APRIL/MAY 2005 Inside 4 Learning from 5 Reforming the United Nations 6 20th Anniversary Reception 8 Short Takes Vol. XI, No. 1 8 Stojan Cerovic Remembered ■ ■ UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE WASHINGTON, DC www.usip.org 9 Arthur M. Crocker Remembered 11 Letter from Mindanao Pathways Peace An Institute conference on Israeli-Palestinian relations struck a rare note: optimism.

to David Satterfield, former deputy rospects for resuming assistant the Arab-Israeli peace secretary of state process are brighter than at for any time since 2000, accord- affairs, and ing to participants in Path- Martin Indyk, ways to Peace, a half-day research former U.S. Psymposium convened by the ambassador to Instituteʼs Scott Lasensky. The and now meeting, held in late January at a director of the Washington-area hotel, included Saban Center at presentations from Ambassador the Brookings David Satterfield, a senior State Institution. Department official; Martin Indyk, director of the Saban The meeting was the first for the Alexandria Declaration Center at the Brookings Institu- installment in the Institute’s and follow-on programs to pro- tion and a former U.S. ambassador expanding research efforts into mote interreligious dialogue. The to Israel; and several distinguished the Middle East peace process. Institute is also working with the scholars, including current senior As part of the Arab-Israeli Middle East Children’s Associa- fellow Jacob Shamir. Futures research project, a number tion on peace education, and has a Participants expressed cautious of reports to be published in 2005 number of grant recipients work- optimism that Israeli-Palestinian will examine a variety of local, ing on both academic and applied negotiations could be renewed, regional, and international factors subjects related to the conflict. pointing to an exceptional con- shaping the peace process. The “It is widely asserted that the fluence of events, including the Institute has long been involved in Arab-Israeli issue is critical to death of Yasser Arafat, Israel’s activities to promote Arab-Israeli America’s position in the Middle disengagement plan, Palestinian peace. How Israelis and Palestin- East,” Lasensky noted, “but what elections and the emergence of ians Negotiate, the latest volume are the specific linkages? And how new leadership, and the entry of in the Institute’s series on cross- does the peace process impact Israel’s Labor Party into a coali- cultural negotiation, was published our larger agenda?” These broad tion government. this spring. Support continues See Pathways to Peace, page 2 2 that the best way forward is to was the key to American success Pathways to Peace focus on a defined, short-term in the Middle East, he said. Bush continued from page 1 agenda that can restore trust and has made the opposite mistake: enable both peoples to “reaffirm He assumed that since the Arab- questions—as well as the nar- their faith in the very enterprise Israeli conflict was not identical rower but vital question of what of peacemaking.” He urged the to resolving our problems in the strategies and tactics the United United States to re-activate the Middle East, he could safely States might employ to advance first phase of the Roadmap and ignore the former. The challenge, the peace process—dominated the ensure that a complete Israeli said Spiegel, is to get the balance meeting. pullout from Gaza does not leave right. And the problem with the Satterfield opened the confer- Israel vulnerable on security. Bush administration’s policies is ence by emphasizing that the He urged greater support for that the long-term promotion of Bush administration remains economic assistance for post- democracy is doing nothing to actively engaged in the Middle withdrawal Gaza, and suggested stifle terrorism or proliferation, East: “We are committed to trying U.S. support for a new UN reso- while the wars on terrorism and lution ratifying Gaza withdrawal. proliferation are doing nothing Progress on this conflict, said to promote democracy. Spiegel Makovsky, would vindicate the recommended a less ambitious president’s policies, which predi- agenda. The immediate task, he cated U.S. engagement on the said, is to do what is necessary to removal of Arafat and reform of ensure that Israel withdraws from Palestinian leadership. Gaza and the northern West Bank At the same time, however, and that President Abbas stems Makovsky warned against too the violence and advances political ambitious an agenda. Final Status talks could endanger the entire Former National to make this conflict come to an process, he said, by energizing Security Adviser end,” said Satterfield, who called rejectionists opposed to the Abbas Zbigniew the present moment “the greatest government, undermining the

