DOCSLIB.ORG

North Pole ×

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
North Pole × This website would like to remind you: Your browser (Apple Safari 4) is out of date. Update your browser for more × security, comfort and the best experience on this site. Encyclopedic Entry North Pole Geographic North Pole For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources, visit: http://education.nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/north-pole/ The North Pole is the northernmost point on Earth. It is the precise point of the intersection of the Earth's axis and the Earth's surface. From the North Pole, all directions are south. Its latitude is 90 degrees north, and all lines of longitude meet there (as well as at the South Pole, on the opposite end of the Earth). Polaris, the current North Star, sits almost motionless in the sky above the pole, making it an excellent fixed point to use in celestial navigation in the Northern Hemisphere. The North Pole sits in the middle of the Arctic Ocean, on water that is almost always covered with ice. The ice is about 2-3 meters (6-10 feet) thick. The depth of the ocean at the North Pole is more than 4,000 meters (13,123 feet). The Canadian territory of Nunavut lies closest to the North Pole. Greenland, the world's largest island and an independent country within the Kingdom of Denmark, is also close to the pole. The North Pole is much warmer than the South Pole. This is because sits at a lower elevation (sea level) and is located in the middle of an ocean, which is warmer than the ice-covered continent of Antarctica. But it's not exactly beach weather. In the summer, the warmest time of year, the temperature is right at the freezing point: 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit.) Because the Earth rotates on a tilted axis as it revolves around the sun, sunlight is experienced in extremes at the poles. In fact, the North Pole experiences only one sunrise (at the March equinox) and one sunset (at the September equinox) every year. From the North Pole, the sun is always above the horizon in the summer and below the horizon in the winter. This means the region experiences up to 24 hours of sunlight in the summer and 24 hours of darkness in the winter. Drifting Research Stations Since the North Pole sits on drifting ice, it's difficult and expensive for scientists and explorers to study. There isn’t land or a place for permanent facilities, making it difficult to set up equipment. The most consistent research of the North Pole has come from manned drifting research stations. Russia sends out a drifting station almost every year, all named "NP" (for North Pole). Drifting stations monitor the ice pack, temperature, sea depth, currents, weather conditions, and marine biology of the North Pole. As their name implies, drifting stations move with the drifting ice pack in the Arctic Ocean. They usually last two or 1 of 7 three years before before the warmer climate of the Greenland Sea breaks up the ice floe. North Pole drifting stations are responsible for many discoveries about the ecosystem at the North Pole. In 1948, for example, bathymetry studies revealed the massive Lomonosov Ridge. The Lomonosov Ridge is an underwater mountain chain stretching across the North Pole, from the Siberian region of Russia all the way to Ellesmere Island, Canada. Drifting stations have recorded the development of cyclones in the Arctic, as well Arctic shrinkage. Arctic shrinkage is climate change in the Arctic, including warming temperatures, the melting of the Greenland ice sheet (resulting in more freshwater in the marine environment), and a loss of sea ice. Ecosystems at the North Pole Polar bears, Arctic foxes, and other terrestrial animals rarely migrate to the North Pole. The drifting ice is an unpredictable habitat, and does not allow for regular migration routes or the establishment of dens in which to raise young. Still, polar bears sometimes wander into the area in search of food. The undersea ecosystem of the North Pole is more varied than the ice above it. Shrimp, sea anemones, and tiny crustaceans inhabit in the area. A few ringed seals have been spotted. (Ringed seals are common prey of the polar bears that wander into the region.) Larger marine mammals, such as narwhal whales, are much more rare. Several species of fish live at the North Pole. Arctic cod are the most abundant. Arctic cod are small fish usually found near the seafloor, close to their food sources—tiny