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Perfil Migratorio De Guatemala 2012

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Perfil Migratorio De Guatemala 2012 PerfilPerfil MigratorioMigratorio dede GuatemalaGuatemala 20122012 Perfil Migratorio de Guatemala 2012 de Guatemala Migratorio Perfil Organización Internacional para las Migraciones 17 Route des Morillons, CH-1211, Geneva 19, Suiza Tel: +41 22 717 9111 • Fax: +41 22 798 6150 Correo electrónico: [email protected] • Internet: http://www.iom.int Las opiniones expresadas en las publicaciones de la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones corresponden a los autores y no reflejan necesariamente las de la OIM. Las denominaciones empleadas en este informe y la forma en que aparecen presentados los datos que contiene no implican, por parte de la OIM, juicio alguno sobre la condición jurídica de ninguno de los países, territorios, ciudades o zonas citados o de sus autoridades, ni respecto de la delimitación de sus fronteras o límites. La OIM está consagrada al principio de que la migración en forma ordenada y en condiciones humanas beneficia a los migrantes y a la sociedad. En su calidad de organismo intergubernamental, la OIM trabaja con sus asociados de la comunidad internacional para: ayudar a encarar los crecientes desafíos que plantea la gestión de la migración, fomentar la comprensión de las cuestiones migratorias, alentar el desarrollo social y económico a través de la migración; y velar por el respeto de la dignidad humana y el bienestar de los migrantes. La realización de este documento fue posible gracias al apoyo del pueblo de los Estados Unidos de América proporcionado a través de la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID). El contenido aquí expresado es responsabilidad exclusiva de la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM) y el mismo no necesariamente refleja las opiniones de la USAID o del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos de América. Documento preparado por: Lic. Álvaro Caballeros Editado por: Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM) 8 avenida 15-07 zona 10, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala OIM Guatemala (José Diego Cárdenas) OIM Costa Rica (Salvador Gutiérrez) Publicado por: Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM) 8 avenida 15-07, zona 10, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala _____________________________________________________ © 2013 Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM) _____________________________________________________ Quedan reservados todos los derechos. La presente publicación no podrá ser reproducida íntegra o parcialmente, ni archivada o transmitida por ningún medio (ya sea electrónico, mecánico, fotocopiado, grabado u otro), sin la autorización previa del editor. 40_13 Perfil Migratorio de Guatemala 2012 Elaborado por el equipo técnico de la Oficina de la OIM en Guatemala Consultor: Álvaro Caballeros Junio de 2013 ÍNDICE Abreviaturas ......................................................................................11 Los perfiles migratorios de la OIM .....................................................13 Mapa del país y estadísticas clave ......................................................15 Executive summary ............................................................................17 Resumen ejecutivo ............................................................................21 Parte A: Tendencias migratorias y características de los migrantes .....25 A.1 Fuentes de información sobre migración en Guatemala: Alcances y limitaciones ..................................................................... 25 A.1.1 Censo de población ..................................................................... 26 A.1.2 Registros administrativos ............................................................. 27 A.1.3 Otras fuentes de información estadística .................................... 28 A.1.4 Serie Cuadernos de Migración de la OIM .................................... 29 A.1.5 Serie Informes de Desarrollo Humano ........................................ 29 A.1.6 Publicaciones del Banco Mundial ................................................ 30 A.2 Análisis de la economía guatemalteca, 2001-2011: Factores determinantes de la emigración .......................................... 30 A.2.1 Economía y migración .................................................................. 30 A.2.2 Producción según su origen ......................................................... 33 A.2.3 Inflación interanual ...................................................................... 34 A.2.4 Costo de la Canasta Básica, Salario Mínimo y salario de los afiliados al IGSS ...................................................... 35 A.2.5 Indicadores de empleo y afiliados al seguro social ...................... 36 A.2.6 Indicadores de la posición externa .............................................. 37 A.2.7 Tipo de cambio nominal .............................................................. 40 A.2.8 Sector fiscal ................................................................................. 41 A.2.9 Carga tributaria ............................................................................ 42 A.3 Emigración ........................................................................................ 43 A.3.1 Los destinos de la emigración guatemalteca en Estados Unidos de América .................................................... 47 A.4 Migración irregular ........................................................................... 54 A.4.1 Nuevo contexto migratorio .......................................................... 55 A.5 País de tránsito ................................................................................. 58 A.6 Migración transfronteriza .................................................................. 63 A.6.1 Regularización de la migración transfronteriza en México .......... 65 A.7 Programa de trabajadores temporales a Canadá ............................... 66 A.7.1 Temporalidad y salarios ................................................................. 70 A.8 Inmigración ....................................................................................... 70 A.8.1 Otros orígenes de la inmigración en Guatemala ......................... 72 Perfil Migratorio de Guatemala 2012 3 A.9 Migración interna ............................................................................. 74 A.10 Migración de retorno forzado............................................................ 76 A.10.1 Retornos forzados terrestres ....................................................... 77 A.10.2 Implicaciones de los retornos forzados ....................................... 78 A.11 Grupos vulnerables ........................................................................... 80 A.12 Niños, niñas y adolescentes migrantes: ............................................. 82 A.12.1 Perfil y destinos de los Niños, niñas y adolescentes migrantes ............................................................... 84 A.12.2 Retornos forzados de Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes migrantes desde México ....................................... 85 A.13 Emigración de mujeres ...................................................................... 90 A.13.1 Trabajadoras fronterizas .............................................................. 91 A.13.2 Mujeres migrantes internas ......................................................... 93 A.13.3 Trabajadoras agrícolas temporales migrantes ............................. 94 A.13.4 Mujeres retornadas forzadas ....................................................... 94 A.13.5 Retornadas forzadas desde México ............................................. 96 A.13.6 Mujeres inmigrantes en Guatemala ........................................... 97 A.14 Familia migrante: nuevas reconfiguraciones y vulnerabilidades ......... 98 A.15 Migración indígena ......................................................................... 100 A.16 Trata y migración una oscura relación ............................................. 101 A.16.1 Protección y prevención ............................................................ 104 Parte B: Repercusiones de la migración ............................................107 B.1 Migración y Desarrollo Humano ........................................................ 107 B.1.1 Implicaciones de la migración en el Desarrollo Humano .......... 108 B.2 Migración y Desarrollo Económico .................................................... 114 B.2.1 Migración y Remesas familiares ............................................... 114 B.2.2 Impactos Macroeconómicos ...................................................... 116 B.2.3 Repercusiones de las remesas en el sistema financiero nacional .................................................................... 118 B.2.4 Repercusiones en el consumo y la pobreza ............................... 120 B.3 Migración, empleo y mercado de trabajo ........................................ 124 B.4 Migración y Desarrollo Social .......................................................... 127 B.4.1 Impactos a escala familiar ......................................................... 130 B.5 Educación y migración ..................................................................... 131 B.6 Migración y salud: situación sanitaria en Guatemala ....................... 133 B.6.1 Migración y salud ....................................................................... 135 B.7 Migración y medio ambiente .......................................................... 137 B.7.1 Vulnerabilidad ambiental y respuesta institucional ................... 140 Parte C: Gestión de la migración ......................................................143
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