Contributors Kimberly Brown teaches at Alabama State University and specializes in African American women’s history, the politics of beauty, and culture studies. She is the director of The Blackberry Preserve, a consulting agency for historical interpre- tation and cultural events. Kawachi Clemmons is an assistant professor of music and director of the Institute for Research in Music and Entertainment Industry Studies at Florida A&M University (FAMU). His pedagogical practices focus on the interrelation- ship of artistic agency (problem-posing and problem-solving in the arts) and cul- turally responsive teaching. Ronald L. Jackson, II is professor of communications and dean of the University of Cincinnati’s McMicken College of Arts & Sciences. His research areas of exper- tise include masculinity, identity negotiation, whiteness, and Afrocentricity. Carlos D. Morrison is professor of communications in the Department of Communications at Alabama State University. His research and publications focus on black popular culture and communication, African American rhetoric, black masculinity and the media, and social movement rhetoric. Abena Lewis-Mhoon is an associate professor of history at Coppin State University. Her fields of interest are African American history, US history, fash- ion history, and women and work. Jamal Ratchford teaches in the Department of Ethnic Studies at Northern Arizona University. Dr. Ratchford specializes in sports and popular culture, African American history, Africana studies, and the Civil Rights Movement. Diarra Osei Robertson is an assistant professor of government in the Department of History & Government at Bowie State University. His research interests include black politics, political theory, and political culture. James B. Stewart is professor emeritus of labor and employment relations, African and African American studies, and management and organization at Pennsylvania State University (Greater Allegheny). He formerly held the post of vice provost of educational equity and director of black studies. A prolific scholar of various articles, chapters, and books, Dr. Stewart edited the Review of Black Political Economy and served as president of the National Economic Association 270 CONTRIBUTORS (NEA), the National Council for Black Studies (NCBS), and the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH). David Taft Terry is an assistant professor of history and coordinator of museum studies at Morgan State University. His fields of interest include slavery in the American Upper South, racial segregation and desegregation, and twentieth century urban history. Index 10 (movie). See Derek, Bo Anderson, Andy, 224 100 Proof (Chuck Baker), 18, 19, 21, 26 Anderson, Marian, 83, 84 2 Live Crew, 41, 46 Anderson, Terry, 157 50 Cent (Curtis James Jackson), 11–12, apl.de.ap (Allan Pineda Lindo), 44 36, 39 Armah, Ayi Kwei, 4, 11 Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem (Ferdinand Lewis Armstrong, Louis, 53 Alcindor), 44, 126, 128, 130 Artra, 84, 85 Abdul-Rauf, Mahmoud (Christopher Asante, M. K., 3 Wayne Jackson), 138 Asante, Molefi, 17 Adele (Laurie Blue Adkins), 34 A-Team, The, xvii Aerosmith, 38 Atkins, Charles “Cholly,” 229 African