Book Reviews

God under Fire: Modern Scholarship souls.” in a genuinely loving fashion. If the Reinvents God. Edited by Douglas S. Of all the possible ways to assess contributors to God Under Fire estab- Huffman and Eric L. Johnson. Grand God Under Fire, perhaps the best is to lish anything in response to the Rapids: Zondervan, 2002, 325 pp., see it positively as an impassioned leading representatives of these two $21.99. plea for enduring faithfulness to the theological camps, it is, first, that “living tradition” of historic Christian although God’s ways and thoughts It is a privilege to review and recom- orthodoxy, and negatively as an are higher than our ways and mend a volume edited by two schol- extended critique of theological hubris thoughts, in fact he has made himself ars for whom I have the deepest in many of its contemporary manifes- known in a way that humans can personal and professional respect. tations. Of particular concern to the understand, and second, that the clas- Professors Huffman (of Northwest- authors of God Under Fire are those sical tradition is rich enough to handle ern College) and Johnson (of The progressive theologies that can be the kinds of questions and concerns Southern Baptist Theological Semi- grouped roughly into “constructivist” that are encouraging more progressive nary) have assembled an impressive and “developmentalist” camps. While thinkers to jettison the historic Chris- group of scholars broadly represen- constructivist theologies are beholden tian understanding of God. tative of the Christian tradition to in one way or another to the Enlight- This confidence in the truth and defend the God of “historic Christian enment skepticism of Immanuel Kant integrity of the classical tradition is theism” against the “imposters” put and thus insist that “a new Christian reflected in the basic structure and forward by revisionist, pluralist, lib- God more appropriate for contempo- substance of the book. Following an eration, feminist, process, and open- rary culture” must be “imagined” due impressive introduction in which the ness theologians. In short, God Under to our inability to know God as he is editors survey the living tradition of Fire is a challenging yet accessible in himself, developmentalist theolo- historic Christian theism along with volume that makes a significant con- gies are “less skeptical about our abil- alternatives being proposed by more tribution to contemporary discus- ity to know God” yet still claim that progressive Christian thinkers, God sions about the nature and attributes the God of historic Christian ortho- Under Fire is divided into two sections of God. Insisting that “there is far doxy must be abandoned. Since they that are related to one another as a more overall continuity among those are convinced that God is in time and superstructure is related to its foun- who adhere to historic Christian as such “is undergoing constant dation. In section one, which in many views of God . . . than discontinuity,” development as he interacts with respects is the most important section its twelve contributors set out “to humans and reacts to human actions, of the book, Mark R. Talbot, Eric L. provide a corrective to the major al- creativity, and cultural progress,” Johnson, and Gerald L. Bray outline ternative Christian versions of God developmentalists conclude that clas- the theological, philosophical, and his- being offered in our day and to sical theism must be rejected or at least torical foundations for challenging the present, as best [they] can, the God significantly revised because it fails to unrestrained arrogance of those who, of the Bible and of historic Christian- take both time and development seri- having accommodated to the intellec- ity: at once the most beautiful and ously. They suggest that in so doing tual milieu of the modern age, would attractive Being in the universe, yet classical theism reduces the God of remake God in their own image. Tal- also the most awesome, even terrify- Scripture to an essentially impersonal bot begins the volume by arguing that ing; a God who is supremely rela- being that is “distant and remote from “doubts about the God of classical tional and supremely sovereign, the humans,” and who as a consequence Christian theism” often reveal little absolutely transcendent lover of our is incapable of relating to his creatures more than a profound lack of confi- 80 dence in “the historic Christian view accurately characterized as simply classical tradition are virtually without of the Scriptures.” Talbot therefore synthesizing Greek and Roman measure, contemporary challenges to defends both the authority and the thought with biblical teaching. . . . the traditional understanding of God “perfect errorlessness and fundamen- Rather, though undoubtedly influ- ought not be regarded as occasions for tal self-consistency” of Scripture and enced by their intellectual climate, the mourning, but rather as opportunities contends that truthful discourse about early church leaders decisively chal- for a compelling articulation of a view God is possible when it is grounded lenged the fundamental assumptions of God that squares with the God of in God’s necessary, sufficient, clear, and thinking of pagan thought and historic Christianity and of Scripture. and inerrant revelation of himself in profoundly reoriented Western intel- A number of years ago the editors the words of the Bible. Johnson then lectual life toward the revelation of of Christianity Today challenged clas- affirms “the realism of orthodox God.” sical theists to interact thoughtfully Christianity and the necessity of logic In the second section of the book with the questions being raised by for knowing anything about God, but the remaining contributors then estab- thinkers who could no longer accept he maintains that the finite capacities lish that the classical view of God many of the established assumptions of human reason cannot be allowed remains untarnished despite the about the God of historic Christian to determine what we think God’s attacks of progressive scholarship in orthodoxy. That God Under Fire repre- nature is or to legitimate the reinter- its many contemporary manifesta- sents a deliberate response to this pretation of some Scripture that tions. While all of the chapters dem- challenge is evidenced by the format appears to contradict other ‘preferred’ onstrate that the view of God cham- of the book. The title of each chapter Scripture.” Suggesting that mature pioned by the classical tradition is takes the form of a question that is thinkers appreciate paradoxical truths vigorous enough to withstand the then answered in the discussion that because they recognize “the limits of assaults of its major detractors, the follows. Contributors interact with a human reason,” Johnson challenges means by which the various contribu- range of critical views and then defend the “unvirtuous use of logic” that tors do this varies from chapter to the classical view of the doctrine being leads many progressives to arrogantly chapter. To vastly oversimplify the attacked in a fashion that demon- suppose that their minds establish the matter, whereas Paul Helm, R. Dou- strates that the critiques are ultimately standards of what can and cannot glas Geivett, James S. Spiegel, Patrick without merit. God Under Fire is a be. Finally, Bray concludes the first Lee, Bruce A. Ware, and D. A. Carson serious, substantive volume that section by defending the classical tra- offer fresh yet relatively conventional demands a serious, substantive dition against the charge that it was discussions of God’s timelessness, his response. One can only hope that corrupted by Greek philosophy. Find- relationship to evil, his providence, his progressives who are clamoring for ing the key to the classical tradition in impassibility, his Trinitarian nature, their voices to be heard will be open the doctrine of the Trinity, Bray insists and his love respectively, William minded enough to engage the argu- that although many of the words Lane Craig and Charles E. Gutenson ments presented in this fine volume. classical theists use “come from one offer thoroughly orthodox yet still pagan Greek philosophical source or more innovative discussions of God’s Paul Kjoss Helseth another,” such dependence is not ipso foreknowledge and his immutability. Northwestern College, facto evidence that the classical tradi- Gutenson, for example, affirms divine St. Paul, MN tion is a compromised tradition, for immutability while rejecting divine the early church redefined these bor- eternality, i.e., while insisting that God The Forgotten God: Perspectives in Bib- rowed expressions in terms that were is present to, rather than outside of, lical Theology. Essays in Honor of Paul consistent with “the pattern of Chris- time. What each contributor makes J. Achtemeier on the Occasion of His tian truth” revealed in Scripture. As abundantly clear, among other things, Seventy-fifth Birthday. Edited by A. such, the early church “cannot be is that because the resources of the Andrew Das and Frank J. Matera. 81 Louisville/London: Westminster/ lypse of John” by David Aune; cannot resist saying that readers John Knox, 2002, xv + 300 pp., $25.95 “Preaching and Ministry in the Service should consult the outstanding work paper. of the God of the Bible” by Elizabeth of John Frame in this regard, The Doc- Achtemeier. The listing of names trine of God (Presbyterian and Andrew Das and Frank Matera, indicates that the contributors are Reformed Publishing Co.). former Ph.D. students of Paul well-known for their work in biblical Jack Kingsbury’s fine work in nar- Achtemeier, have edited a number of studies. rative theology is put to good service essays focusing on the doctrine of God Many honorary volumes solicit in his stimulating essay on “God” in to honor their Ph.D. supervisor. Prob- essays on a topic of interest to the con- Mark. Kingsbury demonstrates that ably the best way to capture the scope tributor, but this volume pursues one liberalism and even redaction criti- of the book is to list the essays and topic in biblical theology, i.e., biblical cism failed to read Mark on its own authors: “In Appreciation of Paul J. teaching about God. Furthermore, terms. He forges well the connection Achtemeier” by Leander Keck; “Intro- “God” is studied from the standpoint between “theology” and “Christol- ducing the Forgotten God” by An- of the canon as a whole, so that sound- ogy” in Markan thought. We are not drew Das and Frank Matera; “The ings are taken from various corpora surprised to see that Richard Hays God Who Creates and Governs” by in the Scriptures. Each of the authors traces out the story of God’s saving Dean McBride, Jr.; “The God Who explicates the particular contribution work in his article on Romans and Reigns: The Book of Psalms” by James of the writer(s) in question to delin- Galatians. Joseph Fitzmyer rightly Luther Mays; “‘Slow to Anger’: The eate what is taught about God. One attunes us to God and Christ as Sav- God of the Prophets” by Patrick of the advantages of biblical theology ior in the Pastorals, bringing to center Miller; “The God Who Makes People surfaces in such an approach, for each stage a theme that is particularly Wise: The Wisdom Literature” by contributor attempts to discern the emphasized in these letters. Luke Richard Clifford; “‘God’ within the particular angle or perspective of God Johnson locates the doctrine of God Narrative World of Mark” by Jack in the literature under consideration. in both James and 1 Peter in their Kingsbury; “The God of Israel and the As readers we see the multifaceted pastoral witness, arguing that moral Salvation of the Nations: The Gospel nature of God’s revelation of himself. exhortation in both letters cannot be of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles” It