DOCSLIB.ORG

Copyright by Daniel Aaron Law 2011

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Copyright by Daniel Aaron Law 2011 Copyright by Daniel Aaron Law 2011 The Dissertation Committee for Daniel Aaron Law Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Linguistic Inheritance, Social Difference, and the Last Two Thousand Years of Contact Among Lowland Mayan Languages Committee: Nora England, Co-Supervisor Brian Stross, Co-Supervisor Patience Epps David Stuart William Hanks Anthony Woodbury Linguistic Inheritance, Social Difference, and the Last Two Thousand Years of Contact Among Lowland Mayan Languages by Daniel Aaron Law, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2011 Dedication To Editt, Jarom, Eli and Lucas And to Gammy, for her good genes. Acknowledgements While dissertation-making is a dismally solitary task, I could not have done it alone. I gratefully acknowledge the generous help, support and encouragement that I have been fortunate to receive throughout my academic training from many individuals and institutions. I have been truly fortunate to have excellent and dedicated mentors and colleagues who encouraged me to continue with my studies and gave me both the tools and the confidence to see it through to the end. Nora England, who co-chaired my dissertation committee, has been unfailingly generous with her time and expertise. Her candor and insight in evaluating my work in embryo has improved my research and pushed me to expect more of myself. My other dissertation committee members also deserve recognition for their support and expertise. Brian Stross has been a cheerful and encouraging voice throughout the process. Pattie Epps introduced me to the study of language contact and has been an invaluable interlocutor throughout my research and writing. David Stuart has been a great friend and mentor for all things glyphic. Tony Woodbury greatly benefitted my dissertation with his uncanny ability to see both the forest and the trees. I also give heartfelt thanks to Bill Hanks for his transformative intellectual and professional guidance when it was most needed. I have benefitted immensely from dialogue and productive collaborations with numerous other colleages including Stephen Houston, John Robertson, Juan Jesus Vazquez Alvarez, Marc Zender, Sally Thomason, Peter Bakker, Yaron Matras, Jose Gomez Cruz, Maria Luz Garcia, Eric Campbell, Gwen Kirk, Adan Pascual, Anindita Chatterjee, Nick Carter, Simeon Floyd, B’alam Mateo Toledo, Margarita Valdovinos, Justin McIntosh, Emiliana Cruz, Caitlin Earley, Lucia Henderson, Todd Krause and many, many others who must forgive me for v not including them here. Financial support for the majority of my doctoral program, including funds for research equipment and fieldwork was made possible by a Jacob Javits fellowship from the U.S. Department of Education. Most of all, I have to thank my family. My wife Editt and I rolled in to Austin five years ago with a six month old baby. Now we are leaving with three young boys, Jarom, Eli and Lucas. I owe all of them, and particularly Editt, a huge debt of gratitude for tolerating the many long hours, days and weeks holed up in the library or away in the field. My family has provided a life-saving counterweight to the obsessive pull of research and reminded me that the allure of knowledge pales in comparison to the adventure of family. vi Linguistic Inheritance, Social Difference, and the Last Two Thousand Years of Contact Among Lowland Mayan Languages Daniel Aaron Law, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2011 Supervisors: Nora England and Brian Stross The analysis of language contact phenomena, as with many types of linguistic analysis, starts from the similarity and difference of linguistic systems. This dissertation will examine the consequences of linguistic similarity and the social construction of difference in the ‘Lowland Mayan linguistic area’, a region spanning parts of Guatemala, Southern Mexico, Belize and Honduras, in which related languages, all belonging to the Mayan language family, have been in intensive contact with each other over at least the past two millennia. The linguistic outcomes of this contact are described in detail in the dissertation. They include contact-induced changes in the phonology, morphology, and syntax of the languages involved of a type and degree that seems to contravene otherwise robust cross-linguistic tendencies. I propose that these cross-linguistically unusual outcomes of language contact in the Maya Lowlands result, in part, from an awareness of the inherited similarities between these languages, and in part from the role that linguistic vii features, but not languages as whole systems, appear to have played in the formation of community or other identities. This dissertation investigates two complementary questions about language contact phenomena that can be ideally explored through the study of languages with a high level of inherited similarity in contact with one another. The first is how historically specific, dynamic strategies and processes of constructing and asserting group identity and difference, as well as the role that language plays in these, can condition the outcomes of language contact. The second is more language internal: what role does (formal, structural) inherited similarity play in conditioning the outcome of language contact between related languages? These two questions are connected in the following hypothesis: that inherited linguistic similarity can itself be an important resource in the construction of identity and difference in particular social settings, and that the awareness