DOCSLIB.ORG

11 Relocation of Aboriginal Communities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
11 Relocation of Aboriginal Communities Volume 1 - Looking Forward Looking Back PART TWO False Assumptions and a Failed Relationship 11 Relocation of Aboriginal Communities AS EUROPEANS ARRIVED on the shores of North America, one of the principal effects on Aboriginal peoples, almost from the beginning of contact, was physical displacement from their traditional hunting and fishing territories and residential locations. Our overview of the history of Aboriginal/non-Aboriginal relations in Chapters 3 to 6 revealed that geographical displacement took many forms. While the Beothuk are believed to have resisted the earliest incursions on their lands, other Aboriginal peoples gave way and moved to locations more distant from the incoming Europeans. As we have seen, some nations were drawn into French/British, British/American and other conflicts of the 1600s and 1700s, and lost their traditional homelands as a direct or indirect result. As settlers replaced soldiers in their territories — often taking over choice coastal, riverfront and agricultural lands — Aboriginal people had to abandon their traditional hunting, fishing and residential lands. They also saw their homelands restricted and often changed as a result of land purchase agreements, the treaty-making process, and the establishment of reserves. In more recent times, the displacement of Aboriginal people has often taken the form of deliberate initiatives by governments to move particular Aboriginal communities for administrative or development purposes. We use the term 'relocations' to describe these forms of displacement, which are the subject of this chapter. As illustrated by the dramatic relocation of Inuit from Inukjuak, Quebec and Pond Inlet on Baffin Island to the High Arctic in the 1950s, and by the current situation of the Mushuau Innu of Labrador in the province of Newfoundland, the relocation of Aboriginal communities continues to be an issue. Following special hearings on the High Arctic relocation and the release of our report on the matter in July 1994, we stated that the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples would have more to say on the subject of relocation. This chapter continues our examination of how the issue has affected other Aboriginal peoples.1 In our report on the High Arctic relocation, we called upon the federal government to recognize that moving 92 Inuit to Grise Fiord and Craig Harbour on Ellesmere Island and to Resolute Bay on Cornwallis Island was wrong. We heard testimony from people who endured hardships in an alien land far from their homes and families. Our research showed that the Inuit were not given enough information about the move or about the 395 conditions they would face. We concluded that they could not be said to have given their informed consent to the move. Promises made by government officials were not kept, the relocation was poorly planned and executed, and there was little monitoring of its effects afterward. The report recommended that the government apologize to the relocatees and their descendants and negotiate compensation. After weighing all the evidence, the High Arctic relocation seemed to us a prime example of how erroneous assumptions by administrators concerning Aboriginal people can lead to abuses of authority and power. We believe that a March 1995 statement about the High Arctic relocation by the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, Ron Irwin, is a good first step in a process of reconciliation. The minister said that, "no matter how well intentioned, such a major undertaking involving the movement of people would not be done in the same way today."2 In this chapter we examine other relocations to demonstrate that the High Arctic case was not unique. We believe that relocations must be seen as part of a broader process of dispossession and displacement, a process with lingering effects on the cultural, spiritual, social, economic and political aspects of people's lives. We are troubled by the way relocations may have contributed to the general malaise gripping so many Aboriginal communities and to the incidence of violence, directed outward and inward. As we noted in our report on suicide, the effects of past oppression live on in the feelings of anger and inadequacy from which Aboriginal people are struggling to free themselves.3 Governments saw relocation as providing an apparent solution for a number of specific problems. As we show in this chapter, government administrators saw Aboriginal people as unsophisticated, poor, outside modern society and generally incapable of making the right choices. Confronted with the enormous task of adapting to 'modern' society, they faced numerous problems that government believed could be solved only with government assistance. If they appeared to be starving, they could be moved to where game was more plentiful. If they were sick, they could be placed in new communities where health services and amenities such as sewers, water and electricity were available. If they were thought to be 'indolent', the new communities would provide education and training facilities, which would lead to integration into the wage economy. If they were in the way of expanding agricultural frontiers or happened to occupy land needed for urban settlements, they could be moved 'for their own protection'. And if their traditional lands contained natural resources — minerals to be exploited, forests to be cut, rivers to be dammed — they could be relocated 'in the national interest'. Justifying its actions by this attitude of paternalism, Canada used its power in an arbitrary manner. Decisions were made with little or no