Republican Journal :Vol. 69, No. 35
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The Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1955-1958
THE COMMONWEALTH TRANS-ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION 1955-1958 HOW THE CROSSING OF ANTARCTICA MOVED NEW ZEALAND TO RECOGNISE ITS ANTARCTIC HERITAGE AND TAKE AN EQUAL PLACE AMONG ANTARCTIC NATIONS A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree PhD - Doctor of Philosophy (Antarctic Studies – History) University of Canterbury Gateway Antarctica Stephen Walter Hicks 2015 Statement of Authority & Originality I certify that the work in this thesis has not been previously submitted for a degree nor has it been submitted as part of requirements for a degree except as fully acknowledged within the text. I also certify that the thesis has been written by me. Any help that I have received in my research and the preparation of the thesis itself has been acknowledged. In addition, I certify that all information sources and literature used are indicated in the thesis. Elements of material covered in Chapter 4 and 5 have been published in: Electronic version: Stephen Hicks, Bryan Storey, Philippa Mein-Smith, ‘Against All Odds: the birth of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1955-1958’, Polar Record, Volume00,(0), pp.1-12, (2011), Cambridge University Press, 2011. Print version: Stephen Hicks, Bryan Storey, Philippa Mein-Smith, ‘Against All Odds: the birth of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1955-1958’, Polar Record, Volume 49, Issue 1, pp. 50-61, Cambridge University Press, 2013 Signature of Candidate ________________________________ Table of Contents Foreword .................................................................................................................................. -
William Smith Abstracts
William Smith 1769-1839 Acknowledgements This meeting is a part of a number of events that mark the Bicentennial of the first map published by William Smith. We gratefully acknowledge the support of ARUP for making this meeting possible. Sponsor: CONTENTS Inside Cover Sponsors Acknowledgement Event Programme Page 1 Speaker Abstracts Page 37 Poster Abstracts Page 47 Speaker Biographies Page 57 Burlington House Fire Safety Information Page 58 Ground Floor Plan of the Geological Society, Burlington House William Smith Meeting 2015 200 Years of Smith’s Map 23-24 April 2015 PROGRAMME SPEAKER ABSTRACTS William Smith Meeting 23 April 2015 DAY ONE 1 William Smith's (1769-1839) Searches for a Money-earning Career Hugh Torrens Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK email: [email protected] This lecture will concentrate on Smith's, highly complex, early 'career paths'. His first employment was as a land surveyor (1). Then in 1793 he became both, canal surveyor (2), and engineer, (3) to the Somerset Coal Canal (SCC). These had guaranteed him a regular, and known, income. But this suddenly changed, when he was successively dismissed, first as surveyor, then as engineer, in 1799. He now had to find some other means of supporting himself, and the geological revelations, which he knew were so important, that he had uncovered in Somerset. In the mid-1790s, he had done some land drainage and irrigation work (4), for the chairman of the SCC, and immediately after his dismissals, was able to generate an adequate living from such work around Bath, during a period of very high rainfall. -
Antarctic Primer
Antarctic Primer By Nigel Sitwell, Tom Ritchie & Gary Miller By Nigel Sitwell, Tom Ritchie & Gary Miller Designed by: Olivia Young, Aurora Expeditions October 2018 Cover image © I.Tortosa Morgan Suite 12, Level 2 35 Buckingham Street Surry Hills, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia To anyone who goes to the Antarctic, there is a tremendous appeal, an unparalleled combination of grandeur, beauty, vastness, loneliness, and malevolence —all of which sound terribly melodramatic — but which truly convey the actual feeling of Antarctica. Where else in the world are all of these descriptions really true? —Captain T.L.M. Sunter, ‘The Antarctic Century Newsletter ANTARCTIC PRIMER 2018 | 3 CONTENTS I. CONSERVING ANTARCTICA Guidance for Visitors to the Antarctic Antarctica’s Historic Heritage South Georgia Biosecurity II. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Antarctica The Southern Ocean The Continent Climate Atmospheric Phenomena The Ozone Hole Climate Change Sea Ice The Antarctic Ice Cap Icebergs A Short Glossary of Ice Terms III. THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Life in Antarctica Adapting to the Cold The Kingdom of Krill IV. THE WILDLIFE Antarctic Squids Antarctic Fishes Antarctic Birds Antarctic Seals Antarctic Whales 4 AURORA EXPEDITIONS | Pioneering expedition travel to the heart of nature. CONTENTS V. EXPLORERS AND SCIENTISTS The Exploration of Antarctica The Antarctic Treaty VI. PLACES YOU MAY VISIT South Shetland Islands Antarctic Peninsula Weddell Sea South Orkney Islands South Georgia The Falkland Islands South Sandwich Islands The Historic Ross Sea Sector Commonwealth Bay VII. FURTHER READING VIII. WILDLIFE CHECKLISTS ANTARCTIC PRIMER 2018 | 5 Adélie penguins in the Antarctic Peninsula I. CONSERVING ANTARCTICA Antarctica is the largest wilderness area on earth, a place that must be preserved in its present, virtually pristine state. -