American Pythian Baseball Club attractiveness, 78, 79, 80, 82. See also (Philadelphia), 113 standards of beauty African Company, 209 Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, The, African Grove Theatre, 209 194n57 Africanisms, vii, 203, 252, 256n6 Avengers, the, 159, 160–2, 1178, 181 Afrocentric, 19, 32, 86, 103 Ayers, Roy, 95 Afrocentricity, x Air Jordan. See Michael Jordan Baartman, Saarjite, xxin21 Alhambra Ballroom, 221 Baker, Josephine, 77, 85 Ali, Muhammad (Cassius Clay), xviii, Baldwin, Brooke, 214 125, 127 Baldwin, James, 5 Allen, Ernest, 32 Ball, Jared, 2, 3 Allen, Harry, 7 Bambaataa, Africa, xii, 28 Allen, Joshua, 244 Banting Jack, 221 Alpha Kappa Alpha (AKA) Sorority, 246 Bar Kays, The, 104 Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, 246 Baraka, Amiri (LeRoi Jones), 33–4, 35, 44 Alvarez, Gabriel, 17 Barnum, P. T., 211, 259n62 Amateur Athletic Union (AAU), 113 Basil, Tony, 237 “America My Home,” 42 Batman (Bruce Wayne), 161 American Bandstand, 225, 228, 231, 235–6 b-boying/breakdancing, 26, 237, 239–40, blacks on, 225–6 242, 244 ethnicity and, 226 Beamon, Bob, 129, 134 music, 225–7 Bearden, Romare, 104 American Broadcasting Company (ABC), Beastie Boys, 26, 39, 239, 240 xv, 109, 111, 235–6 Beckham, Dave, 110 America’s Best Dance Crew (ABDC), Bedick, Paul, 230 242–4, 245 Bee Gees, 239 Amos ‘n’ Andy, xvi Bell, Ken, 228 272 INDEX Bell, Sam, 124 blackness, vii–ix, xi, 17, 99, 130, 131, 224, Bell, William, 116 233, 238 Benitez, John “Jellybean,” 238 aesthetics, 63, 86 Benjamin, Paul, 107n18 alleged inferiority, 2, 57, 116, 203, 254–5 Benson, xvii appropriation of, 27, 28 Benz, Stanley, 120 celebrations of, 16, 223, 254–5 Bernard, Ed, 107n18 comics, 167, 178, 180, 181–2, 185, Berry, Chuck, 34 198n136 Berry, Fred “Mr. Penguin,” 237 culture, 254 Bethel, Pepsi, 218–19, 222 white critiques, 19, 25, 64 Bethune, Mary McLeod, 84 Blassingame, John, 212 Beulah, xvi blaxploitation, xv, xvii–xviii, 91–2, 94–8, Beulah Land, xvii 99, 103–6, 152, 165, 167–8, 172–3 Beyoncé (Carter-Knowles), 250 Blaze, Just, 55 Big Bea, 222 Blount, Jonathan, 90n56 Big Beat, The, 227 blues, 7, 9, 12, 34, 53, 166, 225, 228, 254 Bill Foster, 159, 160, 161 Bob Howard Show, The, xv as Black Goliath, 177, 187 Bolger, Ray, 221, 222 Billson, Janet, 24 Bond, Frederick, 222 Birth of a Nation, The, xiv Boogie Down Productions (BDP), 43 Birth of a Race, The, xiv Bosh, Chris, 139 biting, 55 Bosmajian, Haig, 20 Black Arts Movement (BAM), 53, 91, Bourne, Randolph, 267n223 93, 127 Bower, Frank, 210 black bottom, 217, 261n90 Bowman, Candy, 81, 82 Black Entertainment Television (BET), Breakin’, 237 238, 239 Brewer, Kevin, 242 Black Eyed Peas, The, 44 Brown, Celia, 211 black freedom struggle, x, 111, 135, 137, Brown, Clifford, 40 139. See also Civil Rights Movement Brown, Elaine, 44, 174 black music, xi–xii, 2, 5, 7, 8–12, 51, Brown, H. Rap, 112, 129 53–5, 88, 94–5, 208, 226–9, 235, 238, Brown, James, 42, 52, 53, 95, 97, 100 264n161. See also classical music; Brown, Jim, xviii, 173 country music; jazz; rap music; soul Brown v. Board of Education (Topeka), x music; spiritual music/expression Brubaker, Ralph, 125 Black/New Negro Renaissance, x, 229, 253 Brundage, Avery, 114, 116, 127, 131, Black Panther