of similarity between languages (mediated, as it is, by these processes of identity construction) facilitates contact-induced changes that are unlikely, or even unavailable without that perception of sameness. This proposal carries with it a call for more research on contact between related languages as related languages, and not as utterly separate systems. viii Table of Contents List of Tables........................................................................................................xiv List of Figures .....................................................................................................xvii List of Illustrations .............................................................................................xviii Chapter 1: Similarity and Difference in Language Contact ....................................1 1.1. Introduction .............................................................................................1 1.1.1 Overview of Dissertation................................................................................4 1.1.2 Scope of Dissertation......................................................................................6 1.1.3 Objectives.......................................................................................................8 1.1.4 Previous Work on Language Contact in the Maya Lowlands......................10 1.1.5 Data Sources.................................................................................................13 1.1.6 Borrowability and Language Contact...........................................................14 1.2 Linguistic Similarity and Social Difference...........................................15 1.2.1 Similarity and Difference in Language Contact...........................................17 1.2.2 Language Contact and the Representation of Languages in the Individual Mind ......................................................................................................................19 1.2.3 Language Contact and Defining Languages in Communities......................27 1.3 Methodology ..........................................................................................38 1.3.1 The Historical/Comparative Approach ........................................................40 1.3.2 Limitations of the Comparative Method ......................................................41 1.3.3 Distinguishing Contact from Inheritance .....................................................45 Chapter 2: The Maya Lowlands and Lowland Mayan Languages: Overview and History ..........................................................................................................48 2.1 Overview of Mayan Languages .............................................................49 2.2 Overview of Maya History.....................................................................53 2.3 Defining the Maya Lowlands .................................................................57 2.3.1 The Geography of the Maya Lowlands........................................................57 2.3.2 Material Culture and the Maya Lowlands....................................................59 2.3.3 Language and the Maya Lowlands...............................................................61 2.4 Linguistic Geography of the Maya Lowlands, Past and Present............62 2.4.1 The Preclassic Period (2200 BC-200 AD) ...................................................63 ix 2.4.2 The Classic Period (AD 200-900) ................................................................65 2.4.3 The Post-Classic Period (AD 900-1521)......................................................69 2.4.3.1 The Mopan ............................................................................................70 2.4.3.2 The Itzaj.................................................................................................71
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Guatemala Timeline
    Guatemala Timeline 1954: The U.S. backs a coup led by Carlos Castillo Armas against Guatemala's president, Jacobo Arbenz, which halts land reforms. Castillo Armas becomes President and takes away voting rights for illiterate Guatemalans. 1957: On July 26, President Armas is killed. 1960: The violent Guatemalan Civil War begins between the government's army and left-wing groups. Thousands of murders, rapes, tortures, and forced disappearances were executed by the Government toward the indigenous peoples. 1971: 12,000 students of the Universidad de San Carlos protest the soaring rate of violent crime. 1980: Maya leaders go to the Spanish Embassy in Guatemala to protest the numerous disappearances and assassinations by the State and to ask that the army be removed from their department, El Quiché. Security forces respond by burning the Embassy, which results in 37 deaths. 1982: Under President/Dictator Ríos Mont, the Scorched Earth policy targeting indigenous groups goes into effect. Over 626 indigenous villages are attacked. The massacre of the Ixil people and the Dos Erres Massacre are two of the most severe genocides during this time. 1985: Guatemala's Constitution includes three articles protecting the indigenous. Article 66 promotes their daily life, including their dress, language, and traditions. Article 67 protects indigenous land, and Article 68 declares that the State will give land to indigenous communities who need it for their development. 1985: The Academy of Mayan Languages of Guatemala (ALMG), which promotes and advocates for the use of the twenty-two Mayan languages in the public and private spheres, is recognized as an autonomous institution funded by the government.