shrimp and crustaceans. Birds are frequent visitors to the North Pole. The Arctic tern, which has the longest annual migration of any species on the planet, spends its spring and summer in the Arctic, though rarely as far north as the North Pole. It then flies 30,000 kilometers (18,641 miles) south, to the Antarctic Circle. The Arctic tern makes an Arctic-Antarctic round-trip migration every year. Like the Arctic tern, all other birds spotted near the North Pole are migratory. They include the small snow bunting and gull-like fulmars and kittiwakes. Exploration Major polar exploration began in the 19th century. The first expedition specifically to reach the North Pole was led by British Admiral William Edward Parry in 1827. Norwegian explorers Fridtjof Nansen and Hjalmar Johansen attempted a land-based expedition in 1895. A Swedish expedition led by Salomon August Andree tried to fly over the North Pole in a hydrogen balloon two years later. The first person to claim reaching the North Pole was American explorer Frederick Albert Cook, in 1908. Cook was unable to provide any navigational records of his achievement, however, and rest of his team later reported that they did not quite reach the pole. The claim remains controversial. A year later, another American explorer, Robert Peary, claimed to reach the North Pole. Peary was supported and funded by the National Geographic Society, which verified his claim. It has been in dispute ever since. Although Peary's North Pole team included four other people, none of them were trained in navigation. They were therefore unable to verify Peary's claims, and one of them, Matthew Henson, reported a conflicting route from Peary. Peary himself never made his navigational records available for review. Skeptics have noted the remarkable speed with which the expedition traveled once Capt. Bob Bartlett, the only other navigator, left the crew. Peary reported more than doubling the amount of territory covered daily as soon as Bartlett left the expedition. 2 of 7 Nonetheless, many explorers support Peary's claims. National Geographic conducted extensive studies of the photographs Peary took, and concluded they were taken within 8 kilometers (5 miles) of the pole. (The photographs themselves have never been made public.) Depth soundings taken by Peary and Henson also seem to support their claim to have reached the pole. Perhaps the most important support for Peary's claim came from British explorer Tom Avery's polar expedition of 2005. Avery mimicked Peary's supposed route, using sled dog teams. The expedition successfully reached the North Pole. The first verified expedition to the North Pole was conducted by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen in 1926. Amundsen did not use a ship or dogsleds—he flew over the pole on the airship Norge. The Norge, lifted by hydrogen and powered by a diesel engine, flew over the North Pole on its route from the Norwegian Arctic to the U.S. state of Alaska. The first people verified to have set foot at the North Pole were a research group of geologists and oceanographers from the Soviet Union in 1948. The scientists were flown in and out of the pole over a three-day period. The first watercraft to reach the North Pole was a nuclear-powered submarine, the USS Nautilis, in 1958. Another U.S. submarine, the USS Skate, broke through the sea ice to surface near the North Pole about a year later. The first verified expeditions to reach the North Pole by foot didn't happen until the late 1960s. A team led by American explorer Ralph Plaisted used snowmobiles to reach the pole in 1968. A year later, an expedition led by British explorer Wally Herbert reached the pole on foot, with the aid of dog sleds and airlifted (flown-in) supplies. In 1986, 77 years after Robert Peary made his claim, a team led by National Geographic Explorer Emeritus Will Steger became the first verified expedition to reach the North Pole by dogsled without resupply. Shipping through the North Pole Today, large, powerful ships called icebreakers are often used to navigate the ocean around the North Pole. Icebreakers carve through the sea ice to make way for cargo and military ships. Icebreakers have very strong steel bows that can break through ice at a rate of about 10-20 knots (19-37 kilometers per hour, or 12-23 miles per hour). Until the 1990s, all icebreakers that traversed the North Pole were nuclear-powered. Arctic shrinking and the reduction of sea ice have since allowed diesel-powered icebreakers to navigate the North Pole. Fewer icebreakers may be needed in the future. Due to Arctic shrinkage, within 50 years the North Pole may be ice-free in the summer months. Cargo ships traveling between Asia, North America, and Europe save money by navigating the so-called Northern Sea Route, a trade route which often includes the North Pole. Ships carrying cargo such as oil, natural gas, minerals, and grain regularly use the Northern Sea Route. This saves companies hundreds of thousands of dollars by avoiding the long trip to and through the Panama Canal.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Strategia Del Governo Italiano Per L'artico
