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PA 2016 Entomology Program Highlights

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PA 2016 Entomology Program Highlights Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture 2016 Entomology Program Summary The Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture (PDA) Entomology Program is responsible for the regulation of insect plant pests, which includes survey, laboratory analysis, and control/mitigation of new invasive insects when warranted. In 2016, the Entomology Program either conducted or actively participated in 17 invasive insect pest surveys across the Commonwealth. The laboratory received and processed 17,724 different insect samples and identified 103,367 specimens from these samples. Regardless of the survey, all samples were screened for Cerambycidae, Buprestidae, Scolytinae, Pentatomoidea, Siricidae, Symphyta, Vespidae, Fulgoroidea and other select species like Phytomyza gymnostoma (Allium leafminer), Sirex noctilio, Larinus turbinatus, Adelges tsugae (Hemlock Woolly Adelgid), and Pyrhalta viburni (Viburnum Leaf Beetle). Bombus species were added late in 2016 in response to the listing of Bombus affinis as a Federal endangered species. In addition, several other non-targeted species were identified if they were unfamiliar to staff taxonomists. Entomology surveys are carried out by permanent and temporary PDA staff, as well as cooperating government and non-government collaborators. Insect samples are also submitted through cooperative extension, private industry, and the general public. SPOTTED LANTERNFLY (SLF): The cooperative response to eradicate SLF by the community, local governments, individual property owners, businesses, state agencies, researchers, and the federal government has been a refreshing experience and the Entomology Program extends a sincere thank you to everyone who has dedicated time, expertise, and resources this effort. On September 22, 2014 an educator with the PA Game Commission submitted a report detailing damage to Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven) and the presence of an unknown insect associated with the damage in Eastern Berks County. An inspection by PDA staff resulted in the collection of a pest new to North America, Lycorma delicatula (spotted lanternfly). A brief delimiting survey indicated a population that was limited in distribution and a quarantine was established late in 2014 to contain the pest in its known area. Efforts to research the pest, delimit its distribution, and begin an aggressive control strategy were undertaken in 2015. Information gathered in 2015, confirmed that SLF makes use of many plant species for the majority of life cycle, but is highly focused on tree of heaven from Late-July through October. Data indicated that egg mass scraping was an effective means for population reduction, and that use of adhesive tree bands was of limited use, capturing only the 1st through 3rd instar SLF. Starting in December of 2015, a targeted attract and kill control strategy was implemented at 20 properties in the core infested zone, which was continued and expanded in 2016. In March of 2016, PDA was awarded emergency Farm Bill funding to attempt eradication of SLF, and cooperators were awarded funding for research and outreach. To adapt to the changing infestation, and changing needs of the program, PDA hired a full time program coordinator and 16 seasonal employees dedicated to eradication and survey efforts in 2016. A seasonal field crew coordinator was also hired. PDA also leased a centralized office to stage SLF crews and offer space for cooperating researchers to work on biological control, impact studies, treatment efficacy, and other spotted lanternfly research. The program targets were slightly altered in 2016 to band fewer trees, but over a wider area, and some crews were switched to assist with the attract and kill control work in the core zone. The combined number of trees banded by volunteers and PDA SLF Crews was 3,062 which resulted in the death of 332,609 SLF. Combined with mortality counts from 2015, tree banding has killed 570,431 SLF. Though not an insignificant number, there is clearly room for improvement in tree band efficacy. The original bands used were selected due their ease of use, quick deployment, relatively low cost and low environmental impact. Other program control methods require additional preparation and cannot be deployed as quickly. Two band types were used in 2016 due to one manufacturer discontinuing production. A new vendor was located and the second type of band was deployed late in the 2016 season. The new band has been found to be more effective in adult SLF capture, but will continue to be evaluated for any non-target impacts. After SLF started to deposit egg masses, the crews and volunteers switched from banding and active capture to egg mass scraping, and this effort resulted in the death of an additional 798,875 SLF. When combined with egg mass scraping mortality from 2015 a total of 1,402,520 SLF have been killed by egg mass scraping. Considering that there is little to no equipment need for this control tactic, an