is impossible in a short review to separated from theological grounding. by John Carroll; “Telling God’s Story” include the diversity of insights found Johnson rightly argues that the by Francis Moloney; “The God of in this volume. Patrick Miller’s essay Christology of James is quite high Mercy Who Rescues Us from the could be interpreted to provide when all the clues of the letter are Present Evil Age: Romans and ammunition for those defending rightly assessed. Finally, one of the Galatians” by Richard Hays; “God’s God’s openness. Open theism should best essays in the volume is the con- Power in Human Weakness: Paul certainly be rejected, but we can still cluding chapter by Elizabeth Achte- Teaches the Corinthians about God” glean insight from Miller’s article, for meier. She reminds preachers that we by Pheme Perkins; “All the Fullness his essay points clearly to a God who are to proclaim the work of God in of God: Concepts of Deity in relates to his creatures—the God of Christ instead of moralizing. The Colossians and Ephesians” by David Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob and not the storyline of the Bible is to be the sub- Hay; “The Savior God: The Pastoral abstract God of some philosophers. ject of our preaching, especially in a Epistles” by Joseph Fitzmyer; “God in On the other hand, the sovereignty of day when so many are ignorant of the Hebrews: Urging Children to Heav- God is featured in the essays on the redemptive account found in the enly Glory” by Harold Attridge; “God Psalms and the wisdom literature, and Scriptures. The advice in this chapter Ever New, Ever the Same: The Witness we can conclude from this that the is a goldmine and every preacher of James and Peter” by Luke Timothy entire canon of Scripture must be con- ought to read it. No one will agree Johnson; “God and Time in the Apoca- sulted to form our doctrine of God. I with everything contained in this 82 work, but insights abound for Or Destroy Marriage” (Danny Akin); siders biological evolution to be students, teachers, ministers, and “Cultivating A Man-Friendly Church” utterly devoid of any religious signifi- preachers. (H.B. London, Jr.); “How To Encour- cance. Darwinian evolution, accord- age Husbands To Lead And Wives To ing to Alexander, is the only viable Thomas R. Schreiner Follow” (C.J. Mahaney); “Someone I theory of biological diversity, and Love Is Gay: Church Ministry To Fam- when we recognize that moral and Pastoral Leadership For Manhood And ily And Friends” (Bob Davies) and ethical implications do not flow from Womanhood. Edited by Wayne “Standing Courageously In Your evolutionary theory, we should have Grudem and Dennis Rainey. Home, Church And Community” no reason to oppose it. Alexander Wheaton: Crossway, 2002, 300 pp., (Paige Patterson). There are also two finds it incredible that so many in the $15.00 paper. chapters dealing specifically with USA actually disbelieve evolution. He single adults, that large untapped res- never mentions any of the evidences This book grew out of a conference ervoir of potential servants in too offered for a young earth; he simply that took place in Dallas, Texas, in many of our churches. considers this a non-issue. He never 2002 called “Building Strong Families This is a solid work that will ben- discusses the systematic gaps in the In Your Church.” The conference was efit families and the church alike. fossil record that should not be there jointly sponsored by FamilyLife Min- Building families is a great way to if gradual transformism were correct. istries and The Council on Biblical spread the gospel. This book will con- He considers “instant speciation” Manhood and Womanhood. All the tribute, I believe, to that end. (whatever that means) to be utterly contributors to the book affirm a vacuous. He seemingly misunder- complementarian view of the roles of Daniel L. Akin stands the proposal creationists offer men and women, and most are also regarding a distinction between pri- known for their strong advocacy of Rebuilding the Matrix: Science and Faith mary and secondary causes (the marriage and family. In addition to in the 21st Century. By Denis Alex- former no longer operating). Nor does the editors, those who contributed to ander. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, he mention the fact that mutations do the work include R. Kent Hughes, 2003, 510 pp., $29.99. not increase genetic complexity, nor Paige Patterson, C.J. Mahaney, David the problem of believing that random- Powlison, and H.B. London, Jr. Alexander is a fellow at St. Edmund’s ness is the source of genetic codes, or (Focus on the Family). The book is College, Cambridge, and serves as that natural selection seemingly will broken down into three sections with chairman of the molecular immunol- work to prevent change even if it is a total of fifteen chapters. There are ogy program at the Babraham Insti- “upward” change unless the change endnotes at the end of the chapters tute. He also serves as editor of is fully complete and stable (a true and there is a Scripture and General Science and Christian Belief. This book macro-mutation). Index. is a collection of his essays. His Alexander sees Genesis 1 as a theo- Each of the chapters contains infor- premise is that science and religion logical essay that effectively refutes all mation and insight that will encour- have been improperly set in conflict. pagan myths but that contains no sci- age the building of strong biblical The great “silent majority” of work- ence at all. Perhaps fideistic affirma- marriage and families. Particular ing scientists are tired of radical tions are sufficient for Alexander’s chapters that will be especially help- rhetoric on both sides, he says. Dia- audience, but it is not clear how a ful include: “The Pastor’s Marriage” log should reveal fresh perspectives pagan myth is actually refuted simply (R. Kent Hughes); “The Pastor’s that can rebuild a theistic framework by a statement of another point of Responsibility For Romance In His for science. view, no matter how effectively it is Congregation And Marriage” (Dennis This dialog gives no comfort to presented. I am in full agreement with Rainey); “The Little Things That Build creationists, however. Alexander con- Alexander’s reading of the polemic in 83 Genesis 1, but I remain convinced that term “called.” Is this an example of ration of church and state”—what- coherence alone is inadequate as a stylistic disdain? More importantly, ever that phrase means. It is the basis for a truth claim. It might help if however, I could find no reference at ambiguity of the phrase that is both Alexander would interact with some all (no footnotes, no index references) the genius and the failure of this of the actual arguments creationists to Phillip Johnson, William Dembski, ambitious new analysis of the history offer, but he won’t do this because he Michael Behe, Michael Denton, J.P. of church/state relations in the finds any suggestion of Genesis 1 as a Moreland, or in fact any well-known United States. historical narrative to be “bizarre.” proponent of intelligent design. Evan- In this volume, Hamburger, John P. I am putting too much emphasis on gelical writers are notably absent from Wilson Professor of Law at the Uni- this one section of the book, however. his footnotes. Obviously we simply do versity of Chicago, surveys the debate Alexander claims to be strongly not measure up to his research stan- over church/state separation from opposed to evolutionary naturalism. dards (or could it be that we raise Thomas Jefferson’s famous “wall of He provides a good survey of the questions with which he prefers not separation” letter to the Danbury Bap- importance of theism as an essential to deal?). A large, carefully written text tist Association to recent judicial skir- element in the rise and development of over 500 pages that fails to take note mishes over school prayer, tuition tax of modern science. He sincerely seeks of the most significant alternate point credits, and Native American ceremo- a theistic science that is more human- of view in the contemporary debate is nial peyote use. Americans of all tra- izing and less mechanistic. Most of us either woefully out of date or willfully ditions will be interested in this can benefit from much of the material ignorant (and I would not want to groundbreaking scholarship, but Bap- Alexander includes in this book. It come down on the latter alternative). tists should pay particular attention to could serve as an excellent supple- It is probably simply another example his argument. Baptist history and the- mental reading in a seminar on science of British disdain for an American and ology are, from start to finish, the vir- and faith. an Australian debate. But the issues tual subtext of Hamburger’s project. I cannot really recommend the are not regional; they are real, and it is The book is interwoven with detailed book, however. There are better unfortunate that Alexander has cho- interactions with the thought of such sources in almost every area of the sen to ignore them. diverse Baptist figures as John Leland, discussion. In his section on the his- Isaac Backus, E.Y. Mullins, George tory of science, almost any of his noted L. Russ Bush Truett, and J.M. Dawson. He takes into sources do a better job in their survey Southeastern Baptist account the history of Southern Bap- than he does (see pp. 478–9), and he Theological Seminary tist Convention resolutions as well as does not even mention Christopher the activism of groups such as the Bap- Kaiser. Alexander seems to be aware Separation of Church and State. By tist Joint Committee on Public Affairs. of Morris and Gish (though he only Philip Hamburger. Cambridge: The primary strength of Hambur- refers to their definition of science on Harvard University Press, 2002, 514 ger’s volume comes in the exhaus- p. 306 and then immediately proceeds pp., $52.00. tively researched case he has made for to refute his misunderstanding of their his central thesis. The separation of view). Based on secondary sources he Few issues are more intrinsic to the church and state, Hamburger con- does refer to The Genesis Flood, but he American republican experiment tends, has always been a contested never quotes from it directly. Oddly, than the Founding era’s refusal to set issue and it has always involved much he initially mentions the authors by up a government empowered to more than simply a legal argument. saying: “a lecturer . . . called Henry settle theological disputes. At the In Hamburger’s treatment of Jeffer- Morris . . .” and a “young theologian same time, few issues are more son’s letter to the Danbury Baptists, called John Whitcomb” (300). He does heated in the current “culture wars” he demonstrates the way in which this not introduce other people with the environment than that of the “sepa- letter has served as a grid through 84 which twentieth-century jurispru- ration between church and state may state” and “religious liberty” from dence has interpreted the establish- be valuable even though it lacks a his- revisionist groups that equate them ment clause. Hamburger points away torical foundation in the Constitution” with hostility to religious claims in the from what Jefferson said, however, to since “churches and their clergy often public arena. This will mean careful what the Danbury Baptists did not say have good reason to separate them- attention to Scripture, theology, politi- in response. Hamburger posits that selves from partisan politics.” And yet, cal theory, American history, and con- Jefferson did indeed hold to exactly Hamburger never defends this defi- stitutional law. In this, Hamburger’s the kind of “strict separation” envi- nitional assumption that the separa- admirable project has started an sioned by some on the American left tion of church and state means the extremely profitable conversation. today. But, he contends, Jefferson was separation of clergy and politics. The a minority among the Founders—and book might have been greatly Russell D. Moore his secularized vision of the public strengthened by more attention, not square was not what Baptists meant just to Baptist pronouncements on It’s All In How You Tell It. By Haddon by religious liberty. Hamburger fur- establishment and free exercise, but W. Robinson and Torrey W. Robin- ther argues persuasively that much of also to the theological underpinnings son. