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Fungal Diversity in the Southwestern US

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Fungal Diversity in the Southwestern US Sco T. Bates Fierer Laboratory Cooperave Instute for Research in Environmental Sciences University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2006), 56, 2697–2702 DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.64332-0 Exophiala crusticola anam. nov. (affinity Herpotrichiellaceae), a novel black yeast from biological soil crusts in the Western United States Scott T. Bates,3 Gundlapally S. N. Reddy3 and Ferran Garcia-Pichel Correspondence School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Main Campus, Tempe, AZ-85287-4501, Ferran Garcia-Pichel USA [email protected] A novel black yeast-like fungus, Exophiala crusticola, is described based on two closely related isolates from biological soil crust (BSC) samples collected on the Colorado Plateau (Utah) and in the Great Basin desert (Oregon), USA. Their morphology places them in the anamorphic genus Exophiala, having affinities to the family Herpotrichiellaceae (Ascomycota). Phylogenetic analysis of their D1/D2 large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA (LSU nrRNA) gene sequences suggests that they represent a distinct species. The closest known putative relative to Exophiala crusticola is Capronia coronata Samuels, isolated from decorticated wood in Westland County, New Zealand. The holotype for Exophiala crusticola anam. nov. is UAMH 10686 and the type strain is CP141bT (=ATCC MYA-3639T=CBS 119970T=DSM 16793T). Dark-pigmented fungi appear to constitute an important heterotrophic component of soil crusts and Exophiala crusticola represents the first description of a dematiaceous fungus isolated from BSCs. Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are formed by communities of of BSCs or the contributions that they make to crust ecology. micro-organisms that bind together the upper strata of soil Here, two black yeast-like fungal strains (CP141bT and and are common in arid lands, such as those found in the OR302-3) isolated from BSCs are described as a novel Western United States (Belnap & Gardner, 1993). BSCs in species of the genus Exophiala within the family arid lands are predominantly composed of cyanobacteria, Herpotrichiellaceae. mosses and lichens. Recent culture-dependent and inde- pendent studies have demonstrated that heterotrophic bac- Members of the family Herpotrichiellaceae exhibit a diverse teria belonging to the phyla Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria polymorphic life cycle and, therefore, can be difficult to and Bacteroidetes are also major components of BSCs (Smith identify by morphology alone. However, the use of nuclear et al., 2004; Nagy et al., 2005; Gundlapally & Garcia-Pichel, ribosomal RNA (nrRNA) gene sequence data has facilitated 2006) and an effort has been made to culture and report on identification and classification of these organisms (see isolates from BSCs that are members of these phyla (Reddy Spatafora et al., 1995; Untereiner & Naveau, 1999; de Hoog & Garcia-Pichel, 2005; Reddy et al., 2006). Although fungi etal., 2003). The familyis representedbythe teleomorphgenus have been identified as components of BSCs (Belnap et al., Capronia and the anamorphic genera Cladophialophora, 2001; Fletcher & Martin, 1948; Garcia-Pichel, 2002; Galun & Exophiala, Fonsecaea, Phaeococcomyces, Phialophora, Rami- Garty, 2001), few studies (e.g. Grishkan et al., 2006; States & chloridium and Rhinocladiella (Untereiner & Naveau, 1999). Christensen, 2001) have investigated the fungal constituents These fungi, commonly called black yeasts, are characterized by the presence of melanin or melanin-like pigments in the cell walls and by a yeast-like growth during part of their life cycles 3These authors contributed equally to this work. (Haase et al., 1999). Exophiala is also characterized by an Abbreviations: BSC, biological soil crust; EPS, extracellular polysac- annellidic form of blastic conidiogenesis and by conidiogen- charides; LSU, large subunit; nrRNA, nuclear ribosomal RNA. ous cells that are often inconspicuously annellate (de Hoog & The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the D1/D2 large Hermanides-Nijhof,1977).TheDictionaryofFungi(Kirketal., T subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene sequences of strains CP141b 2001) cites twelve species in the genus Exophiala; however, and OR302-3 are AM048755 and DQ777875, respectively. The accession number for the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer additional species have been described more recently (e.g. de