enhanced effort to train volunteers to scrape egg masses will be employed going forward. Using band count numbers to select properties with high levels of infestation, a control method combining host tree removal with trap tree establishment was implemented. Information from research by Kutztown University indicated that late instar and new adult Lycorma were almost exclusively feeding on Ailanthus starting in late July prior to dispersing for egg laying. The attract and kill method removes most of the "required" host and leaves a few male trees that are 10 inches or more in diameter on each property Dead spotted lanternflies beneath trap tree. as a trap crop. The removed trees have the stumps treated with herbicide (Triclopyr) to prevent sprouting. The trap trees are treated with a systemic insecticide (Dinotefuran). The adults and late instars concentrate and feed on the trap trees and die. Though this method targets the adults, the method also kills some larvae and the impact on adults is dramatic. It is difficult to assess the effectiveness of this method during operations. Though the visual evidence is obvious, actual population counts are difficult to achieve. The effectiveness of tree banding is uncertain but does follow a consistent protocol. Because all treated properties are privately owned, access to the properties after treatment is limited, but PDA was able to access four parcels to band remaining treated Ailanthus trap trees in 2016. The sites were treated using host reduction in combination with trap trees in the spring of 2016. The sites originally had 41 Ailanthus trees. After treatment, PDA left 15 live Ailanthus trees which were treated with Dinotefuran in May of 2016. The 15 trees were banded every two weeks in 2015 and in 2016. In 2015, bands captured 10,956 lanternfly nymphs. In 2016, the same 15 trees had 5,971 nymphs captured on bands. It is important to note, that since this method targets adults, that the majority of the lanternfly mortality took place after band collections became ineffective in late July. A more meaningful comparison can be made at the end of July 2017. Outreach for spotted lanternfly is coordinated through a separate Farm Bill project, but works in concert with the eradication program. PDA in cooperation with PSU cooperative extension presented outreach at 10 events attended by 779 people since the start of this project in July of 2016. Events included talks on biology, regulatory information, and training for volunteers. PDA has held monthly community update conference calls with affected municipalities, and continues to reach out to the effected community. Outreach is a key factor in the detection of spotted lanternfly in new areas. In 2016, PDA received 1,595 reports from the toll free report line, badbug e-mail, and general contacts. Of these, 1,576 were positive when investigated and 19 were false reports. This is a report accuracy rate of 98.80%. For the life of the program, 2,440 reports were received and 2,191 were accurate. The accuracy rate for public reporting for the history of the program is 89.79%. This level of report accuracy has allowed for extremely effective dispatch of survey resources and helped to accurately characterize the distribution of this pest. Efforts to survey for SLF across the state by the SLF crews, PDA Plant Inspectors, PDA Apiary Inspectors, and volunteers helped to identify many new infested areas over the course of 2016, which led to the expansion of the quarantine and a better understanding of the scope of the infestation. The public is extremely effective and helpful for reporting new locations. Combined survey efforts led to the discovery of infestations in two new counties (Lehigh and Northampton) and a number of new townships in counties already known to be positive for SLF. By the end of 2016, SLF was known from 956 properties in 74 municipalities. The heaviest infestations are centered around the initial point of detection, and most of the remote populations in new townships and counties are comprised of only a few specimens. The quarantine restricting the movement of SLF life stages and conveyances has been extended. Efforts by PDA cooperators like PSU, Kutztown University, local government, the USDA, and the PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) helped to keep the community informed, provide for much needed training, and helped answer questions about SLF. PSU provided the community with outreach materials, fielded calls from the community and arranged for training and public meetings. The DCNR initiated a native parasitoid study and was able to identify two parasitic wasps already attacking SLF in PA. The DCNR continues to work with the USDA to develop biological control strategies. The local DCNR forest district provided tree identification training for SLF crews. The USDA has worked with PDA and PSU to test insecticide efficacy in trap trees and investigate potential plant volatile and insect pheromone attractants. Kutztown University has helped to characterize what plants SLF are feeding on and at what point in their life cycle they use certain plants.
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