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2003, 143 the impetus behind the church/state of these pronouncements—especially pp., $12.99 paper. vision of groups such as Americans in terms of commitment to a regener- United for Separation of Church and ate church membership and liberty of Haddon Robinson and his son Torrey State and the Baptist Joint Committee conscience. Also, while Hamburger is want to challenge those committed to on Public Affairs have their roots in a right about the nativist bigotry behind a high view of biblical inspiration and brutally nativist anti-Catholicism. He some of the “separation” movements expository preaching to consider the illustrates this phenomenon in the of American history, the volume could merits of “first-person expository career of Southern Baptist Supreme also have explored much more the messages.” In seven concise and well- Court Justice Hugo Black, a one-time very real basis behind Baptist fears written chapters they make their member of the Ku Klux Klan. Mov- about Catholic and Anglican establish- argument (pp. 7-76). The book is ing from Black to a series of individu- mentarianism and religious persecu- almost equally balanced with eight als and groups, Hamburger shows the tion, fears based in the rough and appendices (77-134), seven of which twentieth century overlap between tumble of the history of the Free are examples of first person sermons. nativist ideology and strict separa- churches. Appendix Eight provides a bibliog- tion—a connection that would prove Despite a lingering caricature, raphy of resources for first-person undoubtedly embarrassing to the self- Southern Baptist conservatives still preaching. described progressives who now carry hold to religious liberty and church/ The Robinsons’s challenge is worth the banner of strict separation. state separation. As a matter of fact, our careful consideration. Doing Hamburger’s book, however, fal- we learned it from Baptist conserva- expository preaching should not ters in that he leaves “separation of tives such as Isaac Backus, John be monolithic in style. Variety in church and state” practically unde- Leland, and George W. Truett—who approach and delivery will stretch the fined. Or, rather, Hamburger allows all held these commitments in a larger preacher and engage more effectively the phrase to be defined by contem- confessional framework that also the congregation we address week porary amicus briefs of the American included the inerrancy of Scripture, after week. Our authors wisely do not Civil Liberties Union rather than by the exclusivity of Christ, and the cen- suggest this style should supplant the the theological and confessional tra- trality of the local congregation. The more “traditional method” which has ditions from which the concept ini- next generation of Southern Baptists dominated our pulpits. Rather it can tially was drawn. Thus, Hamburger faces the challenge of reclaiming terms serve as a complement. With this concludes that “the principle of sepa- such as “separation of church and proposition I certainly agree. They 85 carefully lay out for us different Reading the Bible Wisely. By Richard accuracy of Luke’s account with nit- approaches to first-person preaching Briggs. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2003, picky Pharasaism (30). Briggs says and how we can be effective at doing 118 pp., $12.99 paper. that when we read the Bible wisely, it. Their advice is helpful for anyone it “allows Scripture to come alive for who wishes to be an effective commu- As a teacher of introductory herme- us and capture something of the fero- nicator. neutics classes, I am always looking cious creative energy of the Word of A couple of concerns do need to for a succinct, engaging, and accurate God.” (111). This is true. God’s Word be noted. First, the “traditional textbook that discusses issues of bib- is “living and active, sharper than any approach” criticized on page 10 is a lical interpretation. Richard Briggs’s double-edged sword” (Heb. 4:12). The straw man. What the Robinsons criti- recent book, Reading the Bible Wisely, dynamism of God’s Word, however, cize here is not traditional expository is both brief and readable, but fails is not in opposition to the inerrancy preaching but bad preaching, period. to deliver in the most critical area for or doctrinal propositions of Scripture. Second, appealing to Fred Craddock a hermeneutics text—accuracy. Briggs lauds the subjective ele- (21) and his book As One Without Briggs, Lecturer in New Testament ments of interpretation at the expense Authority carries little weight for those and Hermeneutics at All Nations of the objective. Although Briggs does who believe in the inerrancy of Scrip- Christian College in Hertfordshire, not embrace a full-fledged post- ture. Craddock is an engaging com- England, has written a text that is modern, reader-response approach to municator, to be sure, but his method worthy of emulation in its structure Scripture, he makes a number of com- has not grown healthy and vibrant and style. Rather than supplying ments that appear receptive to a read- congregations who know their Bible chapters filled with esoteric terms and ing of Scripture that is unmoored from and theology. Third, first-person mind-numbing lists of “principles for authorial intent. For example, in sug- preaching does not seem to be a “good interpreting the genre of ______,” gesting a chiasm for the structure of fit” when it comes to genres such as Briggs focuses on a limited selection Luke’s Emmaus Road story, Briggs law, proverbs, psalms and epistolary of texts per chapter (usually one major says that ultimately it does not matter type material. Though Appendices passage) and is thus able to provide a if the author intended that chiasm or Three (Prov. 4:23) and Seven (Gal. 1:1- running expositional commentary not. He writes, “Of course there is a 2:10) make a hearty attempt to do this, with hermeneutical musings. Each certain creative act of judgment in see- I am not sure they succeed. This type chapter discusses one or two key areas ing a chiasm in the text: not all inter- of material must be addressed, I of hermeneutics, such as the clarity of preters of the New Testament will would argue, in the same manner it Scripture, the inspiration of Scripture, agree on whether it is ‘really’ there, but was given. In other words, Scripture canon, the authority and application perhaps this is not as significant as one has the right to dictate both the form of Scripture, etc. At times Briggs’s might think at first” (15). Elsewhere, and content of our preaching. I doubt attention to the details of the text is Briggs writes, “Many people find the Robinsons would disagree with admirable, as is his call for a careful, themselves wondering . . . how we can this; I simply point it out to maintain reflective, Spirit-led reading. be sure that we are not imposing our a balance in our preaching. Unfortunately, this book has signifi- own patterns on the text. The simple This is a valuable contribution to cant underlying weaknesses. Most answer is that we can never be sure of the proclamation of God’s holy Word. noteworthy, Briggs subtly but repeat- this . . .” (48). Although an interpreter I believe the Robinsons have hit upon edly draws a contrast between a should admit his biases and limita- something that those who love God’s conservative, doctrinally-oriented tions, must he always remain in the Word should consider putting into reading of the text and the “wise” realm of epistemological uncertainty? practice. approach that he endorses. At one The chapter on “The Difficulty and point, Briggs compares the concern of Clarity of Scripture” should be titled Daniel L. Akin inerrantists to defend the historical more accurately “The Difficulty and 86 Incomprehensibility of Scripture,” for of a compound verb (The di- is analo- that the wicked, after being raised Briggs seems intent on presenting gous to the ‘up-’ in English ‘uphold’). from the dead, are destroyed by God’s numerous texts in Romans as unsolv- The prefix has nothing to do with the consuming fire and hence cease to able conundrums (e.g., Rom 1:5, 16- tense of the verb. At a number of other exist. Traditionalists, on the other 17; 9:5; 15:16). According to Briggs, places, Briggs’s handling of the Greek hand, maintain that those whom God scholars will have different opinions text is awkward to the point of inac- punishes in hell suffer conscious tor- on these passages, and no one can ever curacy (54, 56, 61, 65, 71, 73). ment forever. The format of the book really be sure on most of them. In summary, this book is written in is quite simple. After a brief introduc- One must, of course, acknowledge an engaging style and is organized tion to the topic, each author defends the difficult texts in Scripture (cf. 2 well. It occasionally offers insightful his view, and then a rebuttal from the Peter 3:15-16), but Briggs’s pessimism expositional reflections on individual other author ensues. begins to sound more like modern Biblical texts and provides a needed The most important arguments scholarship infected with relativism call for a worshipful, meditative supporting annihiliationism are as fol- than the humility of man before God’s approach to interpretation. Unfortu- lows. The judgments in the OT involve Word. Part of Briggs’s uncertainty, in nately, this book’s weaknesses out- destruction and perishing. Nothing is my opinion, stems from his adoption weigh its strengths. Because of the said about torment that is permanent of a number of questionable scholarly errors and questionable assumptions and conscious. The image of fire that constructs (e.g., E. P. Sanders’s view mentioned above, Reading the Bible is often used for the judgment signi- of first-century Pharasaism [29, 57-58, Wisely will leave the beginning herme- fies destruction, not that sinners will 67] and Richard Hays’s contention neutics student confused over the clar- be punished forever. Many believers that pistis Christou/Iesou should some- ity, inspiration, interpretation, and derive their concept that hell is ever- times be translated “the faithfulness authority of Scripture. lasting punishment from the immor- of Christ/Jesus”[63]). One should not tality of the soul, but, says Fudge, that shun the challenges and insights of Robert L. Plummer notion stems from Greek philosophy critical scholarship, but neither should and is unbiblical. The word “destroy” one adopt them unreflectively. Two Views of Hell: A Biblical & Theo- (apoleia, apollymi) is often used in the On page 74, Briggs makes the puz- logical Dialogue. By Edward William Scriptures for the future judgment, but zling proposal that later copies of the Fudge & Robert A. Peterson. this word indicates, says Fudge, that Biblical manuscripts (with variants) Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, unbelievers will be destroyed in the must be included within our under- 2000, 228 pp., $14.00 paper. sense that they will no longer exist. But standing of God’s inspiration of the how does annihilationism explain Biblical text. Thus, not only are the Two authors who have already con- texts like Matt 25:46 which speak of autographs “inspired,” but also later tributed significant