of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene for strain CP141bT is AM048756. Hoog et al., 2003). Some species of the genus Exophiala are known as occasional opportunistic human pathogens (de Comparisons of the nucleotide sequences of the D1/D2 large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene of Exophiala crusticola and related taxa, Hoog et al., 2003; Haase et al., 1999). details of the characteristics that distinguish strains CP141bT and OR302-3 and an additional phylogenetic tree are available as Capronia coronata Samuels, having an Exophiala anamorph supplementary material in IJSEM Online. and isolated from decorticated wood in the Westland 64332 G 2006 IUMS Printed in Great Britain 2697 Sonoran Desertscrub Arizona Bioc Communies • Alpine Tundra • Subalpine Grassland • Petran Subalpine • Plains & Great Basin Conifer Forest Grassland • Semidesert Grassland • Petran Montane • Great Basin Desertscrub Forest • Mojave Desertscrub • Great Basin Conifer • Chihuahuan Desertscrub Woodland • Sonoran Desertscrub • Madrean Evergreen – Lower Colorado R.V. – AZ Uplands Woodland • Interior Chaparral Fungal Biodiversity 6 fungal species per single plant species =1.5 million fungal species worldwide Hawksworth, D.L. (1991) The fungal dimension of biodiversity : magnitude, significance, and conservaHon. Mycological Research 95: 641-655 ----------------------------------------- 74,000 to120,000 fungi known 500,000 to 9.9 million esmated 0. 75% - 24% of total described Fungal Biodiversity in Arizona vascular plants = ~4000 species 4000 x 6 = 24,000 potenal species of fungi ----------------------------- Macrofungi ~1200 spp. (S.T. Bates 2006) Lichenized Fungi ~900 spp. (T.H. Nash III et al. 2002-2004) Soil Fungi and Fungi Associated w/ BSCs ~300 spp. Endophyc ~ 500 spp. (pers. comm. A.E. Arnold) ----------------------------- ~2900 fungal species known from Arizona 21,100 fungal species le to document Boletus pulchriceps Did sequencing reveal unexpected changes in idenficaon or unexpected diversity? Did examining specimens reveal previously undocumented fungal diversity? New Arizona records of gasteroid fungi • Bovista aesvalis • Disciseda verrucosa • Bovista dermoxantha • Holocotylon brandegeeanum • Bovista plumbea • Lycoperdon lividum • Calvaa bicolor • Lycoperdon marginatum • Calvaa booniana • Lycoperdon molle • Calvaa craniiformis • Lycoperdon perlatum • Calvaa cyathiformis • Lycoperdon pulcherrimum • Calvaa fragilis • Lycoperdon rimulatum • Calvaa cf. leiospora • Lycoperdon umbrinum • Calvaa pachyderma • Lycoperdon pyriforme • Calvaa rugosa • Mycenastrum corium • Disciseda candida • Vascellum intermedium • Disciseda cervina • Vascellum lloydianum • Disciseda hyalothrix • Vascellum texense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    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Indoor wet cells as a habitat for melanized fungi, opportunistic pathogens on humans and other Received: 23 June 2017 Accepted: 30 April 2018 vertebrates Published: xx xx xxxx Xiaofang Wang1,2, Wenying Cai1, A. H. G. Gerrits van den Ende3, Junmin Zhang1, Ting Xie4, Liyan Xi1,5, Xiqing Li1, Jiufeng Sun6 & Sybren de Hoog3,7,8,9 Indoor wet cells serve as an environmental reservoir for a wide diversity of melanized fungi. A total of 313 melanized fungi were isolated at fve locations in Guangzhou, China. Internal transcribed spacer (rDNA ITS) sequencing showed a preponderance of 27 species belonging to 10 genera; 64.22% (n = 201) were known as human opportunists in the orders Chaetothyriales and Venturiales, potentially causing cutaneous and sometimes deep infections. Knufa epidermidis was the most frequently encountered species in bathrooms (n = 26), while in kitchens Ochroconis musae (n = 14), Phialophora oxyspora (n = 12) and P. europaea (n = 10) were prevalent. Since the majority of species isolated are common agents of cutaneous infections and are rarely encountered in the natural environment, it is hypothesized that indoor facilities explain the previously enigmatic sources of infection by these organisms. Black yeast-like and other melanized fungi are frequently isolated from clinical specimens and are known as etiologic agents of a gamut of opportunistic infections, but for many species their natural habitat is unknown and hence the source and route of transmission remain enigmatic. Te majority of clinically relevant black yeast-like fungi belong to the order Chaetothyriales, while some belong to the Venturiales. Propagules are mostly hydro- philic1 and reluctantly dispersed by air, infections mostly being of traumatic origin.
  • Arizona Gasteroid Fungi I: Lycoperdaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota)