    [Show full text]
  • Maize Genetic Resources of Highland Guatemala in Space and Time
    Seeds, hands, and lands Maize genetic resources of highland Guatemala in space and time Promotoren Prof. dr. P. Richards Hoogleraar Technologie en Agrarische Ontwikkeling Wageningen Universiteit Prof. dr. ir. A.K. Bregt Hoogleraar Geo-informatiekunde Wageningen Universiteit Co-promotoren Dr. ir. S. de Bruin Universitair docent, Centrum voor Geo-Informatie Wageningen Universiteit Dr. ir. H. Maat Universitair docent, leerstoelgroep Technologie en Agrarische Ontwikkeling Wageningen Universiteit Promotiecommissie Dr. E.F. Fischer (Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA) Dr. ir. Th.J.L. van Hintum (Centrum voor Genetische Bronnen Nederland, Wageningen) Prof. dr. L.E. Visser (Wageningen Universiteit) Prof. dr. K.S. Zimmerer (University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA) Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen CERES Research School for Resource Studies for Development en C.T. de Wit Graduate School for Production Ecology and Resource Conservation. Seeds, hands, and lands Maize genetic resources of highland Guatemala in space and time Jacob van Etten Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, prof. dr. M.J. Kropff, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 11 oktober 2006 des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula © Jacob van Etten, except Chapter 2 Keywords: plant genetic resources, Guatemala, maize ISBN: 90-8504-485-5 Cover design: Marisa Rappard For Laura and Hanna Acknowledgments This work was financially supported by Wageningen University and Research Centre through the CERES Research School for Resource Studies for Human Development and through the C.T. de Wit Graduate School for Production Ecology and Resource Conservation. I am grateful for having such good supervisors, who advised me on crucial points but also allowed me much freedom.
    [Show full text]
  • Republican Journal :Vol. 69, No. 35
    The Republican Journal. ■<,|XME 50-_BELFAST, MAINE, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 2, 1897. NUMBER 35. Pecker, who was murdered with Stockton Asserts ' brutally lierself. at the same time THE REPUBLICAN JOURNAL. Captain Whitman off the South American achieving, quite unexpect- The Christian Endeavor Convention. PERSONAL. PERSONAL. a for brilliant coast, was first mate of the Jor- edly, reputation play. H’ formerly Three dan. (led Tor Hichborn faced the next. is hundred delegates from various Captain Hart speaks in the highest Sear&port Base Ball Honors. pitcher Harry Miss Anna Coombs is visiting friends in P. C. Wliittnore of ia a EVERY THURSDAY FORKING BY THE parts of the State attended the ses- Putman, Ct., guest j terms of the murdered man and that an “old timer.” He is also a left hauded opening Vinalhaven. says Somewhere near the middle of the Irish sion of the Maine Christian Endeavor Con- of Orrin J. Dickey. he w as a most and reliable man batter. Lew Clifford them where he capable Sea lies an put vention in the Second island, which a celebrated Congregational Mrs. Frances Murch is spending the week G. F. of New York arrived ublican Journal Pub. Co. while an officer on his vessel.After Eng- couldn’t find but his back handed church at Biddeford Harrimau, Esq., K- lish novelist informs us has them, Wednesday morning, with in Siberia is forward as a had, for friends Bangor. for a short visit. Alaska, coming many position at the so settled the catcher Aug. 25th, and later trains brought many Tuesday its own plate great country.