works on hell eternal punishment? The author changes. If I understand Briggs cor- square off in a debate in this volume. argues that the punishment will last rectly, this is a most unusual approach Edward Fudge previously defended forever in the sense that those who are to inspiration! annihiliationism (he prefers the term blotted out of existence will be gone One egregious linguistic error must “conditionalism” for conditional forever. Fudge is unsure that Rev 14:9- be mentioned. On page 18, in reference immortality) in The Fire That Consumes: 11 even refers to future punishment, to the word “interpreted” (dierme- The Biblical Case for Conditional Immor- and argues that in any case the imag- neusen) in Luke 24:27, Briggs writes, tality (Paternoster), whereas Robert ery in the verses should be interpreted “The di- prefix simply indicates [the Peterson supported the traditional in light of the OT to refer to destruc- verb’s] particular tense . . . .” This view of hell in his Hell on Trial: The Case tion, not conscious torment. Similarly, assertion is patently false, for the pre- for Eternal Punishment (Presbyterian & he maintains that the verses about the fix di- is simply a prepositional prefix Reformed). Annihilationists argue punishment of the devil, the false 87 prophet, and the beast (Rev 19:20; 20:7- eternal bliss or eternal torment. The Not Silent, Volume One. By John 10) cannot be used to support the tra- texts in Rev 14:9-11 and 19:20 and 20:7- Piper. Wheaton: Crossway Books, ditional view, for the false prophet and 10 are also crucial. The language of 2000, 158 pp., $17.99. beast may represent institutions rather being tormented forever and the state- than individuals, and we should ment that there is “no rest day or John Piper is senior pastor of Beth- interpret the lake of fire as involving night” in Rev 14:9-11 clearly refers to lehem Baptist Church and a prolific annihilation. an everlasting hell. Similarly, Peterson author, whose books include Desiring Peterson defends the traditional notes that the eternal punishment of God, The Supremacy of God in Preaching, view that hell involves everlasting the devil (Rev 20:10) indicates that A Godward Life, and Let the Nations be conscious torment. He supports his personal beings are subjected to an Glad: The Supremacy of God in Missions. view from eleven figures of church everlasting punishment. Peterson’s The Legacy of Sovereign Joy is the first history, by appealing to ten crucial argumentation is clear and forceful volume in a series entitled The Swans texts in the Scriptures, and by present- and is a model of sound exegesis. Are Not Silent, a title taken from the ing three arguments from systematic It is astonishing that Fudge uses the event when the great theologian theology. Since this review is necessar- main portion of his rebuttal to defend Augustine turned over the leadership ily a brief one, I can only state that the notion that the soul is not immor- of his church to his assistant, Eraclius Peterson is far more convincing than tal, for Peterson does not make this the in A.D. 430. Standing to preach with Fudge. He rightly notes that a view cornerstone of his case, and argues Augustine seated behind him, that has been the consensus for church that immortality is not native to Eraclius declared, “The cricket chirps, history and that embraces ecclesiasti- human beings but granted to them by the swan is silent” (p. 9). Taken from cal traditions from Roman Catholic to God. Fudge interacts only briefly with biographical messages given by Piper Baptist must be clearly refuted before Peterson’s exegesis, claiming that his each year at the Bethlehem Conference being rejected. Most significantly, previous study of the text has already for Pastors, this series reminds us that Peterson demonstrates that Fudge’s demonstrated the credibility of his God has not allowed the voice of exegesis of crucial texts is faulty. As view. His failure to respond to Peter- Augustine or other “swans” in the his- Peterson shows, Fudge often departs son’s pointed exegetical arguments is tory of the church to be silenced. from the context in explaining crucial a serious deficiency, and functions as In this volume, Piper traces the verses, and he resorts to a method of confirming evidence of the cogency of “legacy of sovereign joy” from Augus- word study that has been discredited. Peterson’s view. On the other hand, tine to Luther and Calvin. Augustine For space reasons I will mention three Peterson’s rebuttal of Fudge is pointed discovered God as the soul’s true joy, crucial texts adduced by Peterson to and compelling, interacting specifi- who replaces the “fruitless joys” note the weakness of Fudge’s exege- cally with arguments presented by the which he had once pursued. Luther sis: Matt 25:46; Rev 14:9-11 and Rev latter. Finally, Fudge consistently found the key to unlocking the truth 19:20; 20:7-10. The parallel between solves problems in NT texts by appeal- of God’s grace, and thus the discov- eternal life and eternal punishment in ing to the OT. He fails to see that the ery of true joy, through the study of Matt 25:46 only stands if one holds the historical judgments in the OT func- God’s Word, over against human wis- traditional view. It strains the natural tion as types of the eternal judgment dom and tradition. Calvin was driven meaning of the text to see eternal life to come. by the majesty of God, as seen in Scrip- as the conscious enjoyment of eternal ture, to proclaim it by the faithful life forever, but eternal punishment to Thomas R. Schreiner preaching of God’s Word, drawing mean that unbelievers cease to exist others into a discovery of God’s grace forever. The parallel indicates that The Legacy of Sovereign Joy: God’s Tri- and true joy. both refer to a conscious state that lasts umphant Grace in the Lives of August- Piper highlights the tremendous forever, and that one will enjoy either ine, Luther, and Calvin. The Swans Are gifts of these three great theologians, 88 as leaders, preachers, and writers, The Parables of Jesus: A Commentary. By an exegetical commentary, summa- whom God has used mightily to Arland J. Hultgren. Grand Rapids: rizes the text with an exposition, and accomplish his purposes. Yet he points Eerdmans, 2000, xxix + 522 pp., concludes with a bibliography. The out that they are flawed saints, which $35.00. author has the knack for including demonstrates God’s grace in accom- what is important, and his writing is plishing his purposes not because of This volume appears in a new series beautifully lucid. The book is stocked their strengths, but rather in spite of being published by Eerdmans with fresh insights and even pastoral their flaws. It thus also serves to chal- entitled “The Bible in Its World.” wisdom about the meaning of the lenge God’s people not to be para- Hultgren is professor of NT at Luther parables. Hultgren has read widely in lyzed by inadequacies, but to rely on Seminary in St. Paul, Minnesota, and the literature (the bibliography for God’s grace to work through them. is well-known for his other scholarly each parable alone is almost worth the This book, therefore, is not so much publications. In this work he provides price of the book), and yet he retains about these great theologians as it is a commentary on thirty-eight par- his own independence as a commen- about “God’s triumphant grace.” ables in the Synoptic Gospels. The tator. I was struck by how often he Piper offers their stories not merely so book begins with an introduction to casts light upon the parables by that the reader can learn of their lives, the parables. Hultgren then divides appealing to the culture of Jesus’ day. but that through their lives we can the parables into seven different cat- The book also displays evidence of “peer through the imperfections of egories, with chapters that explain independent research. For instance, their faith and behold the beauty of the parables that fit under the cat- there are a number of occasions where their God” (17). egory under discussion. The parables the meaning of a word in Greco- Biographers have the difficult task are classified as follows: those that Roman authors is adduced as support of deciding what must be said, and reveal God, exemplary parables, for the interpretation offered. saying it in an interesting way. The parables of wisdom, parables of life Parables, of course, are approached challenge is even greater when com- before God, parables of final judg- from many different angles today. bining three biographies of immensely ment, allegorical parables, and Happily, Hultgren rejects a reader- important figures—all in a small book. parables of the kingdom. In some response hermeneutic in which the As a result, we only get a glimpse into cases I question whether a parable is parables are interpreted subjectively. each of these lives. In addition, the placed in the best category, but in The parables are studied from the connection of “Sovereign Joy” in the every case the decisions Hultgren standpoint of historical criticism, and work of Luther and Calvin could be makes are defensible and his classifi- the original intention of the text is made more evident (though it is clear cation is useful and even heuristic. investigated. At times the author sees in Piper’s use of Luther and Calvin). After the chapters on the various the redactional work of the evangelist But these are not so much weaknesses kinds of parables, two chapters on the where authenticity is to be preferred, as appetizers. This is an excellent evangelists as interpreters of the but on the whole the author has a con- book, and it should be read by pas- parables and parables in the Gospel servative view of the reliability of the tors and lay persons alike. It presents of Thomas are included. Three tradition. Even where evangelicals the lives of three giants of the faith in appendices are added on various would disagree, we can profit signifi- an engaging way, and it will stir anew features of the parables. cantly from his study of the parable a passion for God, and gratefulness for This volume should prove to be in question. God’s grace in the lives of his servants very helpful for students and pastors. I have already mentioned the pas- who, though flawed, may be used to In the commentary section Hultgren toral wisdom that shines through the glorify God and edify his people. translates the parable in question, book. Hence, the book not only adds some technical notes on text and stretches the mind but enlarges the K.T. Magnuson translation, analyzes the parable with heart. The emphasis on God’s grace 89 in the parables of Jesus shines through 5:31; 2 Tim 2:25). If we applied the made on your life. When I was powerfully in Hultgren’s expositions. same principle to the parable of the twenty years old, I read through the The Lutheran theology of the author Good Samaritan that Hultgren uses in sixty sermons found in Studies in the is evident at a number of points, but I interpreting the parable of the prodi- Sermon on the Mount by D. Martyn would argue that this is mainly posi- gal son, we would lose the edge of the Lloyd-Jones. I was immediately tive. The Lutheran emphasis on God’s parable. We could simply argue that amazed at the profound depth of grace, after all, is rooted in the teach- we never truly and perfectly love our expositional theology in those pages ing of Jesus. neighbor. Self-regard stains all that we and saw more clearly than ever the On the other hand, at some points do. True enough! No human being possibilities of teaching truth from the I think the Lutheran emphasis on perfectly loves another. But the point pulpit. Back at the bookstore a few grace tones down the meaning of the of the parable is that those who know days later I discovered that Lloyd- text. For example, in the parable of the God will not draw boundaries in Jones had also done a series of expo- prodigal son Hultgren argues that for- extending their love to others (as sitions on Romans and that those giveness is granted without the need Hultgren himself agrees). The same volumes were appearing one by one. for repentance. He remarks that our issue emerges in the parable of the I have read through all of those vol- repentance is never perfect in any case. unforgiving slave (Matt 18:23-35). It umes over the years, and am happy I think Hultgren is incorrect in main- seems to me that the necessity of to announce that the expositions on taining that the prodigal did not truly forgiving to be forgiven by God is chapter thirteen of Paul’s great letter repent, for “coming to himself” (Luke lessened in Hultgren’s exegesis. He have now been made available. 