    Arizona Gasteroid Fungi I: Lycoperdaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota)

    Fungal Diversity Arizona gasteroid fungi I: Lycoperdaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) Bates, S.T.1*, Roberson, R.W.1 and Desjardin, D.E.2 1School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA 2Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave., San Francisco, California 94132, USA Bates, S.T., Roberson, R.W. and Desjardin, D.E. (2009). Arizona gasteroid fungi I: Lycoperdaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota). Fungal Diversity 37: 153-207. Twenty-eight species in the family Lycoperdaceae, commonly called ‘puffballs’, are reported from Arizona, USA. In addition to widely distributed species, understudied species (e.g., Calvatia cf. leiospora and Holocotylon brandegeeanum) are treated. Taxonomic descriptions and illustrations, which include microscopic characters, are given for each species, and a dichotomous key is presented to facilitate identification. Basidiospore morphology was also examined ultrastructurally using scanning electron microscopy, and phylogenetic analyses were carried out on nrRNA gene sequences (ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S) from 42 species within (or closely allied to) the Lycoperdaceae. Key words: Agaricales, euagarics, fungal taxonomy, gasteroid fungi, gasteromycete, Lycoperdaceae, puffballs. Article Information Received 22 August 2008 Accepted 25 November 2008 Published online 1 August 2009 *Corresponding author: Scott T. Bates; e-mail: [email protected] Introduction Agaricales, Boletales, and Russulales. Accordingly, a vigorous debate concerning the Lycoperdaceae Chevall.
  • Lycoperdon Pers

    Lycoperdon Pers

    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE CENTRO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM SISTEMÁTICA E EVOLUÇÃO REVISÃO DO GÊNERO LYCOPERDON PERS. (LYCOPERDACEAE, AGARICALES) MEDIANTE ANÁLISES MORFOLÓGICAS E MOLECULARES DÔNIS DA SILVA ALFREDO ________________________________________________ Tese de Doutorado Natal/RN, março de 2017 DÔNIS DA SILVA ALFREDO REVISÃO DO GÊNERO LYCOPERDON PERS. (LYCOPERDACEAE, AGARICALES) MEDIANTE ANÁLISES MORFOLÓGICAS E MOLECULARES Tese de doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática e Evolução da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, em cumprimento às exigências para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Sistemática e Evolução Área de concentração: taxonomia e sistemática Orientador: Dr. Iuri Goulart Baseia Coorientadora: Dra. María Paz Martín Coorientador: Dr. Paulo Marinho NATAL – RN 2017 0 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN Sistema de Bibliotecas - SISBI Catalogação de Publicação na Fonte. UFRN - Biblioteca Setorial Prof. Leopoldo Nelson - •Centro de Biociências - CB Alfredo, Dônis da Silva. Revisão do gênero Lycoperdon Pers. (Lycoperdaceae, Agaricales) mediante análises morfológicas e moleculares / Dônis da Silva Alfredo. - Natal, 2017. 298 f.: il. Tese (Doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Centro de Biociências. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática e Evolução. Orientador: Dr. Iuri Goulart Baseia. Coorientadora: Dra. María Paz Martín. Coorientador: Dr. Paulo Marinho. 1. Basidiomycota - Tese. 2. Fungos gasteroides - Tese. 3. ITS barcode
  • Josiana Adelaide Vaz

    Josiana Adelaide Vaz

    Josiana Adelaide Vaz STUDY OF ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIPROLIFERATIVE AND APOPTOSIS-INDUCING PROPERTIES OF WILD MUSHROOMS FROM THE NORTHEAST OF PORTUGAL. ESTUDO DE PROPRIEDADES ANTIOXIDANTES, ANTIPROLIFERATIVAS E INDUTORAS DE APOPTOSE DE COGUMELOS SILVESTRES DO NORDESTE DE PORTUGAL. Tese do 3º Ciclo de Estudos Conducente ao Grau de Doutoramento em Ciências Farmacêuticas–Bioquímica, apresentada à Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto. Orientadora: Isabel Cristina Fernandes Rodrigues Ferreira (Professora Adjunta c/ Agregação do Instituto Politécnico de Bragança) Co- Orientadoras: Maria Helena Vasconcelos Meehan (Professora Auxiliar da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto) Anabela Rodrigues Lourenço Martins (Professora Adjunta do Instituto Politécnico de Bragança) July, 2012 ACCORDING TO CURRENT LEGISLATION, ANY COPYING, PUBLICATION, OR USE OF THIS THESIS OR PARTS THEREOF SHALL NOT BE ALLOWED WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION. ii FACULDADE DE FARMÁCIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO STUDY OF ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIPROLIFERATIVE AND APOPTOSIS-INDUCING PROPERTIES OF WILD MUSHROOMS FROM THE NORTHEAST OF PORTUGAL. Josiana Adelaide Vaz iii The candidate performed the experimental work with a doctoral fellowship (SFRH/BD/43653/2008) supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), which also participated with grants to attend international meetings and for the graphical execution of this thesis. The Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto (FFUP) (Portugal), Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology (IPATIMUP) (Portugal), Mountain Research Center (CIMO) (Portugal) and Center of Medicinal Chemistry- University of Porto (CEQUIMED-UP) provided the facilities and/or logistical supports. This work was also supported by the research project PTDC/AGR- ALI/110062/2009, financed by FCT and COMPETE/QREN/EU. Cover – photos kindly supplied by Juan Antonio Sanchez Rodríguez.