Brzezinski talks opportunity for peace in years.” political dynamics on the Israeli Peace Watch (ISSN 1080-9864) is pub- with Chester But he insisted that the basis for side, and precipitating a crisis lished six times a year by the United States Institute of Peace, an independent, Crocker and constructive negotiations is still— before either side was fully ripe nonpartisan federal institution created Institute Board by Congress to promote the peaceful as the Bush administration has to proceed to final status talks. resolution of international conflicts. The Chair J. Robinson long maintained—that Israel cease He also rejected the notion that views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect views of the Institute or its Board West prior to settlement work and the Pales- there is a “grand linkage” between of Directors. the symposium. tinians end violence. Settlement events in Iraq and the broader To receive Peace Watch, visit our web site activity must stop, said Satterfield, Middle East and progress on the (www.usip.org); write to the United States Institute of Peace, 1200 17th Street NW, because it “ultimately undermines Palestinian-Israeli conflict. Arab Suite 200, Washington, DC 20036-3011; Israeli as well as Palestinian inter- resentment of the United States call 202-429-3832; or fax 202-429-6063. A complete archive of Peace Watch is ests and futures.” He was equally stems from complex historical and available at www.usip.org/peacewatch.

forceful about Palestinian options: cultural forces unrelated to Pales- President: Richard H. Solomon a Palestinian state, he said, “can’t tinian grievances. (On the other Executive Vice President: Patricia Thompson Publications Director: Mike Graham be built on the foundation of ter- hand, he did note a “negative Editor: David Aronson Production Manager: Marie Marr Jackson rorist violence.” linkage”—in that if U.S. forces are Design: Kenneth P. Allen Three leading experts, David defeated in Iraq, this will no doubt Photo Credits: Staff, AP/ Wide World Makovsky, of the Washington embolden rejectionists throughout Photos, Bill Fitzpatrick Institute for Near East Policy; the region.) Board of Directors Steven Spiegel, of the University Steven Spiegel was more criti- Chairman: J. Robinson West. Vice Chair- man: María Otero. Members: Betty F. of California at Los Angeles; cal of the Bush administration— Bumpers, Holly J. Burkhalter, Chester A. and , of the Inter- and indeed, of previous adminis- Crocker, Laurie S. Fulton, Charles Horner, Seymour Martin Lipset, Mora L. McLean, national Crisis Group, prepared trations as well. Until President Barbara W. Snelling. Members ex officio: Arthur E. Dewey, Department of State; detailed policy papers and Bush, U.S. presidents have con- Michael M. Dunn, National Defense debated their recommendations sistently believed that resolving University; Peter W. Rodman, Department of Defense; Richard H. Solomon, for U.S. policy. Makovsky argued the Palestinian-Israeli conflict Institute president (nonvoting). 3 reforms. If this mutual disengage- ment is successful, then the next step would be to convene an inter- national conference by the Quartet to plot out future confidence- building reinforcing measures. As to the broader agenda of the United States—building democ- racy, limiting the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and fighting terrorism—the jury is still out, but the likelihood is that Robert Malley of the International Crisis Group, David Makovsky of these goals are mutually contra- the Washington Institute of Near East Policy, Steven Spiegel of UCLA, dictory and will end by undercut- and Institute program officer and symposium organizer Scott Lasensky ting one other. offered contrasting views of the most effective path to a viable peace. Robert Malley proposed a more ambitious agenda. Putting off 54 percent among Palestinians. In ciated Press ran an article that efforts to forge a comprehensive addition, there has been a signifi- was reprinted in dozens of media settlement until the Palestinian cant rise in the number of Israelis outlets, including ABCNews.com, leadership can demonstrate and Palestinians who support a CNN.com, and the San Francisco improved governance and real “mutual recognition of identity” Chronicle. Other print media that security for the Israelis is the proposal, in which both groups mentioned the conference includ- old, familiar, and failed path, he would recognize the legitimacy of ed the New York Times, the Finan- said. Conditions today require a each other’s state after the major cial Times, , and more aggressive posture, one that issues have been resolved. The . In addition, C-SPAN takes advantage of the unique overall conclusion: Palestinians aired the entire proceedings of the conjunction of events. Malley and Israelis are as “ripe” as they conference at least four times over recommended that the United have ever been to proceed with the five days immediately follow- States present the parameters peace negotiations. ing the event. for a comprehensive Israeli- Ambassador Martin Indyk “I have always believed in two Palestinian agreement, in concert delivered the keynote address. fundamental truths about the con- with forward momentum on the He echoed prior speakers in flict,” said Lasensky. “At its core, Syrian-Israeli track. emphasizing the present window this is a local struggle over terri- In the subsequent panel, Jacob of opportunity. For the first time, tory; and second, outside actors Shamir and Khalil Shikaki, who both sides seem to agree on the remain an essential element of the have worked together under idea of a two-state solution. He peace process.” He added, “As the Institute grants before, presented also insisted, as prior speakers old anxieties give way to a new the findings of their latest joint had, that the United States has sense of optimism, however frag- Palestinian-Israeli public opinion an indispensable role to play in ile, the United States has a major survey. Those findings pointed to bringing about that peace. The role to play in maintaining the a significant trend toward more new Palestinian leader has the present momentum.” dovish views among both the will, but not the means, to achieve For more information on the Palestinians and the Israelis than peace, said Indyk, and the United Pathways to Peace conference, 12 and 18 months previously. For States should do everything please visit the USIP web site example, on a host of basic ele- reasonable to help him. On the (www.usip.org/pathways), which ments of the Israeli-Palestinian thornier questions of refugees, has copies of the policy reports by permanent status negotiations— Jerusalem, and Gaza and the West Makovsky, Spiegel, and Malley, such as the issue of borders and Bank, the U.S. must be prepared the text of Ambassador Satterfield’s territorial exchange, a demili- to play the role of midwife—even speech, further information about the tarized Palestinian state, and a as it uses its clout to persuade Shamir-Shikaki polling data, and desire to end the conflict—the other Arab nations to acknowl- audio files of all the presentations. percentage in support rose from edge the state of Israel. 47 percent to 64 percent among There was intense media inter- Israelis, and from 39 percent to est in the conference. The Asso- 4 Learning IRAQ omom Identifying the lessons is only half the job.