15:17) and the words spoken signify rightly says that God’s forgiveness is This is a timely volume, since mat- repentance (see the MT of 2 Chron fundamental, primary, and the only ters of church-state relations and the 6:37-38), the necessity of repentance is basis upon which we can forgive oth- role of government are on the front a common Lukan theme (Acts 2:38: ers. The prevenient grace of God, burner these days. Lloyd-Jones makes 3:19). He is even right in saying that which the author rightly trumpets, is it clear that the Bible cannot be used our repentance and sorrow for sin are so powerful, however, that it leads to to support either a church-over-state always imperfect. But he over psy- a changed life, even though not a (such as prevailed during the years of chologizes the text here, for the bibli- perfect one. I should not end on a Roman Catholic hegemony in Europe) cal narrative is not interested in negative note. This book represents or a state-over-church (such as in whether our repentance is flawless but scholarship at its best, and is one of either Lutheran or Anglican forms of in the need to turn to God for forgive- the best books on the parables I have Erastianism) model. In the course of ness. He falls into the same error in ever read. the expositions he berates Catholic the parable of the Pharisee and tax and Reformer alike for their unbiblical collector, saying that nothing is indi- Thomas R. Schreiner approach to the relationship between cated about a change of life and Jesus church and state and instead gives a did not demand repayment, which is Romans: Exposition of Chapter 13: Life nod (though a tempered one) to the necessary if repentance is demanded. in Two Kingdoms. By D. Martyn Lloyd- Anabaptists for their willingness to But in this case he demands that the Jones. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, take the Reformation to its logical parable say more than is reasonable. 2003, 323 pp., $33.99. conclusion in this area. On the other And if the words of the tax collector hand, he withdraws some of his acco- are not repentance, I don’t know what Sometimes books make such a pro- lades to the Radical Reformers by is. Hultgren’s legitimate concern found influence on you that you arguing that many of them were about human works is resolved if we remember years later just what you wrong in their views of the relation- apply his own insight. Even repen- were doing and thinking at the time ship of Christians to the magistracy. tance is a gift granted by God (Acts in relation to the impact that book The British pastor of Westminster 90 Chapel proceeds to argue for a strong small group still practices a Passover Steven M. Ortiz support of the government, a willing- ritual sacrifice of a lamb that is simi- New Orleans Baptist ness to defy secular powers if need be lar to the Old Testament account, Theological Seminary to do the will of God, and a congrega- which is fascinating to most travel- tional independency from the powers ers to the Holy Land. The Purpose Driven Life. By Rick War- of the state on the part of the church. The book is basically an historical ren. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2002, Almost, the “Blessed Doctor” becomes account of the Samaritans with addi- 334 pp., $19.99. a Baptist. tional chapters that discuss the For those of us who ground the religion and culture. Six chapters This book should be read by every lenses of our theological vision, at least discussing the origins and history of seminary and Christian college in part, on the expositions of this the Samaritans follow the introduc- teacher. Why? Because thousands of prince of British expositors, this vol- tory chapter. Three chapters provide pastors and several million others ume provides another opportunity to an historical analysis based on the bib- have. To be exact, the number stood see things more clearly. I always tell lical text. The next three chapters dis- at 4.5 million as of July 21, 2003 (USA students that it would probably not be cuss the history from the Byzantine to Today, 1D). Further, it spent 23 weeks best to copy Lloyd-Jones’s style of the modern era. These chapters are on The New York Times advice best- exposition (it took him fourteen years based on historical analyses of vari- seller list, several weeks as No.1, and to work through Romans in his ous documents and accounts of months on USA Today’s Best Selling church—on Friday evenings—and he travelers. In addition to the historical Books list. It was also named book of never finished before retirement), but survey, the authors provide three the year by the Evangelical Christian he is wonderful to read to see how chapters discussing the Samaritan Publishers Association for 2003. expositional theology can be done. Pentateuch, current religious practices Finally, it is a fine book that will bless Here is another giant on whose shoul- and beliefs of the community, and a and strengthen the body of Christ. ders we can stand. summary of the Samaritan artifacts in The book seeks to answer one the Chamberlain-Warren Collection at overarching question: “What on earth Chad Owen Brand Michigan State University. The am I here for?” Structured for 40 days authors write with a clear style and of devotional reading, Warren pro- The Keepers: An Introduction to the provide succinct summaries of each vides a 5-fold answer to his question: History and Culture of the Samaritans. major historical period. One of the Purpose #1—You Were Planned Robert T. Anderson and Terry Giles. drawbacks is that the book contains For God’s Pleasure Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Press, few illustrations. Purpose #2—You Were Formed For 2002, xvi + 165 pp., $29.95. This book fills a gap in biblical stud- God’s Family ies. In addition to being an enjoyable Purpose #3—You Were Created To The Samaritans have long fascinated story concerning the Samaritans, it is Become Like Christ western culture. The Good Samaritan a valuable resource documenting an Purpose #4—Your Were Shaped parable is familiar to most western- ethnic group that is near extinction. For Serving God ers, but the history of the Samaritans The authors have done a service to the Purpose #5—You Were Made For tends to be diminished. Now the scholarly community. The Keepers pro- A Mission story of this unique group of people vides an ending to a story that is The book is excellently written, is available to scholars and the gen- familiar to our culture. It is a unique wonderfully devotional, and spiritu- eral reader. The Keepers does the mod- book and provides a much-needed ally enriching. It is simple, clear and ern Samaritan community justice by chapter in the history of the people of relationally-oriented. Chapter 33 documenting the long and mysteri- the Holy Land. entitled “How Real Servants Act” is ous history of the Samaritans. This worth the price of the book. My only 91 critique is that there are a few too very engaging presentation demon- Works of Love. International Kier- many clichés for my taste. This is, strating the relevance for interpreta- kegaard Commentary, vol. 16. Edited however, an excellent work. My own tion. by Robert L. Perkins. Macon, GA: church will be working through it, and Chapters three through fourteen Mercer University Press, 1999, 378 I know, without a doubt, we will be a expound the text of Revelation. Here pp., $35.00. better and stronger body as a result. I one does not get the detail one might commend Rick Warren for providing in some other larger commentaries, The International Kierkegaard Com- the church a valuable tool that will but there is substantial discussion of mentary is an extensive project by assist us in accomplishing the plan the text. Johnson is again engaging Mercer University Press to address all God has for us. and, as Ralph Davis says, “not aller- of Kierkegaard’s major works in nine- gic to application.” teen volumes. The “commentary” Daniel L. Akin The last chapter is entitled “What nomenclature may be misleading to Should This Book Do to Us?”, and it those familiar with biblical commen- Triumph of the Lamb: A Commentary on is worth the price of the book. In the taries that provide a verse-by-verse Revelation. By Dennis E. Johnson. opinion of this reviewer, anyone analysis of the text. The IKC offers a Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian & studying Revelation ought to read this collection of unpublished essays by Reformed Publishing Co., 2001, 384 chapter. Even the wording of the chap- some of the best Kierkegaardian pp., $24.99. ter title is excellent. So often studies scholars of our day, but these address of Revelation get sidetracked in areas the overarching themes addressed by This is a superb commentary on the of debate, forgetting that the book (like Kierkegaard in that work rather than book of Revelation. Johnson, a pas- the rest of Scripture) was intended to a section-by-section analysis. Volume tor and professor at Westminster impact us, to “do” something “to” us. 16 addresses the Works of Love, Theological Seminary in California, Johnson lists several ways we should Kierkegaard’s extended exposition of provides a clear, very readable and respond to the message of the book, Matt. 22:37-40. Robert Perkins of theologically-aware exposition of this including seeing the true glory of our Stetson University, editor of the com- complex book. Savior, the true beauty of the Church mentary series, is also editor of this The commentary opens with a and the repugnance and final destiny volume. chapter aptly entitled, “A Strategy for of the Lord’s enemies. Johnson also Each of the thirteen essays in this Seeing.” This is not a discussion of highlights the call to patient endur- collection makes its own unique con- schools of interpretation (Johnson ance and the faithful bearing of wit- tribution. Three articles deal in vari- intentionally holds such discussion for ness in spite of persecution. ous ways with Kierkegaard’s concept the conclusion), but a discussion of The commentary concludes with of redoubling. Martin Andic of the seven key principles emerging from two appendixes. Appendix A is a help- University of Massachusetts contrib- the genre of the book and its histori- ful four-page overview of Revelation, utes an insightful article that estab- cal setting which must inform and and Appendix B is a useful overview lishes fine but important distinctions shape our interpretations. This discus- of schools of interpretation. Johnson’s between the key concepts of repeti- sion alone will be a great value for commentary will now be one of my tion, reduplication, and redoubling in students and preachers. first recommendations to anyone Kierkegaard’s thought. Jesus com- Chapter two then discusses the teaching or preaching from the book manded that we love each other as structure of Revelation, another of Revelation. ourselves, and thus we must redouble important and debated topic in the our love for ourselves in loving oth- interpretation of the book. The discus- Ray Van