Tilda Johnson (Deadly Nightshade), 165 STOMP, 248 Tilghman, Kelly, 139 Stone, Joss, 34 Timberlake, Justin, 8, 110 Stono Rebellion, 207 Time, x, 77, 129 Index 283

TLC, 38, 249 Walker, George, 215 Todd, Arthur, 214 Walker, Madame C. J., 67 Tolan, Michael, 103 Walker, Susannah, 83 Toldson, Ivory, 2, 5–6 Walker, Welday Wilberforce, 117 Tommy Boy Records, 10 Wall, Travis, 240, 241 Tommy the Clown (Thomas Johnson), 240 Wallace, Rasheed, 138, 139 Tony Stark (Iron Man), 159, 160, 178, 180, Walser, Robert, 53, 54 186, 188 Walsh, Kate, 44 Too Short (Todd Anthony Shaw), 3, 4, Wambold, Dave, 5 41, 46 Ward, Brian, 92 Towels, Dorthea, 83 Warner Brothers Records, 8 Tracy, Teresa, 248 Washington, Booker T., xiv Transatlantic Slave Trade, 202–3 Washington Football Team, xviii Travolta, John, 239 Washington, Freida, 222 Tuaileva, Jaymz, 241 Washington, George, 112 Tucker, Sterling, 230 Washington, Sarah Spencer, 67 Turino, Thomas, 52, 57 Waters, Ethel, xvi Turner, Frederick Jackson, 251 Waters, Muddy, 10 TV-Teen Club, 227 Waul, Paul, 40 Tyler, Aisha, 44 WCIU-TV, 232 “We Are the World,” 45 United Black Students for Action Weaver, Jamal, 243 (UBSA), 120–1 Webb, Chick, 222 United Broadcasting Company Wedeen, Lisa, 32 (UBC), 231 Weiss, Barry, 4 United Negro College Fund (UNCF), 164 “We’re All in the Same Gang,” 43, 44 Lawn Tennis Association West Coast All-Stars, 43 (UNLTA), 113 West, Cornel, 53 United States Olympic Committee West, Jettisoning, 53 (USOC), 114, 116, 127, 130, 134, 135 West, Kanye, 48n31 Universal Records, 39 Whatley, Jody, 237 Urban League, 132, 167, 230 What’s Happening!!, 237, 194n57 Usner, Eric, 223–4 White, George, 217 White, Herbert “Whitey,” 219, 222 Valletta, Amber, 44 white privilege, 17, 20, 22, 140–1 Van Deburg, William, 92, 233, 253, 254, White Rapper Show, The, 15–20, 22, 25–7 264n161 White, Walter, 116 Van Peebles, Mario, 105 whiteness, 16, 22 Van Peebles, Melvin, xv assignment of normativity, 86, 153, Van Vechten, Carl, 218 184, 224 Vanderbilt, William K., 215 identity politics, 2, 6, 15–16 Vanilla Ice (Rob Van Winkle), 40, 240 perpetuation of, 17, 20–1, 27–8, 210 Vibe, 17, 40 Whitlock, Billy, 210 Virginia Minstrels, 210 Whitman, Paul, 227 Volstead Act, 217 “Why Are Black Women Less Physically Voting Rights Act (1965), 86, 153, 177 Attractive than Other Women,” xiii wigger, 41 Wade, Dwayne, 139 Wiggins, David, 112 Walker, Alice, 7–8, 11, 12 will.i.am (William James Adams), 39, 43, Walker, David, 77 44, 45 284 Index

Williams and Walker, 215 World War II, 67, 79, 117, 173, 223, 224 Williams, Bert, 215 Wright, Stan, 134 Williams, Ethel, 221 WTTG, 231 Williams, Marie, 67 Wu-Tang Clan, 17 Williams, Martin T., 53 WVON, 232 Williams, Raymond, 54 Wynter, Leon, 2 Williams, Russell, 222 Williams, Yohuru, xxiv, xxv, xxvii X-Men, 183 Williamson, Fred, 173 Xzibit (Alvin Nathaniel Jordan), 26 Wilson, Elliott, 17 Wilson, Ron, 188 Yellow Boy, 40 Wilson, Sam, 173 “Yes We Can,” 43, 44, 45 Wilson, William J., 78 Yo! MTV Raps, 35, 238 Wilson, Woodrow, xiv Yoba, Malik, xvii Winehouse, Amy, 34 Young Jezzy (Jay Wayne Jenkins), 43, 44, 45 Winter, Lloyd C. “Bud,” 109, 123 Young MC, 49n39 Wire, The, xvii Young Men’s Christian Association Withers, Bill, 35 (YMCA), 113 Wittke, Carl, 214, 257–8n39 Young, James, 34 Womack, Bobby, 95 Young, Whitney, 132 Wonder, Stevie (Steveland Hardaway Youngblood Priest (Ron O’Neal), Judkins), 35 107n18, 167 Wonder Woman (Diana Prince), 161 Woods, Tiger, 139 Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, 246, 248, 249 Woodson, Carter G., 202, 252 Zeta Tau Alpha Sorority, 248 Woodson, John, 117 Zinn, Howard, 112 WOOK-TV, 229–31 Zoeller, Fuzzy, 139