ccording to Robert the lessons identified by Ameri- Perito, coordinator can civilian officials and soldiers of the Iraq Experi- who served in the CPA in Iraq. ence Project at the Interviews with returnees will Institute, there is become part of a database of a bright line to experience for preparing training be drawn between lessons that programs in the future. “The mil- Aare merely “identified” and les- itary makes it a practice to rou- sons that are actually “learned.” tinely debrief their officers,” says Perito, who is working on a sys- Perito. “Civilian agencies do not, tematic analysis of the Coalition which means that they’re always Provisional Authority’s (CPA’s) going in to these operations as experience in Iraq, says that if for the first time.” With funds Robert Perito before lessons can be learned, from the $10 million Congress they must first be recognized, appropriated for the Institute’s integrated into training pro- Iraq programming in November grams, and internalized by par- 2003, the Institute interviewed ticipants. Unfortunately, he says, 113 Americans returning from lessons from earlier attempts at tours of duty in Iraq. The inter- postconflict nation building too views, conducted by the Asso- often have been ignored. “Large- ciation for Diplomatic Studies scale breakdowns in public order and Training, focused on secu- should be anticipated in the rity, governance, and economic aftermath of international inter- reconstruction. ventions in conflicted states,” says Perito’s group wrote three Perito. “We knew that from our Special Reports based on the experience in Panama and else- interviews, sponsored a workshop where. Unfortunately, we didn’t for returnees in January, and held plan for that possibility when we a final, postpublication briefing mounted our postconflict stabili- in mid-April. The January work- zation and reconstruction efforts shop featured keynote speaker in Iraq.” Stephen Browning, the director The Iraq Experience Project is of infrastructure for the CPA and an ambitious attempt to catalog See Learning from Iraq, page 10 5 Reforming United Nations theCongress asks the Institute to help develop a plan of action.