Neste ers. But as fallen beings we are not sion is well done, drawing from the Union University capable of godly love, and therefore wells of academic research but with a we love truly only as God loves us and 92 we redouble that love toward others. public-private tension in Kierkegaard. sees it) between Jesus’ view of the Anthony Burgess of the University of All three authors reject the criticisms innocent faith of children and Paul’s New Mexico addresses redoubling in of Adorno and Buber that Kierkegaard depiction of the ignorance and imma- relation to Luther’s simul justus et was only focused on the inwardness turity of children. peccator and the scriptural promise of the individual to the exclusion of Although uncharacteristic of other in 1 Peter 4:8 that love heals a multi- the social dimensions of life. In his volumes in this series, there were a tude of sins (a key passage for Kierke- insightful article, Barrett appeals to noticeable number of typographical gaard). Arnold Come of Graduate Kierkegaard’s anticonsequentialism in errors in this volume on Kierkegaard’s Theological Union surveys Kierke- which love is performed for its own Works of Love. However, the book is gaard’s ontology of love and notes that sake, whether or not it actually allevi- well worth reading not only because the Kierkegaardian concept of love ates human suffering. of the insights on Kierkegaard’s does not leave room for a Barthian Mark Dooley of University College thought that it affords, but also (as doctrine of universalism because of in Dublin has an article that relates Kierkegaard would have had it) the profound consequences of reject- Kierkegaard to the contemporary because of the encouragement it offers ing love. postmodern thinkers such as Levinas to actually practice works of love in The article by Paul Martens of and Derrida. While contemporary our daily lives. Regent College contrasts Kant’s more postmodernists love to take Kier- optimistic anthropology with Kier- kegaard hostage as an advocate of Steve W. Lemke kegaard’s greater awareness of human their position, it is difficult to do so New Orleans Baptist sinfulness and how each thinker without doing violence to Kier- Theological Seminary addresses the paradox that although kegaard’s intention and meaning. love is usually thought of as being Michael Oppenheim of Concordia The Psalms: Strophic Structure and freely given, Jesus commanded his University compares Kierkegaard’s Theological Commentary. The Eerd- disciples to love. Anthony Rudd of the view of the interhuman with Jewish mans Critical Commentary Series. By University of Hertfordshire contrib- thinkers Buber, Rosenzweig, and Samuel Terrien. Grand Rapids: utes a helpful article on Kierkegaard’s Levinas. Begonya Tajafuerce of the Eerdmans, 2003, 971 pp., $95.00. epistemology in which he argues that University of Copenhagen contributes the Climacus works are not merely an article on Kierkegaard’s rhetoric, There is no doubt that this is one of ironist, as some have proposed, and Ronald Green and Theresa Ellis the most significant studies of the because the cynic who approaches co-author an article on erotic and Psalms to appear recently. Not only everything with a hermeneutic of agapic love in Kierkegaard. was Terrien a well-qualified Hebrew suspicion has no hope, and thus no One of the most fascinating articles, scholar, but his years of teaching love. This is a topic of some debate authored by Eric Ziolkowski of experience at Union (NY) enabled among Kierkegaardian scholars, Louis Lafayette College, provides an inter- him to produce a volume that covers Pojman championing the view that esting and original analysis of the the scholarly bases while still speak- Kierkegaard meant what he said and child in Kierkegaard’s thought. ing to the general reader. Terrien has Louis Mackey supporting the view Ziolkowski argues that Kierkegaard’s not produced a volume that is com- that Kierkegaard was merely an view of children falls somewhere parable in style to the Word Biblical ironist poet. between the optimistic Romantic Commentary series. What he has Lee Barrett of Lancaster Theologi- innocence view of Rousseau and the done, however, is to offer a new trans- cal Seminary, Louise Keeley of pessimistic original sin perspective of lation based on recent linguistic Assumption College, and M. J. Augustine (and later novelists such as research. He has essentially accepted Ferreira of the University of Virginia William Golding, William March, and the Masoretic consonants, and in each contribute an article on the J. M. Barrie), or in biblical terms (as he most cases he has refrained from the 93 common practice of emending phes). Verse 31 seems quite well inte- cance of linguistic affinities, though he difficult texts. This to me is a great grated into the thought and meaning does suggest that the date of compo- advance over previous practice, of the final strophe as I read it, but sition could “hardly be earlier” than though I do not deny the possibility Terrien seemingly relies on structure those final years of the kingdom of of an occasional scribal anomaly. My to recognize the hand of his supposed Judah. But, as I have found, scholarly argument has been that the so-called “early copyist.” He does say that to pressure today is not to make any “unknown” words often indicate a him verse 31 reads like a third person claims about the historical origin of a more ancient origin for the text than reflection, and I can, of course, see the Psalm no matter how illuminating it many have been willing to consider. shift from “I” to “him,” but it sounds might be. In this case (Psalm 109), the Terrien does not make this point, as to me that the psalmist (“I”) is prais- possibility that this Psalm could be such, but he does try to translate ing God not simply because the Lord from Jeremiah would at least provide the Psalms in the most accurate way will stand by the psalmist (“I”) but a context for understanding the impre- possible. because the Lord will stand by any of cations. The traditional title moves this Then Terrien analyzes the strophic his poor Israelites to save them from Psalm back to David (a source Terrien structure of each poem. The transla- false condemnation. The original does not even consider). An attack on tion incorporates this analysis using psalmist could well have chosen to God’s anointed (David) might even Roman numerals. I found this to be end on this humble and less self- help to explain strophes two and three. very helpful for proper reading of centered note. It is only speculation If the focus of the curse is not against every Psalm. By proper reading, I am to think that an early copyist would one who attacked a messianic repre- referring to literary and grammatical have the sense of freedom to change sentative, then how could the apostles issues. The translator is not respon- an original source in this way. I do not ever justify their use of these words? sible for demonstrating or establish- say it could not have happened that Terrien simply contrasts the whole ing a particular historical origin, and way; I simply note that Terrien specu- thing with “Father, forgive them . . .” Terrien does not do that. His interest lates just as some have done whom he (Luke 23:34), and leaves it at that. His is primarily in literary structure. rightly criticizes with regard to trans- only kind word toward the psalmist Following each translation, a schol- lation. is dependent on the final bicola where arly bibliography is provided for those Each Psalm is then discussed in a the psalmist identifies with the poor who want to do further research. Most “commentary” section that is divided and thus, according to Terrien, appeals references are to journal articles. Few not by verses but by strophes. These to divine mercy. evangelicals are represented in the comments are generally helpful and Nevertheless, I want to conclude on lists. Perhaps we are not publishing as meaningful to readers today. Interest- a positive note, and I want to affirm much in this field as we should. ingly, Terrien recognizes with regard much that is good in Terrien’s work. Next Terrien briefly discusses the to Psalm 109 that Jeremiah faced plots The new translation is a great contri- form of the Psalm. For example, Psalm similar to those described in strophe bution. I continue to believe, however, 109 is said to be unusual in that its stro- four. that traditional date and authorship phic structure (with what he calls a Finally, a section on date and the- studies can shed light on the meaning “spectacular” symmetry) is usually ology concludes the material on each of the text. Terrien is not going that indicative of a hymn, but its thematic psalm. Terrien notes in Psalm 109 that way, but he does provide many help- content is that of a complaint. With- the themes and “even the identity of ful insights for all of us who love the out pause, Terrien announces that the vocabulary” show “remarkable affini- Psalter. final bicolon did not belong to the ties” to what he calls the “Jeremianic original poem (the final substrophe circle” and perhaps with Jeremiah L. Russ Bush has three bicola instead of the normal himself. Terrien, in true scholarly fash- Southeastern Baptist two as found in the earlier five stro- ion, immediately discounts the signifi- Theological Seminary 94 Mysterium Ecclesiae: Images of the supercession of the Church over Israel problems were not so extreme as they Church and its Members in Origen. (650-54). He made a distinction, more would be in later centuries. Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologi- fully developed by Augustine with his All in all this is a worthy example carum Lovaniensum. By F. Ledegang. concept of the church visible and of historical ecclesiology. If it has Leuven: Peeters, 2001, xvii + 848 pp., invisible, between the church as first- any flaw it is that it is too lengthy for $39.99 paper. fruits and as sanctified, with only the most pastors, or even theologians, to sanctified church being the true attempt to read. Perhaps at some point Ecclesiological questions are increas- church (660-61). For the Alexandrian the author will produce a more con- ingly taking front and center stage. father, the notion of the church as bride veniently-packaged version of a fine Major debates are waged between is both corporate and individual, with piece of research. thinkers who disagree on whether the individual aspect pointing to the ecclesiological considerations are to marriage between the Logos and the Chad Owen Brand be construed as questions of the esse individual soul (661), certainly a or the bene esse of the church. Natu- legitimation of a mystical form of The Didache: A Commentary. By Kurt rally, the views of early Christian spirituality. Origen also held that the Niederwimmer. Translated by Linda thinkers are very important to such resurrection of Christ made way for M. Maloney and edited by Harold W. conversations, and so this volume is the age of the Spirit, but, true perhaps Attridge. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: a welcome addition to the literature. to his synergistic approach to salva- Fortress Press, 1998, xxvii + 288 pp., Ledegang shows that Origen’s tion, argued that men had to behave $52.00. favorite metaphor for explicating the in a worthy manner in order to be church is Paul’s use of the “body.” The indwelt by the Spirit (662). The gift of The Hermeneia series is well-known Alexandrian father makes extensive the Spirit then follows conversion, for its technical expertise in which the use of this image, even identifying and is not made a reality in all who biblical text is examined critically and some thirteen “body parts” within the are converted. primary and secondary sources are church, including such unlikely com- The unity of the church was a major referenced extensively. The Her- ponents as cheeks, hair, and belly (64- concern for Origen. This unity is meneia series is also including com- 96). He does not stop there, though, threatened by persecution from with- mentaries on the Apostolic Fathers, but also resorts to the many other out and heresy from within (667). It is and this volume represents the work images in Scripture, such as “people of course a unity in diversity, as the of Kurt Niederwimmer on the of God,” “bride,” and even “moun- discussion about “parts” of the body Didache. Niederwimmer’s introduc- tain.” Here is a rich, though sometimes made clear. Origen seems to have tion treats the following matters with bizarre, discussion of biblical images made a strong case for the priesthood reference to the Didache: its structure for the church that can stand, as a his- of all Christians and did not place a and genre, references to the work in torical study, alongside Minear’s NT high premium on whether one was an other historical sources, the manu- exegetical/theological work, Images of ordained minister or not (669). Of script tradition, the early versions that the Church in the New Testament. course, his own personal situation translated the work, its relationship to Ledegang criticizes works on may have contributed to that convic- the Apostolic Constitutions, the relation- Patrology and the history of ecclesi- tion. For him, priests and bishops (and ship between the Didache and the ology for leaving Origen out of the he does distinguish between the two “Two Ways” tradition, and a recon- loop in their discussions of the histori- orders) ought to be taken from among struction of the origin of the work. The cal development of the doctrine of the the spiritually mature and charis- discussions on these matters are tech- church. As a corrective, he offers what matically gifted. The unholiness of the nical and thorough and would be of he calls a “Sketch of an Ecclesiology” clergy was a blight on the church of significant interest to specialists. Two (649-89). Origen contended for the his day (672-73), though doubtless the matters warrant comment here. Vir- 95 tually all scholars date the Didache Why Does He Allow So Much Suf- message of Joshua. very early, and Niederwimmer opts fering?”; “Isn’t It Narrow-Minded To The commentary consists of eigh- for a date between A.D. 110-120. Other Say That Jesus Is The Only Way To teen chapters, each focusing on one or scholars, however, date the document God?”; and “What About Those Who two chapters of the book of Joshua in even earlier. J. P. Audet posits a date Have Never Heard About Jesus?” English. There is a brief four-page of A.D. 70, and Michael Holmes sus- Diaz draws from authors like Ken introduction to the book of Joshua, a pects that it was written by at least Boa, Josh McDowell, Paul Little, one page glossary, and a brief bibliog- A.D. 80. Assigning a date is difficult Charles Colson, C.S. Lewis, John raphy. The commentary is designed so since the Didache was stitched together Gerstner and Peter Kreeft. She uses that each chapter follows the same from various sources. It is also clear simple, easy to understand illustra- outline: Introduction, Commentary, that some portions of the work draw tions and writes out of her experience Conclusion, Life Application, Prayer, on gospel tradition, particularly the as an M.K., mother, wife and Deeper Discoveries, Teaching Outline, gospel of Matthew. The commentary informed follower of Jesus Christ. I and Issues for Discussion. examines the text carefully from a criti- liked the book and will encourage Although one of the main goals is cal point of view, interacting with others to read it as well. It can be a to provide a straightforward outline other interpretations. As with most real help to our teens in helping them and expository approach to the text, volumes in the Hermeneia series, the obey 1 Peter 3:15. the commentary needs a thorough dis- theology of the document is not the cussion providing the background of focus of the commentary. If the reader Daniel L. Akin the book. This would have been desires a technical and thorough dis- accomplished by a more detailed cussion of the text, then this volume Holman Old Testament Commentary: introduction discussing major literary will serve admirably. Joshua. By Kenneth O. Gangel. Nash- themes, and a brief summary of ville: Broadman & Holman, 2003, xiii archaeological and historical data. A Thomas R. Schreiner + 327 pp., $19.99. detailed summary of the geographi- cal dynamics of the land besides the Sticking Up For What I Believe: Answers This commentary on Joshua is part two illustrations found in the book To The Spiritual Questions Teenagers of the Holman Commentary Series. would also be beneficial to the com- Ask. By Gwendolyn Mitchell Diaz. The commentary series is designed mentary. To the author’s credit, he Colorado Springs: NavPress, 2002, to present “a detailed interpretation” does an excellent job of relating the 171 pp., $12.00 paper. and to deliver “an essential under- book to the New Testament, particu- standing of the Old Testament with larly his discussion concerning This is not a book for scholars, but it unsurpassed clarity and conve- Pauline theology in Ephesians. There is one you might want to put in the nience.” Gangel has written an excel- is no vehicle to take the pastor to hands of an inquisitive teenager who lent commentary addressing the sec- deeper levels within the text, and the is beginning to think about the ulti- ond goal of the series. This is not a discussions found in the “Deeper Dis- mate issues of life and is starting to textbook; it is designed for pulpit and coveries” sections are superficial. ask some of the hard to answer ques- Sunday School ministry. A reader This book is not recommended for tions. The book is written as a Q & A does not come away with a deeper use as a textbook, except perhaps as a between a mother and her four sons. or comprehensive understanding of supplemental text for preaching from Here Diaz addresses eleven impor- the book of Joshua. The main empha- the Old Testament. The text is too tant questions teenagers often ask sis of the book is to provide exposi- superficial for an Old Testament and for which they need answers. tory sermon and study outlines for course. Gangel provides good ex- Questions like: “Can You Prove That each chapter. Gangel does an excel- amples of how to preach and teach the There Is A God?”; “If There Is A God, lent job of staying true to the text and laity, and he provides excellent ser- 96 mon outlines based on each chapter Reconquista. All along the way the Jesus On Trial. By James Montgomery of Joshua as it is divided in the Bible. author introduces his readers to first Boice and Philip Graham Ryken. For a deeper study of the biblical text, one and then another of the military Wheaton: Crossway, 125 pp., $12.99. I would suggest the New American orders, drawing out the parallels Commentary series. between these “holy” societies and the This book is by the former and pres- monastic orders that had gone before ent senior ministers of Tenth Presby- Steven M. Ortiz them—Benedictines, Augustinians, terian Church in Philadel-phia. The New Orleans Baptist and Cluniacs, for instance. One learns, seven chapters were first preached as Theological Seminary for instance, that the Hospitallers a series of sermons on seven Fridays began as a religious order, taking the leading up to Easter in 2000. Dr. Boice Warriors of the Lord: The Military Augustinian rule, serving the hospi- died just a few weeks after preach- Orders of Christendom. By Michael tal in Jerusalem, and only later became ing the seventh and final message. Walsh. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, a military order, probably some time The book is a sermonic/devotional 2003, 208 pp., $30.00. just before the fall of the Latin King- look at seven aspects of the trial(s) of dom. Others were military orders that Jesus. The issues of conspiracy, arrest, Most church people are aware of the eventually became clerical orders. The resistance, witnesses, verdict, sentence fact that various military orders arose order of the Teutonic Knights, for and execution are addressed. The in the Middle Ages, generally associ- instance, endured long after the Cru- book is devotional in tone, spiritually ated with the Crusades, and that sades, fighting against Lutherans in enriching and very easy to read. some of these military orders have the Reformation and against the I especially appreciated the invita- persisted in some form or other down French in the Napoleonic Wars. But in tion to believe the gospel and trust even to modern times. But most do 1923 a cleric was elected Grand Mas- Christ which was shared repeatedly not know much more than that about ter, and since that time it has been a throughout the book. Whether it was the matter. Eerdmans has done Chris- clerical order only. the authors’ intent or not, this book tians a service by producing what This is a timely volume, since so could be placed in the hands of some- may be its first-ever coffee table book, much attention has turned to the one who is lost and in need of trust- a volume on the military orders of Middle East and the conflict between ing Christ as Savior. That person Christendom. the Islamic states and “Christian” would learn that Jesus is the only Sav- Michael Walsh, librarian at Hey- nations. One will not find in this vol- ior whom we must trust to be saved, throp College, University of London, ume much help in sorting out the the Son of God promised in Old Tes- begins his book with two chapters that ideological conflicts that are central to tament prophecy, that he was wrong- set the stage for his exposition on the the current impasse; but one will find, fully condemned and executed, and orders. These two chapters detail the in a lavishly illustrated format, some that all of this was the plan of God to evolution of the church’s views on war of the key historical points of interest accomplish the salvation of sinners by and the historical and geographical that will make it all more understand- means of his perfect work of atone- context that brought Islam to domi- able. It is probably time for many of ment on the cross. nate the Eastern Mediterranean. His us to replace that old Norman Rock- explanations are crystal clear and gen- well volume on the coffee table in the Daniel L. Akin erally free from rhetorical flourish. The den anyway. Why not put in its place rest of the volume is given to an something that will educate the fam- A Jonathan Edwards Reader. Edited by explanation and short chronicling of ily about church history? John E. Smith, Harry S. Stout, and the Crusades themselves, the Europe- Kenneth P. Minkema. New Haven: ans’ defense of the Latin Kingdom of Chad Owen Brand Yale University Press/Nota Bene, Jerusalem, and the subsequent 2003, 335 pp., $16.95 paper. 