14. Antarctica
14. ANTARCTICA Antarctica’s international boundaries may be distinguished from the international boundaries of other continents in fi ve ways. First, all the claimed boundaries coincide with meridians that meet at the South Pole (Figure 14.1). Second, there are no bilateral agreements dealing with national claims to the continent. However, Australia, Britain, France, New Zealand and Norway have ensured that their adjoining claims are conterminous. Third none of the boundaries in Antarctica have been demarcated. Fourth, none of the countries that claim terri- tory enforce any restrictions on the movements of people or goods at the limits of their territory. The issue of sovereignty was placed in abeyance by Article 4 of the Antarctic Treaty. 1. Nothing contained in the present Treaty shall be interpreted as: (a) a renunciation by any Contracting Party of previously asserted rights or claims to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica; (b) a renunciation or diminution by any Contracting Party of any basis of claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica which it may have whether as a result of its activities or those of its nationals in Antarctica, or otherwise; (c) prejudicing the position of any Contracting Party as regards its recogni- tion or non-recognition of any other State’s rights of or claim or basis of claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica. 2. No acts or activities taking place while the present Treaty is in force shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica or create any rights of sovereignty in Antarctica. No new claim, or enlargement of an existing claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica shall be asserted while the present treaty is in force. -
A NTARCTIC Southpole-Sium
N ORWAY A N D THE A N TARCTIC SouthPole-sium v.3 Oslo, Norway • 12-14 May 2017 Compiled and produced by Robert B. Stephenson. E & TP-32 2 Norway and the Antarctic 3 This edition of 100 copies was issued by The Erebus & Terror Press, Jaffrey, New Hampshire, for those attending the SouthPole-sium v.3 Oslo, Norway 12-14 May 2017. Printed at Savron Graphics Jaffrey, New Hampshire May 2017 ❦ 4 Norway and the Antarctic A Timeline to 2006 • Late 18th Vessels from several nations explore around the unknown century continent in the south, and seal hunting began on the islands around the Antarctic. • 1820 Probably the first sighting of land in Antarctica. The British Williams exploration party led by Captain William Smith discovered the northwest coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. The Russian Vostok and Mirnyy expedition led by Thaddeus Thadevich Bellingshausen sighted parts of the continental coast (Dronning Maud Land) without recognizing what they had seen. They discovered Peter I Island in January of 1821. • 1841 James Clark Ross sailed with the Erebus and the Terror through the ice in the Ross Sea, and mapped 900 kilometres of the coast. He discovered Ross Island and Mount Erebus. • 1892-93 Financed by Chr. Christensen from Sandefjord, C. A. Larsen sailed the Jason in search of new whaling grounds. The first fossils in Antarctica were discovered on Seymour Island, and the eastern part of the Antarctic Peninsula was explored to 68° 10’ S. Large stocks of whale were reported in the Antarctic and near South Georgia, and this discovery paved the way for the large-scale whaling industry and activity in the south. -
9 · the Growth of an Empirical Cartography in Hellenistic Greece
9 · The Growth of an Empirical Cartography in Hellenistic Greece PREPARED BY THE EDITORS FROM MATERIALS SUPPLIED BY GERMAINE AUJAe There is no complete break between the development of That such a change should occur is due both to po cartography in classical and in Hellenistic Greece. In litical and military factors and to cultural developments contrast to many periods in the ancient and medieval within Greek society as a whole. With respect to the world, we are able to reconstruct throughout the Greek latter, we can see how Greek cartography started to be period-and indeed into the Roman-a continuum in influenced by a new infrastructure for learning that had cartographic thought and practice. Certainly the a profound effect on the growth of formalized know achievements of the third century B.C. in Alexandria had ledge in general. Of particular importance for the history been prepared for and made possible by the scientific of the map was the growth of Alexandria as a major progress of the fourth century. Eudoxus, as we have seen, center of learning, far surpassing in this respect the had already formulated the geocentric hypothesis in Macedonian court at Pella. It was at Alexandria that mathematical models; and he had also translated his Euclid's famous school of geometry flourished in the concepts into celestial globes that may be regarded as reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285-246 B.C.). And it anticipating the sphairopoiia. 1 By the beginning of the was at Alexandria that this Ptolemy, son of Ptolemy I Hellenistic period there had been developed not only the Soter, a companion of Alexander, had founded the li various celestial globes, but also systems of concentric brary, soon to become famous throughout the Mediter spheres, together with maps of the inhabited world that ranean world. -