n December 2004, the Institute was directed by Congress to create a task force on the United Nations. Its purpose: to examine the extent to which the UN is fulfilling the mission stated in Iits charter and to recommend an actionable plan for the United States to help the UN reform. Although this is not an official U.S. government report, the Institute was obliged to report back to Congress by June 6, 2005. “The task force is motivated by a conviction that a United Nations that functions effectively within the limits of the charter is in the Newt Gingrich George Mitchell best interests of the United States,” says George Ward, director of the Professional Training Pro- “What distinguishes this task force from others gram, who is coordinating the project. [N.B.: The examining reform at the UN is that this one is distinc- Task Force published its report as this issue of Peace tively American in outlook—it’s looking at the UN Watch went to press; the next issue will feature a in terms of American interests. It’s also emphatically lengthy article on its findings and recommendations. bipartisan, and it aims to make recommendations To view the report, go to www.usip.org/un/report/ that Congress and the Executive branch can put into index.html.] effect to help the UN in its reform efforts,” says Ward. The task force itself is composed of a diverse and “The study was prompted by congressional concerns bipartisan group of distinguished Americans from over the UN’s performance in Darfur, the oil-for-food a variety of professions and backgrounds. Heading scandal, and revelations of continuing sexual abuse it are Newt Gingrich, former speaker of the House by UN peacekeepers. Congressman Frank Wolf, of Representatives, and George Mitchell, the for- who, as the chairman of the Commerce/Justice/State mer majority leader of the Senate. Other members Appropriations Subcommittee, authored the legisla- include: Wesley K. Clark, Edwin Feulner, Roderick tion establishing this task force, has been particularly Hills, Donald McHenry, Danielle Pletka, Thomas concerned about the situation in Darfur.” Pickering, Anne-Marie Slaughter, A. Michael The task force has organized its work around five Spence, Malcolm Wallop, and R. James Woolsey. thematic areas, each of which is led by task force Senior advisors to the task force are Charles Boyd members and comprises several experts. Each of these and J. Robinson West (chair of the Institute’s board teams has conducted research and undertaken fact- of directors). finding missions to the UN and to its missions abroad. Aiding the task force are experts drawn from six The five thematic areas are as follows: of the leading foreign policy think tanks, including ■ Preventing and ending conflicts and building the American Enterprise Institute, the Brookings stable states; Institute, the Center for Strategic and International ■ Preventing and responding to genocide and gross Studies, the Council on Foreign Relations, the human rights violations; Heritage Foundation, and the Hoover Institution. See Reforming the UN, page 10 6 AnniversaryAnniversary The Institute held a reception on Capitol Hill on March 16, 2005 to salute current and former members of Congress forReception their roles in creating and supporting the Institute over the past two decades. In his remarks to the more than 250 guests at the reception, Institute president Richard H. Solomon reaffirmed the Institute’s commitment to fulfilling its congressional mandate to “search for nonviolent approachesth to dealing with international conflict.”

Remarks by Richard H. Solomon President, U.S. Institute of Peace Addressed to attendees of 20th Anniversary reception March 16, 2005

e are honored to have this impres- times past, military conflicts among states seemed sive turnout to mark the 20th part of the natural order of things, but we live in anniversary2 of 0the U.S. Institute an era threatened by weapons of mass destruction, of Peace. Here tonight are many a time of a weakened nation-state system, and of of our friends, supporters in Con- ineffective international organizations. If we fail to Wgress, Board members, and staff to help us celebrate. transform the way we deal with conflict, we—the I should also note with appreciation the presence of world—face a bleak future. 50-some diplomats from more than 25 countries. Congress has entrusted the Institute with the In its origins the Institute was not conceived as an heavy responsibility of meeting this challenge. Our operational organization; its primary purpose was creators, people of great vision such as Senators public and professional education. But the world, Spark Matsunaga and Jennings Randolph, and Con- and the Institute, has changed. Over the past decade gressman Dan Glickman—whom you’ll be hearing we have been active in more than 100 countries all from shortly—saw the need for an independent fed- over the globe! eral institution that would train peacemakers. They Tonight we have the special opportunity to foresaw a “national peace academy” that would train express our appreciation to Congress—for its fore- professionals in the skills of conflict management, sight in establishing the Institute, and for its ever- just as our military academies train professionals in increasing support of our work. the skills of war fighting. In public service, it is not often that one has the The Institute has come some distance in meet- opportunity to help build a national institution, one ing the challenge of professionalizing peacemaking, dedicated to dealing with perhaps our greatest for- and tonight we want to reaffirm our dedication to eign policy and national security challenge—indeed this great challenge, to the obligation of supporting a challenge facing all of humankind: getting control policymakers in Congress and the administration in of international violence, learning to deal with con- the search for nonviolent approaches to dealing with flicts by political and other nonviolent means. In international conflict. 7