97 Jonathan Edwards is one of the Edwards’s typological hermeneutic is (1744), in which Edwards sought to most original and influential thinkers also evident in Notes on the Apocalypse. bring discipline against several youth in American history. Every theologian As a key leader in the First Great in the church. In A Treatise Concerning and philosopher should read Edwards, Awakening, Edwards’s Faithful Narra- Religious Affections (1746), Edwards and this anthology provides a won- tive of the Surprising Work of God details reflects a growing disillusionment derful synopsis of his life and thought. not only his defense of the emotional- with not only his own religious expe- This affordable paperback edition of ism of the Awakening, but also details riences but also the effects of the ear- an earlier Yale University Press publi- five separate spiritual harvests over lier revivals. In An Humble Inquiry into cation provides not only an accessible about a fifty year period dating back the Rules of the Word of God, Concerning introduction to Edwards’ best known to the ministry of his grandfather the Qualifications Requisite to a Complete works, but also affords glimpses of his Solomon Stoddard. It is heart warm- Standing in the Visible Christian Church personality and character through his ing to hear Edwards’s description of (1749), Edwards challenged the stan- diary and personal correspondence. the three hundred souls saved within dards for church membership promul- The three editors, all associated a few months during his Northamp- gated by his grandfather Stoddard, with Yale University and participants ton ministry. Three representative ser- seeking to raise the qualifications for in the Works of Jonathan Edwards series, mons (chosen out of his 1,200 sermon membership. These unpopular provide a thoughtful and thorough manuscripts) are included in this actions distanced Edwards from his introduction to this volume, and anthology to provide insight into flock and ultimately led the helpful explanations in footnotes to Edwards’s proclamation: Sinners in the Northampton congregation to dismiss lesser-known persons referenced by Hands of an Angry God, A Divine and Edwards in 1750, led by many of the Edwards. However, throughout the Supernatural Light, and A History of the converts out of the Awakening. volume the editors let Edwards speak Work of Redemption. Edwards was left to serve as a some- for himself with minimal editorial The human side of Edwards comes what embittered missionary to intrusion. through in his Miscellanies, letters, Mohawk and Mohican Indians. His Edwards was the paradigmatic diary, and resolutions. The inclusion subsequent works such as A Careful pastor-theologian. In works such as of these more personal papers and Strict Inquiry into the Modern Pre- On Being and The Mind, Edwards intended for a private audience vailing Notions of that Freedom of the demonstrates his facility with philo- enhances this anthology by providing Will, Which Is Supposed to be Essential sophical thinkers of his day such as insight to Edwards as a tender hus- to Moral Agency, Virtue and Vice, Reward Descartes, Hobbes, Berkeley, and band and father, as a slave owner, as and Punishment, Praise and Blame Locke, while expressing his own an extraordinarily ambitious young (1754), The Great Christian Doctrine of modified Berkeleyan Idealism. man, and as an individual who Original Sin Defended (1758), and The Edwards’s keen powers of scientific struggled with his own spiritual com- Nature of True Virtue (1765), reflect a observation are evident in The Spider mitment. greater pessimism about human Letter, written when Edwards was Edwards’s primary doctrinal trea- nature and religious experience than just twenty years old. One can specu- tises were written later in his life, fif- his earlier works. In these rather late that his youthful fascination with teen to twenty years after the Great polemical works Edwards argues the spider may have contributed to Awakening. While perhaps not radi- against Armenian ideas, but his his imagery in Sinners in the Hands cally different conceptually from his attacks are unfortunately addressed of an Angry God, but clearly in Images earlier positions, these works are not to the primary evangelical propo- of Divine Things he draws a number darker, more pessimistic, and more nents of these positions, but to persons of analogies from nature to illustrate polemical than his earlier writing. This such as Thomas Chubb (an avowed divine truth. Various items in crea- more somber tone may be suggested deist) and Daniel Whitby (an Angli- tion become types of the Creator. in his notes on The Bad Book Case can apologist). Edwards’s argument 98 against freedom of the will hinges on times it seemed tedious, especially at of eternity. the rather thin semantic point that the beginning. We are introduced to The laws of thermodynamics force freedom properly belongs to the person some obscure quotations from Goethe us to accept an irreversibility in nature, and not the will, and thus the concept that set up the authors’ tri-polar struc- and this forces us to re-evaluate all of “freedom of the will” is incoherent. ture of time: exogenous (all forms of ancient theories of cyclical histories. Edwards does not address the more time in which humans relate to their The Jewish-Christian tradition of a substantive issue of whether or not environment); endogenous (all forms creation, a linear history, and an persons can determine their actions of time available to humans through eschatological end is seen to be far without being forced to do so by their immediate inner experiences); closer to the truth revealed by science external causes, which is the real point and transcendent time (those phe- than other alternatives, even though of contention. However, Edwards’s nomena best described as religious for God, time is no barrier or con- arguments provide interesting and experiences of time). The first question straint. Only in biblical theology is thought-provoking reading. is whether there is a biological basis there a truly transcendent time. Edwards was one of the most cre- for this three-fold structure, but the Annual festivals of the Jews main- ative minds in American history, a answer is less than fully obvious. Yes, tained the nearness of the past with- great evangelist, and a great pastor- of course, we experience sequence out denying the ancientness of the theologian. This well-conceived (day and night, breathing in and out), past. The New Testament kingdom is anthology provides a concise intro- and this is our most basic experience proclaimed as near and Christ is com- duction to Edwards’s thought, and is of time. The authors want to acknowl- ing soon without ruling out the chro- highly recommended reading for edge this (and they do at length), but nological expanse of time between every Christian. they also want to move on to more then and now. helpful levels of analysis. Clearly the authors advocate an Steve W. Lemke I found it absolutely fascinating to openness to time because entropy only New Orleans Baptist read the section in which they applies absolutely to a closed system, Theological Seminary reviewed the history of western phi- and God is clearly able to change the losophy using the rubric of how each “inevitable” by adding His “outside” Dimensions of Time: The Structures of philosopher built their essential theo- or transcendent presence to the pic- the Time of Humans, of the World, and ries around assumptions they made ture. I could not find that the authors of God. Wolfgang Achtner, Stefan about time. This was not only insight- were aware of the so-called “open- Kunz, and Thomas Walter. Grand ful but to me convincing. One does not ness” debate among American Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002 [1998], 196 fully understand western intellectual Evangelicals (where the issue isn’t so pp, $30.00 paper. history until one has focused through much the openness of time to an this lens at least once. To me, this was influence from eternity as it is the lack Originally published in German, this the most helpful section of the book. of God’s knowledge of the future). volume originally arose from a study A few unexpected gems appear: for This is not an easy read, but it is a group called “Dialogue of Physicists example, on p. 43 there is an interest- sophisticated study of some very basic and Theologians.” The authors par- ing section on the Star of Bethlehem issues for theology. The authors ticipated in a year-long program and its significance for dating and for seemed to think they were primarily theme on “Time in Physics” and then interpreting the birth of Christ. Later addressing the lack of balance in spent five more years working on the sections of the book address physical human life. It is true that many of us relation of all of these ideas to theol- theories of time, especially in light of seem to be experiencing mostly ogy. The Templeton Foundation sup- contemporary relativity theory. “accelerated” living. I found the more ported the English translation. Finally the authors enter the discus- interesting parts, however, to be the The study is so thorough that at sion of divine time and/or the nature discussions of the implications of this 99 three-fold theory of time for human she sets forth her primary thesis that the Bible for various national identity history and destiny. This could be a it is not original sin, but the competi- structures. The book is neither a the- very provocative text for a seminar in tion caused by scarcity that is at the ology of liberation nor an analysis of the philosophy of history. center of monotheism. The next five major themes in the Bible. Instead, chapters discuss her reinterpretation Schwartz attempts to provide a new L. Russ Bush of major biblical themes (e.g. Cov- postmodern interpretation of biblical Southeastern Baptist enants, Land, Kinship, Nations, and themes. Schwartz states that she is an Theological Seminary Memory). Schwartz never appeals to outsider when it comes to biblical any biblical scholarship or analyses studies—ironically, this is one of the The Curse of Cain: The Violent Legacy that would support her biblical criti- few statements that is supported by of Monotheism. By Regina M. Sch- cism. Instead the work is a distortion the data presented in this work. wartz. Chicago: University of Chi- of the biblical story, as she picks and cago Press, 1997, xv + 211 pp., $22.95. chooses particular stories, ignoring the Steven M. Ortiz context of the story or deciding which New Orleans Baptist Regina M. Schwartz has written a stories were dominant (Cain and Abel Theological Seminary provocative book that would appear vs. The Fall). to be a new analysis of the Hebrew The chapters are illustrated with Bible but actually is a postmodern modern abuses of nation building and reading and evaluation of the use of the incorporation of biblical themes the Hebrew Bible in western culture. into the western state (e.g. One Nation Schwartz’s main premise is that under God, Israeli Nationalism, etc.). scarcity provides the trajectory for the The modern analysis is also weak. development of monotheism. She Most historians are aware of the proposes that the “biblical myth of abuses of men who use the biblical text scarcity” is “encoded in the Bible as a to support any political position or principle of Oneness” (p. xi) and is exclusivism and racism within society. foundational for the theme of exclu- She does not provide any data to show sion which is the basis for violence in that these tendencies are inherent in society. Her vision is to “produce an monotheism. The reader is constantly alternative Bible that subverts the in a position of incredulous bewilder- dominant vision of violence and scar- ment as it is common knowledge that city with an ideal of plentitude and its violence and society evils are common corollary ethical imperative of gener- to polytheistic societies and atheistic osity. It would be a Bible embracing societies. Her premise of violence multiplicity instead of monotheism” being foundational to monotheism is (176). Schwartz attempts to provide a never fully supported with any data scholarly analysis of the interplay or documentation. between violence and monotheism in Her premise would at least be the Hebrew Bible. She proposes that entertained if she could show that this is the foundation for western secu- Jews celebrate the murder of Abel or larized forms of nationalism. the conquest of the Land instead of the The book consists of six chapters. Exodus Event. It seems that an under- The first chapter, entitled, “Rebuild- lying goal is an analysis of contempo- ing Babel,” is an introduction in which rary and historical uses and abuses of 100