consultation. Communities were relocated on short notice. People's entire lives were disrupted if governments believed it was in their interests to do so. Few Canadians would tolerate the degree of interference in their lives that Aboriginal people have had to endure. In many cases, relocation separated Aboriginal people from their homelands and destroyed their ability to be economically self-sufficient. This loss of economic livelihood contributed to a decline in living standards, social and health problems, and a breakdown of political leadership. As we 396 will see, these effects are evident in varying combinations in all the relocations discussed in this chapter. There have been instances of non-Aboriginal relocations in Canada, but we are concentrating here on those that affected Aboriginal people because they illustrate so starkly the problems in the relationship between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal societies. The three traditional goals of Canada's policy toward Aboriginal people — protection, civilization and assimilation4 — were all expressed through relocation at one time or another, reflecting attitudes as old as the relationship itself. Our research indicates that the practice of relocation was widespread. There are dozens of examples, some of which are only touched on in this chapter, and they took place throughout Canada. Many Aboriginal communities are still feeling the emotional, social, economic, cultural and spiritual effects of being moved. Some are seeking recognition of their suffering, and redress. Others, anticipating future government-sponsored moves, want to ensure that these relocations are done properly. The goal of this chapter is to increase awareness and understanding about the role relocation has played in the lives of Aboriginal people and the role it continues to play in communities such as Tsulquate and Burns Lake in British Columbia, Easterville and Tadoule Lake in Manitoba, and Makkovik and Davis Inlet, Labrador, in Newfoundland. The chapter sheds light on relocation practices, their effects and their implications for Aboriginal communities today, providing a foundation for recommendations to resolve outstanding community claims involving relocation. The material in this chapter also offers guidelines to ensure that future relocations, such as that planned for the Innu of Davis Inlet, are carried out in accordance with standards that respect the human rights of Aboriginal people. 1. Why Relocations Took Place Relocation was used to solve specific problems perceived by government or other agencies. In some cases, relocation was part of other changes in the lives of Aboriginal people — changes that were often the result of other government policies. Our analysis shows that although there have been many reasons for relocation, and these reasons cannot always be neatly separated, the moves can be grouped into two main categories: administrative relocation and development relocation. 1.1 Administrative Relocations Administrative relocations are moves carried out to facilitate the operation of government or address the perceived needs of Aboriginal people. Facilitating government operations was the rationale for many relocations in the era following the Second World War. Aboriginal people were often moved to make it easier for government administrators to provide the growing number of services and programs 397 becoming available through the burgeoning welfare state. We examined several moves of this type because they illustrate both the erroneous assumptions made about Aboriginal ways of life and the arbitrary use of power by government officials. Relocation in this category often involved centralization and amalgamation — moving widely dispersed or different populations into a common community. The centralization of the Mi'kmaq of Nova Scotia in the 1940s was an example of a relocation carried out primarily to cut the administrative costs of government services
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Obsolete Theory of Crown Unity in Canada and Its Relevance to Indigenous Claims
    Osgoode Hall Law School of York University Osgoode Digital Commons Articles & Book Chapters Faculty Scholarship 2015 The Obsolete Theory of Crown Unity in Canada and Its Relevance to Indigenous Claims Kent McNeil Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, [email protected] Source Publication: (2015) 20 Review of Constitutional Studies 1-29 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/scholarly_works Part of the Indian and Aboriginal Law Commons Repository Citation McNeil, Kent, "The Obsolete Theory of Crown Unity in Canada and Its Relevance to Indigenous Claims" (2015). Articles & Book Chapters. 2777. https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/scholarly_works/2777 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Osgoode Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles & Book Chapters by an authorized administrator of Osgoode Digital Commons. The Obsolete Theory of Crown Unity in Canada and Its Relevance to Indigenous Claims Kent McNeil* This article examines the application of the L'uteur de cet article examine l'pplication theory ofthe unity ofthe Crown in Canada in de la theorie de Punite de la Couronne the context of Indigenous peoples. It reveals a au Canada dans le contexte des peuples consistent retreat by the courtsfrom acceptance autochtones. I rivile une retraite constante of the theory in the late nineteenth century to de la part des tribunaux de lipprobation de rejection ofit in the secondhalfofthe twentieth la theorie a la fin du dix-neuvidme sicle a century. This evolution ofthe theory' relevance, son rejet au cours de la deuxidme moiti du it is argued, is consistent with Canada federal vingtidme sidcle.