19200484 Anniversary UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE

Reception Twenty Years of 20th Progress in Peacemaking

Top left: Senators Daniel Inouye (D- HI), Ted Stevens (R-AK), Richard Lugar (R-IN), and Tom Harkin (D-IA), as well as Associate Justice Stephen Breyer addressed the anniversary reception. Top right: Sandra Willett Jackson, presi- dent of Vital Voices, and Representative Nancy Pelosi (D-CA). Center row: John Richardson, former board member, and Institute president Richard Solomon. To their right: Institute vice president Charles “Chick” Nelson and former staff mem- ber Ken Jensen. Third row from bottom: Institute board members Holly Burkhalter, Laurie S. Fulton, Chester Crocker, Mora McLean, and María Otero watch as Richard Solomon cuts the ceremonial cake. Richard Solomon addresses the assembled audi- ence. Second row from bottom: former Institute chair Chester Crocker, current chair J. Robinson West, former board member and current Director of Policy Plan- ning for the State Department Stephen Krasner, Institute Vice Chair María Otero, Richard Solomon, and board member Barbara Snelling. Bottom picture: Chester Crocker, Richard Solomon, and Institute adviser Tara Sonenshine. 8 Disintegration in the leaders seek their constituencies holding elections in October of Ivory Coast? from their own ethnic groups. 2005. However, much remains to he situation in the Ivory Widner observed that a disintegra- be done if the Ivory Coast is to “TCoast raises serious ques- tion similar to the Ivory Coast’s survive as a viable entity. tions about the viability of the almost occurred in Kenya, but that African state and the role of quick intervention from indig- Crunch Time in Mindanao? the international community enous civil society groups and the he conflict in Mindanao, in in African crises,” says David international community helped Tthe southern Philippines, has Smock, director of the Religion prevent a similar outcome. Unfor- its roots in the tangled history of and Peacemaking Initiative at tunately, she said, the conflict in the colonial era, explained Eugene the Institute. In mid-December, the Ivory Coast is becoming harder Martin, executive director of the

Smock moderated a Current to resolve as ethnic hatreds become Institute’s project to facilitate Issues Briefing on a country that more intense. Chirot began his peace talks between the Philip- had once been viewed as an oasis presentation by saying that he was pine government and the Moro of stability and prosperity in West “quite gloomy,” and proceeded Islamic Liberation Front. When Africa. The briefing was held to to explain why: The economy, he Spain sold the Philippines to the draw attention to the crisis in the said, is increasingly given over to United States in 1898, it included