    ITALY IN THE ARCTIC TOWARDS AN ITALIAN STRATEGY FOR THE ARCTIC NATIONAL GUIDELINES MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 2015 1 ITALY IN THE ARCTIC 1. ITALY IN THE ARCTIC: MORE THAN A CENTURY OF HISTORY The history of the Italian presence in the Arctic dates back to 1899, when Luigi Amedeo di Savoia, Duke of the Abruzzi, sailed from Archangelsk with his ship (christened Stella Polare) to use the Franz Joseph Land as a stepping stone. The plan was to reach the North Pole on sleds pulled by dogs. His expedition missed its target, though it reached previously unattained latitudes. In 1926 Umberto Nobile managed to cross for the first time the Arctic Sea from Europe to Alaska, taking off from Rome together with Roald Amundsen (Norway) and Lincoln Ellsworth (USA) on the Norge airship (designed and piloted by Nobile). They were the first to reach the North Pole, where they dropped the three national flags. 1 Two years later Nobile attempted a new feat on a new airship, called Italia. Operating from Kings Bay (Ny-Ålesund), Italia flew four times over the Pole, surveying unexplored areas for scientific purposes. On its way back, the airship crashed on the ice pack north of the Svalbard Islands and lost nearly half of its crew. 2 The accident was linked to adverse weather, including a high wind blowing from the northern side of the Svalbard Islands to the Franz Joseph Land: this wind stream, previously unknown, was nicknamed Italia, after the expedition that discovered it. 4 Nobile’s expeditions may be considered as the first Italian scientific missions in the Arctic region.
    [Show full text]
  • Office of Polar Programs
    DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SURFACE TRAVERSE CAPABILITIES IN ANTARCTICA COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION DRAFT (15 January 2004) FINAL (30 August 2004) National Science Foundation 4201 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, Virginia 22230 DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SURFACE TRAVERSE CAPABILITIES IN ANTARCTICA FINAL COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1-1 1.1 Purpose.......................................................................................................................................1-1 1.2 Comprehensive Environmental Evaluation (CEE) Process .......................................................1-1 1.3 Document Organization .............................................................................................................1-2 2.0 BACKGROUND OF SURFACE TRAVERSES IN ANTARCTICA..................................2-1 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................2-1 2.2 Re-supply Traverses...................................................................................................................2-1 2.3 Scientific Traverses and Surface-Based Surveys .......................................................................2-5 3.0 ALTERNATIVES ....................................................................................................................3-1
    [Show full text]
  • The Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1955-1958