    [Show full text]
  • Maya Languages……21
    1 Special thank you for those who made this possible: Dr. Linda Green (Honors Thesis advisor and Director of the Center for Latin American Studies) Center for Latin American Studies Faculty and Staff Dr. Raul Saba (Professor of LAS) Mr. Leo Roop (LAS Student Supporter) Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamerica (CIRMA) University of Arizona Study Abroad University of Arizona Honors College 2 Table of Contents: Abstract…………………………………………………………………3 Introduction…………………………………………………………….4 Guatemala: A Geographical Perspective……………………………..8 Defining Present Day Guatemala: Modernization and the Maya…11 Through the Lens of Violence, Fear and Exploitation…………......16 Vacillating Through Time: The Shift of the Maya Languages……21 Responding to the Change……………………………………….......25 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….29 Bibliography…………………………………………………………..32 3 Abstract The History of Guatemala, from cochineal to the fruit economy, is entrenched in deep societal and cultural problems caused by oppression, inequality and exploitation. Emerging into the twentieth century, Guatemala yearned for a spot within the global economic sphere. The industrialization and globalization, propelled by the coffee economy, deepened the schism within Guatemalan society, resulting in destructive consequences for the Maya and indigenous populations. This research will focus on the changes and shifts within the Maya languages as a result of the country’s fragile history and modernization of the early twentieth century. Despite the inequality of classes, Maya languages are experiencing reaffirmation and revitalization movements, proving that Maya languages are a dynamic part of the discourse in modern Guatemala. 4 Introduction Language is the foundation of communication within society, government, politics and economics. In Guatemala, a country roughly the size of Tennessee, there are over 23 indigenous languages that are recognized and spoken in the vida cotidiana, or everyday life.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Supreme Court of Belize, A.D. 2007
    IN THE SUPREME COURT OF BELIZE, A.D. 2007 CONSOLIDATED CLAIMS CLAIM NO. 171 OF 2007 BETWEEN: AURELIO CAL in his own behalf and on behalf of the MAVA VILLAGE OF SANTACRUZ and BASILIO TEUL, HIGINIO TEUL, MARCELINA CAL TEUL and SUSANO CANTI Claimants AND THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF BELIZE and THE MINISTER OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT Defendants CLAIM NO. 172 OF 2007 BETWEEN: MANUEL COY in his own behalf and on behalf of the MAYA VILLAGE OF CONEJO and MANUEL CAAL, PERFECTO MAKIN and MELINA MAKIN Claimants AND THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF BELIZE and THE MINISTER OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT Defendants University Of Hawaii School of Law Library - Jon Van Dyke Archives Collection BEFORE the Honourable Abdulai Conteh, Chief Justice. Ms. Antoinette Moore for the claimants. Ms. Nichola Cho with Mrs. Andrea McSweeney McKoy for the defendants. JUDGMENT 1. The Claimants and the Nature of their case This judgment relates to consolidated claims which raise essentially the same issue. All the claimants have in common the fact that they are members of Maya communities in Southern Belize. The first set of claimants in Claim No. 171 of 2007, live in the Maya village of Santa Cruz; and the first-named claimant Aurelio Cal is the elected Alcalde of the said village of Santa Cruz and he brings this claim on his own behalf and that of the claimant village. The other co-claimants are all members of the said village of Santa Cruz. The second set of claimants in Claim No. 172 of 2007 live in the Maya village of Conejo, and the first-named claimant, Manuel Coy, is the elected Alcalde of Conejo Village and he has brought this claim on his own behalf and that of the said Conejo Village.
    [Show full text]
  • Mayan Language Revitalization, Hip Hop, and Ethnic Identity in Guatemala
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Linguistics Faculty Publications Linguistics 3-2016 Mayan Language Revitalization, Hip Hop, and Ethnic Identity in Guatemala Rusty Barrett University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits oy u. Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/lin_facpub Part of the Communication Commons, Language Interpretation and Translation Commons, and the Linguistics Commons Repository Citation Barrett, Rusty, "Mayan Language Revitalization, Hip Hop, and Ethnic Identity in Guatemala" (2016). Linguistics Faculty Publications. 72. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/lin_facpub/72 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Linguistics at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Linguistics Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mayan Language Revitalization, Hip Hop, and Ethnic Identity in Guatemala Notes/Citation Information Published in Language & Communication, v. 47, p. 144-153. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. The document available for download is the authors' post-peer-review final draft of the ra ticle. Digital Object Identifier (DOI) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2015.08.005 This article is available at UKnowledge: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/lin_facpub/72 Mayan language revitalization, hip hop, and ethnic identity in Guatemala Rusty Barrett, University of Kentucky to appear, Language & Communiction (46) Abstract: This paper analyzes the language ideologies and linguistic practices of Mayan-language hip hop in Guatemala, focusing on the work of the group B’alam Ajpu.