Takes Ivory Coast, where a contingent plunder; the north-south divide is in the deal several predominantly of French, UN, and West African growing and becoming more fac- Muslim islands that the Spaniards troops currently maintains an tionalized; the exodus of whites is had never conquered. Using mod- uneasy truce between the govern- worsening employment prospects ern weaponry, the U.S. Army suc- ment of Laurent Gbagbo in the for the young, leaving them with ceeded in subduing these islands. south and various rebel groups in little alternative to violence; and Although the U.S. colonial Short Short the north. Speaking at the brief- while it is not a religious war now, authorities administered the Moro ing were Daniel Chirot, a senior it could degenerate into one, with Islands separately from the rest fellow at the Institute; Jeanne the potential of spreading across of the country, when the United Toungara, of Howard University; West Africa. States granted the Philippines and Jennifer Widner, of Princeton Since the Institute forum commonwealth status in 1935, it University. on the Ivory Coast, some new ceded these formerly autonomous Toungara noted the sad irony developments have raised hopes islands to Filipino control. Today, that after many decades of one- that perhaps a solution might be a continuing insurgency launched party, one-person rule under found. President Thabo Mbeki of decades ago has cost more than Felix Houphouet-Boigny, the South Africa brokered a negoti- 120,000 lives. At a Current Issues country’s launch into multiparty ated agreement between the major Briefing in February, several democracy has resulted in the political forces in the country. experts discussed what it might “re-ethnicization” of politics, as They have accepted, in principle, take to end the conflict. Benedicto Bacani, a senior fellow at the Institute and dean IN MEMORIAM of the College of Law at Notre Dame University in Cotabato City, Mindanao, expressed con- Stojan Cerovic fidence that recent peace talks would lead to an agreement. The ormer senior fellow Stojan Cerovic died in late March in Paris after a long illness. A parties realize, he said, that “fight- Fpsychologist by training, a journalist by choice, and a democracy advocate in Belgrade ing it out” does not work, and the by fate, Stojan was cofounder and first president of the Center for Antiwar Action, an leaders of the guerilla movement anti-nationalist NGO (and USIP grantee) that opposed Milosevic’s wars against other appear to be open to a solution. former Yugoslav republics. Stojan was a senior fellow at the Institute in 2000, when he The challenge, he warned, would wrote a special report on “Serbia and Montenegro: Reintegration, Divorce, or Something be implementing the agreement Else?” (http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr68.html), published in April 2001. Ever and making sure it “stuck.” Zach- the voice of reason, he returned to Belgrade after his fellowship to continue his journalism ary Abuza, also a senior fellow and career and also to help with the transformation of Serbia’s institutions to a democratic sys- a professor of political science at tem. Said Dan Serwer, then-director of the Balkan Initiative at the Institute, “We’ll miss Simmons College, was more skep- his sharp critical mind and his commitment to making the world a more decent place.” tical. While there is a lot of “war 9 weariness” among the population IN MEMORIAM and considerable progress on the elements of an accord, there is also a growing gap between the Arthur M. Crocker leadership of the movement and a younger generation impatient for he Institute observes with deep sadness the passing of change. Finally, Astrid Tuminez, TArthur M. Crocker, a retired investment banker and a senior research associate at the generous early donor to the Institute’s Capital Campaign Institute, argued that the thorny for the construction of a permanent headquarters build- issue of “ancestral domain” will ing on the National Mall. Crocker, the father of former be pivotal to the outcome of the Institute board chairman and continuing board member peace process. It encompasses Chester A. Crocker, passed away peacefully in his sleep at Moro demands for territorial his home in Naples, Florida, in January of this year at the restitution, control over economic age of 95. “My father was a global steward who implored resources, and governance with those in positions of responsibility to think about the minimal interference by Manila. future of the global commons, the generations to come, Prospects for an effective resolu- and our responsibility to leave behind something worth saving on this earth,” said Chester Crock- tion in the near-term are “grim,” er in his eulogy. but could improve over time. Arthur Crocker’s contribution of a $180,000 challenge grant was among the earliest monies given to the building fund, and prompted Institute president Richard H. Solomon to note at the Simulating Conflict Makes time that Arthur Crocker had once again “made a significant contribution to the future of this It Real nation and the future of our beautiful planet.” he time is six months in the Crocker is especially remembered for his lifelong dedication to the cause of environmental- Tfuture. The place is Hawaii. ism. As a boy exploring the seashore near Oyster Bay, New York, where he grew up, and hiking The cast of characters includes a in the Adirondacks where his family vacationed, Arthur Crocker developed a love of nature that hardheaded counter-intelligence would shape many of his adult preoccupations. He graduated from Princeton in 1931, and served officer in the U.S. Navy, a Filipino as a lieutenant in the U.S. Naval Reserve on duty in Iceland and the Pacific during World War II. He became an early proponent of the conservation movement, joining the newly formed Nature archbishop respected for bringing Conservancy in the early 1950s and assuming the presidency of the Association for the Protec- Catholics and Muslims together tion of the Adirondacks in 1964. He maintained a 40-year commitment to the Association. to work for peace, a high-ranking His commitment to the cause of international peace developed out of his experiences in general in the Philippine army, World War II and the necessity of stopping Hitler to preserve democracy. His son, Chester and the leader of a Muslim insur- Crocker, continued that family tradition as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs under gency who’s been fighting for his President Ronald Reagan and Secretary of State George Schultz, and then as the long-term chair homeland since the age of 15. of the Institute’s board of directors. You are one of these characters. Institute president Richard H. Solomon said that the loss of Arthur Crocker left him deeply Together with a dozen or so other saddened. “Arthur had a thoughtful, independent, and original character and a first-rate intellect. interested parties, you have come His generosity and vision for the future of the Institute made a major contribution to putting us together under the auspices of the on the path to permanence in our nation’s capital. On behalf of the entire board and staff of U.S. Institute of Peace to negoti- the Institute, I send deepest condolences to Chet and his family.” ate an end to the long-standing conflict between the government of the Philippines and the Moro tion meant to mirror the complex- as each party worries about how Islamic Liberation Front. (See ity of real-world negotiations and compromises at the negotiating story above for more information to give the students an apprecia- table will be viewed by his or her about the conflict.) tion for the divergent points of constituencies back home.” For students studying inter- view held by the different parties. For more on the simulations, visit national relations at Georgetown “As they get into their characters the Institute’s web site at http:// and George Washington Univer- and learn their positions, they www.usip.org/class/simulations. sities, this was no mere thought develop a deepened sympathy for The book, Taming Intractable experiment. Thoroughly briefed the real-life participants in these Conflicts, by Chester Crocker, Fen on the latest details of the conflict struggles,” said Pamela Aall, the Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aall, in the Philippines by Institute director of the Institute’s educa- is published by the Institute Press staff and scholars, the students tion program. “They also learn and available at http://www.usip. participated in a day-long simula- about the dilemmas of leadership, org/pubs/catalog/tic.html. 10 Learning from Iraq continued from page 4