    THE COMMONWEALTH TRANS-ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION 1955-1958 HOW THE CROSSING OF ANTARCTICA MOVED NEW ZEALAND TO RECOGNISE ITS ANTARCTIC HERITAGE AND TAKE AN EQUAL PLACE AMONG ANTARCTIC NATIONS A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree PhD - Doctor of Philosophy (Antarctic Studies – History) University of Canterbury Gateway Antarctica Stephen Walter Hicks 2015 Statement of Authority & Originality I certify that the work in this thesis has not been previously submitted for a degree nor has it been submitted as part of requirements for a degree except as fully acknowledged within the text. I also certify that the thesis has been written by me. Any help that I have received in my research and the preparation of the thesis itself has been acknowledged. In addition, I certify that all information sources and literature used are indicated in the thesis. Elements of material covered in Chapter 4 and 5 have been published in: Electronic version: Stephen Hicks, Bryan Storey, Philippa Mein-Smith, ‘Against All Odds: the birth of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1955-1958’, Polar Record, Volume00,(0), pp.1-12, (2011), Cambridge University Press, 2011. Print version: Stephen Hicks, Bryan Storey, Philippa Mein-Smith, ‘Against All Odds: the birth of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1955-1958’, Polar Record, Volume 49, Issue 1, pp. 50-61, Cambridge University Press, 2013 Signature of Candidate ________________________________ Table of Contents Foreword ..................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Stevenson-Waldie, Laura. 2001
    Stevenson-Waldie, Laura. 2001 “The Sensational Landscape: The History of Sensationalist Images of the Arctic, 1818-1910,” 2001. Supervisor: William Morrison UNBC Library call number: G630.G7 S74 2001 ABSTRACT This thesis is a study of the public perception of the Arctic through explorers’ journals and the modern press in America and Britain. The underlying question of this thesis is what exactly was the role of the press in forming public opinions about Arctic exploration in general? Did newspaper editors in America and Britain simply report what they found interesting based upon their own knowledge of Arctic explorers’ journals, or did these editors create that public interest in order to profit from increased sales? From a historical perspective, these reasons relate to the growth of an intellectual and social current that had been gaining strength on the Western World throughout the nineteenth century: the creation of the mythic hero. In essence, the mythical status of Arctic explorers developed in Britain, but was matured and honed in the American press, particularly in the competitive news industry in New York where the creation of the heroic Arctic explorer resulted largely from the vicious competitiveness of the contemporary press. Although the content of published Arctic exploration journals in the early nineteenth century did not change dramatically, the accuracy of those journals did. Exploration journals up until 1850 tended to focus heavily on the conventions of the sublime and picturesque to describe these new lands. However, these views were inaccurate, for these conventions forced the explorer to view the Arctic very much as they viewed the Swiss Alps or the English countryside.
    [Show full text]
  • Texts G7 Sout Pole Expeditions
    READING CLOSELY GRADE 7 UNIT TEXTS AUTHOR DATE PUBLISHER L NOTES Text #1: Robert Falcon Scott and Roald Amundsen (Photo Collages) Scott Polar Research Inst., University of Cambridge - Two collages combine pictures of the British and the Norwegian Various NA NA National Library of Norway expeditions, to support examining and comparing visual details. - Norwegian Polar Institute Text #2: The Last Expedition, Ch. V (Explorers Journal) Robert Falcon Journal entry from 2/2/1911 presents Scott’s almost poetic 1913 Smith Elder 1160L Scott “impressions” early in his trip to the South Pole. Text #3: Roald Amundsen South Pole (Video) Viking River Combines images, maps, text and narration, to present a historical NA Viking River Cruises NA Cruises narrative about Amundsen and the Great Race to the South Pole. Text #4: Scott’s Hut & the Explorer’s Heritage of Antarctica (Website) UNESCO World Google Cultural Website allows students to do a virtual tour of Scott’s Antarctic hut NA NA Wonders Project Institute and its surrounding landscape, and links to other resources. Text #5: To Build a Fire (Short Story) The Century Excerpt from the famous short story describes a man’s desperate Jack London 1908 920L Magazine attempts to build a saving =re after plunging into frigid water. Text #6: The North Pole, Ch. XXI (Historical Narrative) Narrative from the =rst man to reach the North Pole describes the Robert Peary 1910 Frederick A. Stokes 1380L dangers and challenges of Arctic exploration. Text #7: The South Pole, Ch. XII (Historical Narrative) Roald Narrative recounts the days leading up to Amundsen’s triumphant 1912 John Murray 1070L Amundsen arrival at the Pole on 12/14/1911 – and winning the Great Race.