Party (for Self Defense), 35, 133–5, 137 126, 130, 166, 173 Buchanan, Charles, 218, 219, 220 demonstrations, 120, 144n61 Buck, Joan, 227 film, 96, 99 Buddy Deane Show, The, 227 Black Panther/T’Challa, 151, 154, 159, Bulldozer, 171 160–3, 1165, 168, 169–71, 179, 182, Bunch, Ralph, 84 184, 187 Burns, Hobert, 137 as Lucas Charles, 169 Burrell, Otis, 126 Black Power Movement (BPM), xix, 24–5, Bynoe, Yvonee, 8, 10 34–5, 42, 79, 85, 88, 129 Byrne, John, 175 aesthetics, 24–5, 34–5, 166, 233 Black Arts Movement, 91, 93 cakewalk, 208, 213–16, 260n78 Mexico City, 131–8 call and response, 1, 247 Blackburn, Sylvia, 83 Callis, Henry Arthur, 246 INDEX 273 Campbell, Don, 237 Clark Washington, 153, 191 Cannon, Nicholas Scott (Nick), 44 classical music, 51, 53 Canot, Theodore, 205 Clayton, Bob, 226 capitalism, 7, 33, 56, 103 Cleaver, Kathleen, 174 African Americans, 43–4, 96 Cleopatra Jones (Tamara Dobson), 95, 96, cultural costs, 36, 46, 105, 266–7n229 102, 1103, 167, 174, 196n90 Captain America, 161–3, 165, 168–9, Cline, Danny, 123 173–4, 178, 180, 182 Clinton, William J. “Bill,” 5 Car Wash, 153 Clorindy: The Origin of the Cakewalk, 215 Carelli, Justine, 226 Club MTV, 238 Carey, Bernadette, 90n56 Coachman, Alice, 115 Carlos, John, xviii–xix, 109–10, 111, 115, Coalition against Blaxploitation, xv 124, 126, 129, 131–7 Cobb, Lynette, 83 Carmichael, John, 129, 130 Cockrum, Dave, 183 Carmichael, Stokely (Kwame Ture), colonialism, 2–4, 6, 8–10, 36, 85, 113, 131, 132 118, 207 Carroll, Diahann, xvi, 85 Color Purple, The, xv Carroll, Lewis, 242 Coltrane, John, 53 Carroll, Ron, 224 Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), xv, Carter, Jimmy, 157–8, 177 xvi, 8, 21 Carter, Vince, 139 Columbia Records Group (CRG), 8, Cash Money Records, 39 9, 10 Castle, Vernon & Irene, 216, 260n88 Combs, Sean “Diddy,” 9, 41 Chairman Mao, 17 comics. See blackness; civil rights, Chalfant, Henry, 17 Civil Rights Movement; cultural Chamberlain, Wilt, 128 appropriation; integration Chapman, Charles Henry, 246 affirmative action, 157–8, 176 Charleston (the), 217, 220, 221, 250, anti-comic book crusade, xix, 175 261n90, 91 anti-hero, 163–5 Charnas, Dan, 36 black v. white creativity, 154 Chemistro, 165 black villains, 164–5 Chic, 54, 238 demographic sales shift, 189–90 Chisholm, Shirley, 85 gender, 174 chopping, 55 hero-for-hire, 164 civil rights, 126, 134, 177 hero-ing, 160 comic books, xix, 152, 154, 169 historical interpretation, 154 fraternities and sororities, 246 kung fu comics, 173 students, 121, 123 race and readership, 178 television, xvi reading demographic, xix Civil Rights Act (1964), 155–7, 176 Comiskey Park, 239 Civil Rights Movement, x, xvi, 86, 122, Common (Lonnie Rashid Lynn), 36, 39 135–7, 154–6, 157, 167, 228, 229 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), Civil War, xiv, xvii, 63, 64, 65, 66, 112, 118, 127 203, 213, 214 Congressional Black Caucus Claire Tempe, 174 (CBC), 157 Clansman, The, xiv Connie’s Inn, 218 Claremont, Chris, 175, 183–4 Cook, Dave, 240 Clark, Dick, 225–7, 235–6, 262n128 Cook, Will Marion, 215, 217 Clark, Robert, 119 Cooper, Musa, 241, 242 Clarke, Ron, 124 Corley, Bob, xvi 274 INDEX Cornelius, Don, 232–8, 264n174, 265n184 cultural raiding, 16, 17, 19, 25, 204 black