winner of the Service to America “Ultimately,” says Perito, “the in amassing a large collection Medal for Iraq reconstruction. most important lesson is that U.S. of raw material from recently Other speakers included Scott success in future missions depends returned participants and in Carpenter, director of the gov- on whether the U.S. government allowing them to speak openly ernance group for the CPA, and is prepared to move from lessons about their experiences. This David Gompert, senior advisor identified to lessons learned.” material—and the analysis that for national security and defense And that can only come about, the Institute has conducted— for the CPA. Outside speakers at Perito warns, if the United States will prove invaluable to scholars, the April briefing included Rick has the means and motivation to journalists, practitioners, and Barton, senior advisor at the Cen- implement these lessons. historians for years to come.” ter for Strategic and International Chandrasekaran, the cur- The oral histories project, includ- Studies; Rajiv Chandrasekaran, rent “Journalist-in-Residence” ing many of the original interviews, former Washington Post Baghdad at the International Reporting is available at the Institute’s web site bureau chief; and Martin Hoff- Project at the Johns Hopkins at http://www.usip.org/library/oh/ man, director of the Afghanistan University School for Advanced index.html. Reachback Office at the Depart- International Studies, says, “The ment of Defense. USIP has done stellar work

Reforming the UN continued from page 5

■ Preventing catastrophic ter- seconded that sentiment, saying They also cautioned against rorism and the proliferation of that “We are viewing this [task turning the UN into a scapegoat weapons of mass destruction; force] from the prism of Ameri- for all the failures of the interna- ■ Ensuring the effectiveness, can interests and seeing how we tional community. “Rwanda was integrity, transparency, and can make recommendations that in part an American problem and accountability of the UN will advance our interests by mak- in part a French problem. And system; and ing the UN more effective. . . . We it’s an exaggeration to say the UN ■ Fostering economic develop- are determined to look at the UN failed when, in fact, two mem- ment and reducing poverty. without fear or favor, without any bers of the Security Council, for At a press briefing in early boundaries or restraints on either very different reasons, were each February, Gingrich emphasized the subject matter that we look at behaving in ways that made it the U.S. focus of the task force. or the approach that we take.” impossible for the UN mission to “On the 60th anniversary of the Both task force leaders empha- succeed,” said Gingrich. Mitchell creation of the United Nations, sized their desire to make action- agreed: “The UN is, of course, it is useful for the United States able recommendations. “The an entity in and of itself. But it is to assess what its interests are libraries of the world are filled comprised of member-states, and in international organizations with studies, several of which I its funding and resources come in general, and then the UN in contributed to, which have gone from those member-states. And particular, and it is helpful for largely unread and almost entirely we all have to be careful, as Newt the United States to be able to unimplemented,” said Mitchell. has suggested, not to suggest that approach the issue of rethinking “And it is our view that the more there is a simple solution that and reforming the UN from the specific our recommendations casts the blame entirely on the standpoint of our national interest the more likely they are to be entity and exempts the member- and our national values.” Mitchell both read and implemented.” states who comprise the entity.” 11 Mindanao Leer“Make Money, om not War,” could be the battle cry for one brave effort to bring peace to the Philippines.