    [Show full text]
  • Biocultural Factors in School Achievement for Mopan Children in Belize
    DEBORAH L. CROOKS / UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY Biocultural Factors in School Achievement for Mopan Children in Belize We were once much smarter people. into traditional statistical models of biological anthro- —Maya caretaker at archaeological site, Toledo District, Belize pological research is difficult because of the distinctly different nature of the two kinds of data produced. One MOPAN MAYA CHILDREN of San Antonio, Toledo, Be- approach to this problem is discussed by William lize, face a number of challenges to their success in Dressier (1995), who advocates using ethnography up school. Mayan ethnicity, language, and traditional eco- front in the research design to construct culturally nomic strategies are rendered disadvantageous for meaningful variables that can then be quantified for school achievement by historical, social, cultural, and testing. Resulting models are able to account for local economic forces. Statistics on poverty and child growth levels of meaning within the framework of "scientific" indicate that Mayan children are poorer and more research. poorly nourished than other Belizean children, and they Another approach is that taken by Thomas Leather- do less well on national achievement exams. In addi- man (in press) and Brooke Thomas (in press). This po- tion, they attend school structured on the British model litical-economic approach uses quantitative measures and taught in English. In the past, biocultural ap- of biological outcome but contextualizes the numbers proaches might model a causal pathway from poverty to by focusing "upstream" on conditions that produce nutritional status to cognitive development to school stress and either facilitate or constrain coping re- achievement. But the interrelationships among poverty, sponses.
    [Show full text]
  • Deforestation Trends in the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala Authored By: February 2015
    2000-2013 Deforestation Trends in the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala Authored by: February 2015 Benjamin D. Hodgdon Rainforest Alliance David Hughell Rainforest Alliance Victor Hugo Ramos Consejo Nacional de Áreas Protegidas/Wildlife Conservation Society Roan Balas McNab Wildlife Conservation Society The Rainforest Alliance works to conserve biodiversity and ensure sustain- able livelihoods by transforming land-use prac- tices, business practices and consumer behavior. www.rainforest -alliance.org SUMMARY Deforestation Trends in the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala Forest canopy of the MBR from atop the ruins of Tikal Photo by Charlie Watson Covering close to 2.1 million hectares, Guatemala’s Some 15 years after the majority of concessions Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR) is the largest pro- were awarded, deforestation trends in the MBR dur- tected area in Central America and home to around ing 2000-2013 were analyzed and broken down by 180,000 people, as well as globally important bio- administrative classification, as well as other vari- diversity and cultural heritage. Established in 1990, ables. In summary the analysis found that: the reserve is also the site of an internationally sig- nificant example of multiple-use forest management • The deforestation rate across the entire MBR was with the twin aims of conservation and social devel- 1.2 percent annually during the 14-year period, opment. This paper analyzes deforestation trends in lower than the average rate of deforestation in different management zones of the MBR during the Guatemala as whole, which stood at 1.4 percent period 2000-2013 and looks within these zones to from 2000 to 2010 identify trends among specific management units.
    [Show full text]
  • By (Under the Direction of Elois Ann Berlin) Knowledge of The
    CHILDREN’S ETHNOECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE: SITUATED LEARNING AND THE CULTURAL TRANSMISSION OF SUBSISTENCE KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS AMONG Q’EQCHI’ MAYA by REBECCA KRISTYN ZARGER (Under the Direction of Elois Ann Berlin) ABSTRACT Knowledge of the biophysical environment is acquired through participation in cultural routines and immersion in a local human ecosystem. Presented here are the results of a study of the cultural transmission of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) in Q’eqchi’ Maya communities of southern Belize. Qualitative and quantitative methods provided means to describe learning pathways and distribution of subsistence knowledge and skills among children and adults. Data collection focused on situated learning and teaching of TEK during childhood, as very little research of this type exists. Subsistence strategies and local cognitive categories of flora and fauna were documented using methodological approaches from ethnobiology. Food production and preparation, harvesting of herbs, fruits, and medicines, hunting and fishing activities, and construction of household items were included in the domain of subsistence. Systematic behavioral observation, ethnographic interviews, and participant observation provided data about formal and indigenous educational systems. Learning and teaching processes are shaped by cultural belief systems, ecology, socioeconomic institutions, and gender roles. Methods for describing development of expertise in TEK during childhood included pile sorts, freelists, child-guided home garden surveys, and a plant trail in the primary research site. Children develop extensive knowledge early in life. By the time children are 9 years of age, they know 85% of Q’eqchi’ names for plants near the household and 50% of plants elsewhere. Younger children categorize plants based primarily on morphology, and as they gain experience, utility and cultural salience are integrated.