    [Show full text]
  • 99-00 May No. 4
    THE ANTARCTICAN SOCIETY 7338 Wayfarer Drive Fairfax Station, Virginia 22039 HONORARY PRESIDENT — MRS. PAUL A. SIPLE Vol. 99-00 May No. 4 Presidents: Dr. Carl R. Eklund, 1959-61 Dr. Paul A. Siple, 1961-62 Mr. Gordon D. Cartwright, 1962-63 BRASH ICE RADM David M. Tyree (Ret.), 1963-64 Mr. George R. Toney, 1964-65 Mr. Morton J. Rubin, 1965-66 Dr. Albert R Crary, 1966-68 As you can readily see, this newsletter is NOT announcing a speaker Dr. Henry M. Dater, 1968-70 program, as we have not lined anyone up, nor have any of you stepped Mr. George A. Doumani, 1970-71 Dr. William J. L. Sladen, 1971-73 forward announcing your availability. So we are just moving out with a Mr. Peter F. Bermel, 1973-75 Dr. Kenneth J. Bertrand, 1975-77 newsletter based on some facts, some fiction, some fabrications. It will be Mrs. Paul A. Siple, 1977-78 Dr. Paul C. Dalrymple, 1978-80 up to you to ascertain which ones are which. Good luck! Dr. Meredith F. Burrill, 1980-82 Dr. Mort D. Turner, 1982-84 Dr. Edward P. Todd, 1984-86 Two more Byrd men have been struck down -- Al Lindsey, the last of the Mr. Robert H. T. Dodson, 1986-88 Dr. Robert H. Rutford, 1988-90 Byrd scientists to die, and Steve Corey, Supply Officer, both of the 1933-35 Mr. Guy G. Guthridge, 1990-92 Byrd Antarctic Expedition. Al was a handsome man, and he and his wife, Dr. Polly A. Penhale, 1992-94 Mr. Tony K. Meunier, 1994-96 Elizabeth, were a stunning couple.
    [Show full text]
  • Zeittafel (Gesamt)
    Zeittafel (gesamt) Notizbuch: HistoArktis - Zeittafeln Erstellt: 09.03.2017 21:39 Geändert: 09.03.2017 21:40 Autor: [email protected] Beginn Ende Ereignis -330 -330 Pytheas von Massalia, griechischer Seefahrer, Geograph und Astronom begab sich als Erster um 330 v. Chr. nach Norden. 700 800 Besiedlung der Faröer Inseln durch die Kelten. 795 795 Entdeckung Islands durch irische Mönche 870 870 Ottar aus Malangen (Troms) Fahrt ins weiße Meer.(ca. 880 n.Chr). 860 860 Erste Mönche besiedeln Island. 875 875 Erste Sichtung von Grönland durch Gunnbjörn Ulfsson 920 920 Fahrt von Erik (Blutaxt) Haraldsson ins Bjamaland 965 965 Fahrt von Harald Eriksson ebenfalls ins Bjamaland 982 982 Wiederentdeckung Grönlands durch Erik Raude (Erik der Rote). 986 986 Erste dauerhafte Siedlung auf Grönland, (Brattahlid - heute: Qassiarsuk) gegründet von Erik Raude. 986 986 Gefahrvolles Abenteuer im Nordatlantik 990 990 Der Norweger Thorbjörn Vifilsson reiste von Island nach Grönland, dies Fahrt gilt als die erste Expedition seit den Anfängen der Besiedlung durch Erik Raude. 990 990 Norwegische Kolonisten in Südostgrönland 997 997 Sagenhafte Berichte einer Expedition nach Grönland 1001 1002 Leif Eriksson (Der älteste Sohn von Erik Raude) entdeckt die Baffin Insel, Labrador, und Neufundland,er gilt als der Entdecker von Amerika vor Columbus 1012 1013 Zerwürfnisreiche Vinland-Expedition 1026 1026 Die Legende einer norwegischen Handelsreise nach dem weißen Meer 1032 1032 Vom Weißen Meer zur „Eisernen Pforte“ 1040 1040 Adam von Bremen berichtet von der „ersten deutschen
    [Show full text]
  • Miculvi Mcintire
    DESCENDANTS of MICUlVI McINTIRE A Scott.i.sh Highlander, deported by Oliver Cromwell after the Baul,e of Dunbar, September 3, 1650, and seul,ed at York, }Iaine, about 1668 Compild and PKblishd by ROBERT HARRY McINTIRE Fellow of the lnstituk of Am..'Tican Genealogy 1940 THE TUTTLE PtraLrsmxa CoMPAXY, fac. RUTLAXD, VER.\IO~"T PRISTEI> !S U. S. A. To my father H.4RRY JUDSON McINTIRE this volume is respedfully dedicated FOREWORD The information contained in this volume h:i.s been gathered from many :ind v:iried sources. More than fifteen thousand vital record entries in the six New England st:J.tes ha,·e been collected :1.nd compiled. Abstracts of hundreds of prob:lte records and registries of deeds in eighteen counties have been prepared. Inscriptions iu scores of cemeteries have pro,;ded m:iny addi­ tion!l! facts. An extensive correspondence with hundreds of dei;ccndants in every part of the country has en:ibled the compiler to tie into the family m:iny migratory branches which otherni,;e would never have been located. Use has been made of the records available at the Feder!l! Census Bureau and the Congressioll!l.l Libr:1.ry at Washington. Thousands of family gene!l!ogies, town histories and gener!l! reference volumes in libraries throughout the entire East have been consulted. Some have supplied a single item; others, several paragr::iphs of information. Although every precaution has been taken to :i:,sure a max­ imum of accuracy and every effort hll.S been made to complete rul :McIntire lines of descent, the author does not in any "ise infer that this volume is infallible and much less that it is com­ plete.