Copyright by Daniel Aaron Law 2011
Copyright by Daniel Aaron Law 2011 The Dissertation Committee for Daniel Aaron Law Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Linguistic Inheritance, Social Difference, and the Last Two Thousand Years of Contact Among Lowland Mayan Languages Committee: Nora England, Co-Supervisor Brian Stross, Co-Supervisor Patience Epps David Stuart William Hanks Anthony Woodbury Linguistic Inheritance, Social Difference, and the Last Two Thousand Years of Contact Among Lowland Mayan Languages by Daniel Aaron Law, B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2011 Dedication To Editt, Jarom, Eli and Lucas And to Gammy, for her good genes. Acknowledgements While dissertation-making is a dismally solitary task, I could not have done it alone. I gratefully acknowledge the generous help, support and encouragement that I have been fortunate to receive throughout my academic training from many individuals and institutions. I have been truly fortunate to have excellent and dedicated mentors and colleagues who encouraged me to continue with my studies and gave me both the tools and the confidence to see it through to the end. Nora England, who co-chaired my dissertation committee, has been unfailingly generous with her time and expertise. Her candor and insight in evaluating my work in embryo has improved my research and pushed me to expect more of myself. My other dissertation committee members also deserve recognition for their support and expertise. -
Deforestation Trends in the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala Authored By: February 2015
2000-2013 Deforestation Trends in the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala Authored by: February 2015 Benjamin D. Hodgdon Rainforest Alliance David Hughell Rainforest Alliance Victor Hugo Ramos Consejo Nacional de Áreas Protegidas/Wildlife Conservation Society Roan Balas McNab Wildlife Conservation Society The Rainforest Alliance works to conserve biodiversity and ensure sustain- able livelihoods by transforming land-use prac- tices, business practices and consumer behavior. www.rainforest -alliance.org SUMMARY Deforestation Trends in the Maya Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala Forest canopy of the MBR from atop the ruins of Tikal Photo by Charlie Watson Covering close to 2.1 million hectares, Guatemala’s Some 15 years after the majority of concessions Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR) is the largest pro- were awarded, deforestation trends in the MBR dur- tected area in Central America and home to around ing 2000-2013 were analyzed and broken down by 180,000 people, as well as globally important bio- administrative classification, as well as other vari- diversity and cultural heritage. Established in 1990, ables. In summary the analysis found that: the reserve is also the site of an internationally sig- nificant example of multiple-use forest management • The deforestation rate across the entire MBR was with the twin aims of conservation and social devel- 1.2 percent annually during the 14-year period, opment. This paper analyzes deforestation trends in lower than the average rate of deforestation in different management zones of the MBR during the Guatemala as whole, which stood at 1.4 percent period 2000-2013 and looks within these zones to from 2000 to 2010 identify trends among specific management units. -
Public Information Leaflet HISTORY.Indd
British Antarctic Survey History The United Kingdom has a long and distinguished record of scientific exploration in Antarctica. Before the creation of the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), there were many surveying and scientific expeditions that laid the foundations for modern polar science. These ranged from Captain Cook’s naval voyages of the 18th century, to the famous expeditions led by Scott and Shackleton, to a secret wartime operation to secure British interests in Antarctica. Today, BAS is a world leader in polar science, maintaining the UK’s long history of Antarctic discovery and scientific endeavour. The early years Britain’s interests in Antarctica started with the first circumnavigation of the Antarctic continent by Captain James Cook during his voyage of 1772-75. Cook sailed his two ships, HMS Resolution and HMS Adventure, into the pack ice reaching as far as 71°10' south and crossing the Antarctic Circle for the first time. He discovered South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands although he did not set eyes on the Antarctic continent itself. His reports of fur seals led many sealers from Britain and the United States to head to the Antarctic to begin a long and unsustainable exploitation of the Southern Ocean. Image: Unloading cargo for the construction of ‘Base A’ on Goudier Island, Antarctic Peninsula (1944). During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, interest in Antarctica was largely focused on the exploitation of its surrounding waters by sealers and whalers. The discovery of the South Shetland Islands is attributed to Captain William Smith who was blown off course when sailing around Cape Horn in 1819. -