    [Show full text]
  • Intercultural Bilingual Education and Teacher Agency in Guatemala By
    Intercultural Bilingual Education and Teacher Agency in Guatemala By Tara Kingsley Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in Latin American Studies May, 2016 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Carwil Bjork-James, Ph.D. Mareike Sattler W. Frank Robinson, Ph.D. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Vanderbilt University’s Center for Latin American Studies for the support of its faculty over the course of my Master’s program. I am especially grateful for the Foreign Language and Area Studies (FLAS) academic year and summer fellowships awarded to me by the Center for Latin American Studies. Without this support, my travel to Guatemala and study of the K’iche’ language would not have been possible. I truly appreciate those people whose constructive input and inquiries about my project strengthened this research. In particular, I would like to thank Carwil Bjork-James and Mareike Sattler, whose guidance and feedback were invaluable to this project. In the classroom, their expertise and contagious passion for their areas of research fostered my own interests. I am truly grateful to them. Finally, and most importantly, I am grateful to the bilingual teachers in Nahualá, Sololá who graciously invited me into their classrooms and shared their experiences with me. Their commitment to and passion for their vocation is remarkable. ii Table of Contents Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………………………………ii Part I: Introduction.………………………………………………………………………………..1 Part II: Historical, Political and Cultural Context of Intercultural Bilingual Education ........……9 Part III: Assessment of Intercultural Bilingual Education’s Impact in Guatemala.......…………16 Part IV: A Study in Nahualá, Sololá …………………………………………………………….32 Part V: Conclusion ....……………………………………………………………………………57 APPENDIX OF INTERVIEWS ………………………………………………………………...60 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………..62 iii I.
    [Show full text]
  • The Production of K'iche'tellano in Highland Guatemala
    The International Journal of Language Society and Culture Editors: Thao Lê and Quynh Lê URL: www.educ.utas.edu.au/users/tle/JOURNAL/ ISSN 1327-774X Language Gain, Language Loss: The Production of K’iche’tellano in Highland Guatemala Martha Bitar, Charise Pimentel, Ana Juarez Texas State University - San Marcos Abstract This ethnographic study examines the emerging language practices of a local Maya community in Nu- eva Santa Catarina Ixtahuacán, Guatemala. The authors utilize racial formation theory (Omi & Wi- nant, 1994) to demonstrate how state apparatuses, such as language restriction laws and the consti- tution have contributed to the formation of racial categories such as Ladinos and Indians, racial con- structs that did not occur prior to the Spanish colonialization. In addition to the structural effects on racial formation, the authors examine the cultural representations that emerge in the process of racial formation, namely Maya resiliency, a pan-Mayan identity, and evolving language practices that incor- porate K’iche’ and Spanish. Data in this article show that while members of this Maya community may fight to preserve K’iche’ in the face of macro-level racial projects that aim to eliminate all Mayan lan- guages, they simultaneously produce micro-level practices that sustain the ideological underpinnings that privilege the Spanish language. More specifically, we find that while participants’ use of Spanish and K’iche’ is highly contextualized, they also produce hybrid language practices that reflect the on- going racial projects and linguistic transformations that Maya peoples undergo. We refer to the partic- ipants’ mixed language code as “K’iche’tellano,” a term that captures the competing, yet complementa- ry interaction between the two languages: K’iche’ and Castellano (Spanish from Spain).
    [Show full text]
  • Norwegian Immigration to Latin America
    Expectations Unfulfilled <UN> Studies in Global Social History VOLUME 24 Studies in Global Migration History Editor Dirk Hoerder (University of Arizona, Phoenix, ar, usa) Editorial Board Bridget Anderson (University of Oxford) Adam Hanieh (soas, University of London) Immanuel Ness (City University of New York) Jose Moya (Barnard College, Columbia University) Brenda Yeoh (National University of Singapore) Vazira Fazila-Yacoobaliis Zamindar (Brown University) Min Zhou (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore) VOLUME 8 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/sgmh <UN> Expectations Unfulfilled Norwegian Migrants in Latin America, 1820–1940 Edited by Steinar A. Sæther LEIDEN | BOSTON <UN> This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported (cc-by-nc 3.0) License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Cover illustration: Ottar Enger, Ole V. Høiby and unknown worker resting in ‘Hiet’ (The Lair) at the estancia ‘El Mate’ in Argentina, ca. 1927. The photograph is taken with the camera of Ole V. Høiby. Photograph courtesy of Ove Høiby. Want or need Open Access? Brill Open offers you the choice to make your research freely accessible online in exchange for a publication charge. Review your various options on brill.com/brill-open. Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1874-6705 isbn 978-90-04-30738-4 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-30739-1 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands.
    [Show full text]