    [Show full text]
  • HM 91 Page 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
    1 A MEMORIAL 2 RECOGNIZING AND HONORING GERALD "JERRY" PITZL, PH.D., AS A 3 MEMBER OF THE FIRST EXPEDITION TO INDISPUTABLY REACH THE 4 NORTH POLE BY SURFACE TRAVEL; REQUESTING THAT THE GOVERNOR 5 PROCLAIM APRIL 20, 2018 "GERALD 'JERRY' PITZL DAY" IN NEW 6 MEXICO. 7 8 WHEREAS, Guinness world records recognizes that the 9 earliest indisputable attainment of the north pole by surface 10 travel over the sea-ice took place when expedition leader 11 Ralph Plaisted, an insurance salesman, accompanied by Walter 12 Pederson, the trip mechanic, Gerald "Jerry" Pitzl, a high 13 school geography teacher turned expedition navigator, and 14 Jean Luc Bombardier, a Canadian and member of the Bombardier 15 family, founders of Bombardier, incorporated, reached the 16 pole after a forty-five-day trek on four sixteen-horsepower 17 Bombardier-manufactured Ski-Doo snowmobiles; and 18 WHEREAS, the expedition team members were not 19 experienced explorers, but ordinary men who endured 20 temperatures that dipped to minus sixty-two degrees 21 Fahrenheit and rarely rose above minus forty, and who 22 suffered through two forty-mile-per-hour wind storms that 23 confined them to their tents for a week at a time; and 24 WHEREAS, the team spent months preparing for the 25 expedition, including sleeping on a frozen Minnesota lake and HM 91 Page 1 1 engineering ingenious clothing — an inner parka made of 2 poplin with a wolverine fur hood layered underneath a duck 3 canvas exterior parka, each dyed a different color so the men 4 could identify each other in conditions
    [Show full text]
  • Diversidad En Organizaciones, Comunidades Y Naciones
    Twentieth International Conference on XX Congreso Internacional de Diversity in Diversidad en Organizations, Organizaciones, Communities & Nations Comunidades y Naciones Urban Diversities: Exclusion and Inclusion of Diversidad Urbanística: exclusión e inclusión de Immigrants and Refugees at the Local Level inmigrantes y refugiados a nivel local 10–12 June 2020 | Virtual Conference 10–12 de junio de 2020 | Congreso virtual Twentieth International Conference on Diversity in Organizations, Communities & Nations “Urban Diversities: Exclusion and Inclusion of Immigrants and Refugees at the Local Level” Virtual Conference | 10–12 June 2020 www.OnDiversity.com www.facebook.com/ondiversity @ondiversity | #DOCN20 XX Congreso Internacional de Diversidad en Organizaciones, Comunidades y Naciones “Diversidad Urbanística: exclusión e inclusión de inmigrantes y refugiados a nivel local” Congreso virtual | 10–12 de junio de 2020 www.LaDiversidad.com www.facebook.com/sobrediversidad @ondiversity | #DOCN20 International Conference on Diversity in Organizations, Communities & Nations Curating global interdisciplinary spaces, supporting professionally rewarding relationships Congreso Internacional de Diversidad en Organizaciones, Comunidades y Naciones Conservando los espacios globales interdisciplinares, apoyando las relaciones profesionalmente satisfactorias About the Conference Conference History Founded in 2000, the International Conference on Diversity in Organizations, Communities & Nations has a history of bringing together scholarly, government, and practice-based participants with an interest in the issues of diversity and community. The conference examines the concept of diversity as a positive aspect of a global world and globalized society. Diversity is in many ways reflective of our present world order, but there are ways of taking this further without necessarily engendering its alternatives: racism, conflict, discrimination, and inequity. Diversity as a mode of social existence can be projected in ways that deepen the range of human experience.