The Voyages of Captain William Smith and Others to the South Shetlands Author(S): Ida Lee (Mrs
The Voyages of Captain William Smith and Others to the South Shetlands Author(s): Ida Lee (Mrs. Charles Bruce Marriott) and W. H. Shirreff Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Oct., 1913), pp. 365-370 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1779065 Accessed: 19-06-2016 16:34 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal This content downloaded from 128.143.23.241 on Sun, 19 Jun 2016 16:34:06 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms ( 365 ) THE VOYAGES OF CAPTAIN WILLIAM SMITH AND OTHERS TO THE SOUTH SHETLANDS. By IDA LEE (Mrs. CHABLES BRUCE MARRIOTT). The charts and drawings of the first Antarctic explorers are so few in number that rarely have any been overlooked or forgotten, yet the picture given below of the little brig Williams nearing the South Shetlands, in February, 1819, has never, so far as we know, been published. In this voyage, Captain William Smith discovered the northernmost land of the CHART OF SOUTH SHETLANDS, DBAW.N BY WILLIAM HEHRY GODDARD, {From the original in the Admiralty Library.) group which he then named New South Britain. -
Norwegian Immigration to Latin America
Expectations Unfulfilled <UN> Studies in Global Social History VOLUME 24 Studies in Global Migration History Editor Dirk Hoerder (University of Arizona, Phoenix, ar, usa) Editorial Board Bridget Anderson (University of Oxford) Adam Hanieh (soas, University of London) Immanuel Ness (City University of New York) Jose Moya (Barnard College, Columbia University) Brenda Yeoh (National University of Singapore) Vazira Fazila-Yacoobaliis Zamindar (Brown University) Min Zhou (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore) VOLUME 8 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/sgmh <UN> Expectations Unfulfilled Norwegian Migrants in Latin America, 1820–1940 Edited by Steinar A. Sæther LEIDEN | BOSTON <UN> This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported (cc-by-nc 3.0) License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Cover illustration: Ottar Enger, Ole V. Høiby and unknown worker resting in ‘Hiet’ (The Lair) at the estancia ‘El Mate’ in Argentina, ca. 1927. The photograph is taken with the camera of Ole V. Høiby. Photograph courtesy of Ove Høiby. Want or need Open Access? Brill Open offers you the choice to make your research freely accessible online in exchange for a publication charge. Review your various options on brill.com/brill-open. Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1874-6705 isbn 978-90-04-30738-4 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-30739-1 (e-book) Copyright 2016 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. -
Religion in Guatemala
LATIN AMERICAN SOCIO-RELIGIOUS STUDIES PROGRAM - PROGRAMA LATINOAMERICANO DE ESTUDIOS SOCIORRELIGIOSOS (PROLADES) ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGIOUS GROUPS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: RELIGION IN GUATEMALA SECOND EDITION By Clifton L. Holland, Director of PROLADES Last revised on 30 March 2020 PROLADES Apartado 86-5000, Liberia, Guanacaste, Costa Rica Telephone (506) 8820-7023; E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.prolades.com/ © 2018-2020, Clifton L. Holland, PROLADES All rights reserved 2 CONTENTS Country Overview 5 Current Religious Situation 7 Historical Overview of Social, Religious and Political Development 9 The Roman Catholic Church 24 Independent Western Roman Catholic-derived groups 32 The Protestant Movement 33 Other Religions 103 Marginal Christian Groups 106 Eastern Orthodox Jurisdictions 108 Non-Christian Religions 113 Ecumenical-Interfaith Groups 120 Those with no religious affiliation or not specified 120 Sources 121 3 4 RELIGION IN GUATEMALA Country Overview The Republic of Guatemala is the most populous country in Central America, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Caribbean Sea to the east, and adjacent to Mexico (west and north), Belize (northeast), Honduras (east), and El Salvador (southeast). The total population of Guatemala was estimated at 14.6 million in 2010, and 16.9 million in 2017. Most of Guatemala's population is rural, although urbanization is accelerating in the departmental capitals and in the national capital of Guatemala City. The Guatemala City metropolitan area of 2.7 million people (2015) includes Guatemala City plus seven surrounding municipalities: Amatitlán, Chinautla, Mixco, San Miguel Petapa, Santa Catarina Pinula, Villa Canales and Villa Nueva, which covers a land area of 184.6 miles (478 square km).