by Astrid S. Tuminez

ighting to stay cool in the battles raged between the military that he worked on Bumbaran while his relentless, humid heat of the and guerillas in 2000 and 2003. Toto wife and young child lived in the city of FPhilippines, Gene Martin and I Paglas’ vision was to break the cycle of Davao, four hours away. “Why do you drove up to Bumbaran, a town in the violence in his hometown by providing make this sacrifice?” I asked. He said, province of Lanao del Sur in Mind- employment so people could spend “I was well-employed before joining anao. Large sport utility vehicles are their time working rather than settling the plantation. But I am a Christian the only vehicles equipped to handle vengeful scores with enemies— and sought a larger purpose. I knew the winding, unpaved mountain roads. Muslim, Christian, or military. His this job would allow me to contribute Rain was falling abundantly, and motto was simple: “Introduce develop- to peace and create something above everywhere the landscape was wet and ment first, then let’s talk about peace.” and beyond my technical expertise.” verdant. Tiny bunches of white and The first plantation could not Months later, shivering through pink flowers freckled the panoramic meet foreign demand, so Toto looked a New York winter, I picture in my green of the giant ferns that grew for land outside his clan’s territory. mind the banana incubation area of profusely on the mountainsides. Bumbaran had witnessed murder Bumbaran. Sheltered under a roof and We were in the Philippines on and revenge killings, but the weather protected by transparent plastic walls, behalf of the Institute’s Philippine and soil conditions were good. Toto these small shoots looked deeply green Facilitation Project, which the State thought he could replicate his experi- and hardy. I was told that modern Department had commissioned ment in peace through economic methods of drip-feeding and fertiliza- to help expedite the peace process development in Bumbaran. tion shortened the incubation period between the Philippine govern- One of his first actions was to by six to eight weeks. Toto’s men said ment and the Moro Islamic Libera- facilitate the signing of a peace covenant they would plant the bananas in the tion Front, or MILF. The MILF, a among local Muslim, Christian, and field in April and harvest the sweetest 12,000-strong guerilla force supported tribal leaders. He and his colleagues also fruit four months later. by many of the four to five million explained to locals the social benefits Who would have thought that Muslims in the Philippines (known as that would come with employment a Muslim chieftain could convince Moros) has been fighting the govern- and income. When we visited, the foreign investors to take a risk in lands ment for decades—in a war that has plantation had 350 hectares of fertile torn by conflict? Who would have so far cost more than 120,000 lives. highland and several hundred work- thought that a Jewish technologist Bumbaran is a new frontier in what ers, with expansion planned to 1,000 and Christian engineer would live and observers call the “Paglas experience,” hectares and more than 1,000 workers. work among Moro farmers and feel at referring to the astonishingly suc- Toto and his investors repaired the local home? “Highland Bananas—World’s cessful efforts of Datu Toto Paglas, a mosque and school, and conducted a Sweetest,” declared the sign in Bum- Moro chieftain, to turn former areas yearly lottery with winners chosen to go baran. Sweetest, indeed—to incubate of ambush, kidnapping, and killing to the hajj in Mecca, all expenses paid. peace through economic develop- into profitable plantations. The experi- Winners wept at the first lottery, declar- ment, to harvest the dividends of ment started in Toto’s village of Paglas, ing that they had never in their wildest employment even in the absence of where his family had long enjoyed dreams thought of seeing Mecca. a formal peace agreement, and to see high status as clan leaders. Using the We took pictures of ourselves with hope among thousands of disenfran- latest agricultural technology, devel- some of the plantation workers and chised people because a leader with oped and taught by Israeli technology guards. Toto noted that those with no vision and commitment created for officers, the Paglas plantation pro- affinity for planting, who had been them a different path forward. duced and exported millions of dollars guerilla fighters or even kidnappers, Astrid Tuminez is senior research worth of bananas to Japan and the were employed as guards for the plan- associate and Gene Martin is execu- Middle East. Muslims and Christians tation. Later, in the makeshift cafeteria tive director of the Institute’s Philippine worked side by side and the plantation where we all ate the traditional way— Facilitation Project, commissioned by proved remarkably stable, even when with our hands—an engineer told me the State Department. Recent To order, call (800) 868-8064 he following Institute (U.S. only) or (703) 661-1590 Tpublications are available Fax: (703) 661-1501 free of charge. They can be downloaded from our web site at www.usip.org/pubs. Print copies can be ordered from usip press online or you can call (202) 429-3832, fax (202) 429-6063, Publications or write the Institute’s Office of Public Outreach. ■ Political Islam in Sub- New Saharan Africa: The Need How Israelis and for a New Research and Diplomatic Agenda, by David Dickson (Special Palestinians Negotiate Report 140, May 2005) ■ The Coalition Provisional A Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Authority’s Experience with Oslo Peace Process Governance in Iraq, by Celeste J. Ward (Special Report 139, May 2005) Tamara Cofman Wittes, editor ■ Promoting Middle East Democracy II: Arab Initia- This innovative volume conducts tives, by Mona Yacoubian a critical/self-critical exploration (Special Report 136, May of the impact of culture on the 2005) ill-fated Oslo peace process. ■ Trauma and Transitional Justice in Divided Societies, Contents by Judy Barsalou (Special The Goal of Cultural Analysis, Tamara Report 135, April 2005) Cofman Wittes • From Oslo to ■ Who Are the Insurgents? Camp David II, William B. Quandt • Sunni Arab Rebels in Iraq, Palestinian Negotiating Patterns, by Amatzia Baram (Special Omar M. Djani • Israeli Negotiating Report 134, April 2005) Culture, Aharon Klieman • Conclu- sion, Tamara Cofman Wittes March 2005 • 172 pp. • 6 x 9 For more information about these and $14.95 (paper) • 1-929223-64-1 other resources, visit the Institute $40.00 (cloth) • 1-929223-63-3 web site at www.usip.org

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