    [Show full text]
  • ARCTIC Exploration the SEARCH for FRANKLIN
    CATALOGUE THREE HUNDRED TWENTY-EIGHT ARCTIC EXPLORATION & THE SeaRCH FOR FRANKLIN WILLIAM REESE COMPANY 409 Temple Street New Haven, CT 06511 (203) 789-8081 A Note This catalogue is devoted to Arctic exploration, the search for the Northwest Passage, and the later search for Sir John Franklin. It features many volumes from a distinguished private collection recently purchased by us, and only a few of the items here have appeared in previous catalogues. Notable works are the famous Drage account of 1749, many of the works of naturalist/explorer Sir John Richardson, many of the accounts of Franklin search expeditions from the 1850s, a lovely set of Parry’s voyages, a large number of the Admiralty “Blue Books” related to the search for Franklin, and many other classic narratives. This is one of 75 copies of this catalogue specially printed in color. Available on request or via our website are our recent catalogues: 320 Manuscripts & Archives, 322 Forty Years a Bookseller, 323 For Readers of All Ages: Recent Acquisitions in Americana, 324 American Military History, 326 Travellers & the American Scene, and 327 World Travel & Voyages; Bulletins 36 American Views & Cartography, 37 Flat: Single Sig- nificant Sheets, 38 Images of the American West, and 39 Manuscripts; e-lists (only available on our website) The Annex Flat Files: An Illustrated Americana Miscellany, Here a Map, There a Map, Everywhere a Map..., and Original Works of Art, and many more topical lists. Some of our catalogues, as well as some recent topical lists, are now posted on the internet at www.reeseco.com.
    [Show full text]
  • To Read About Umberto Nobile and His Flight Over the North Pole
    90° North ~ UMBERTO NOBILE ~ The North Pole Flights Umberto Nobile – 1885 (Lauro, Italy) – 1978 (Rome, Italy Italian aeronautical engineer and aeronautical science professor; designer of semi-rigid airships including the Norge and Italia. Promoted from Colonel to General in the Italian air force following the Norge North Pole flight, forced to resign following the Italia disaster. Spent five years in the USSR in the 1930s developing Soviet airship program; lived in the US for several years during WW II; returned to Italy in 1944 where he remained until his death in 1978 at age 92. Italian airship designer and pilot Umberto Nobile took part in two flights over the North Pole, one in 1926 in the airship Norge and another in 1928 in the airship Italia. The Norge [meaning Norway] flight took place on May 11-14, 1926, and was a joint Norwegian-American-Italian venture. The co-leaders were the great Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen, American adventurer Lincoln Ellsworth, and Italian Umberto Nobile, the airship's designer and pilot. The Norge departed Kings Bay [Ny Ålesund], Spitsbergen in the Svalbard Archipelago on May 11, 1926--just five days after American Richard Byrd's claimed (and highly questionable) attainment of the North Pole by airplane--and flew by way of the North Pole to Teller (near Nome), Alaska. The flight, which originated in Rome, had been touted as "Rome to Nome" but bad weather forced them to land at the small settlement of Teller just short of Nome. This was the first undisputed attainment of the North Pole by air and the first crossing of the polar sea from Europe to North America.
    [Show full text]