    [Show full text]
  • Aboriginal Two-Spirit and LGBTQ Mobility
    Aboriginal Two-Spirit and LGBTQ Mobility: Meanings of Home, Community and Belonging in a Secondary Analysis of Qualitative Interviews by Lisa Passante A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF SOCIAL WORK University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2012 by Lisa Passante ABORIGINAL TWO-SPIRIT & LGBTQ HOME, COMMUNITY, AND BELONGING Abstract This thesis reports on a secondary analysis of individual and focus group interviews from the Aboriginal Two-Spirit and LGBTQ Migration, Mobility and Health research project (Ristock, Zoccole, and Passante, 2010; Ristock, Zoccole, & Potskin, 2011). This was a community-based qualitative research project following Indigenous and feminist methods, involving two community Advisory Committees, and adopting research principles of Ownership Control Access and Possession (OCAP) (First Nations Centre, 2007). This analysis reviews data from 50 participants in Winnipeg and Vancouver and answers: How do Aboriginal Two-Spirit and LGBTQ people describe home, community and belonging in the context of migration, multiple identities, and in a positive framework focusing on wellbeing, strengths and resilience? Findings demonstrate how participants experience marginalization in both Aboriginal and gay communities. Their words illustrate factors such as safety required to facilitate positive identities, community building, belonging, and sense of home. For participants in this study home is a place where they can bring multiple identities, a geographical place, a physical or metaphorical space (with desired tone, feeling), and a quality of relationships. Community is about places, relationships, participation, and shared interests. Belonging is relational and interactive, feeling safe, accepted, and welcome to be yourself.
    [Show full text]
  • Health and Healthcare Within Albertan Indian Residential Schools, 1920 - 1950
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2015-10-20 Circular Progress: Health and Healthcare within Albertan Indian Residential Schools, 1920 - 1950 Larsson, Paula Larsson, P. (2015). Circular Progress: Health and Healthcare within Albertan Indian Residential Schools, 1920 - 1950 (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/25330 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/2621 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Circular Progress: Health and Healthcare within Albertan Indian Residential Schools, 1920 - 1950 by Paula Larsson A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HISTORY CALGARY, ALBERTA September, 2015 © Paula Larsson 2015 Abstract:U This study provides a systematic analysis of the physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health of the pupils in Indian Residential Schools from 1920 – 1950. It focusses on a single province – Alberta – and utilizes an inter-disciplinary approach to understand how the interaction between the biological and the psychosocial conditions of the schools contributed to both immediate and chronic health problems for Aboriginal students. Through an examination of nutrition, sanitation, disease, healthcare interventions, and mental health in the schools, it is seen that any “progress” the Department made in regards to the health of students was circular.
    [Show full text]
  • BROKEN PROMISES: Continuing Federal Funding Shortfall for Native Americans
    U.S. COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS BROKEN PROMISES: Continuing Federal Funding Shortfall for Native Americans BRIEFING REPORT U.S. COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS Washington, DC 20425 Official Business DECEMBER 2018 Penalty for Private Use $300 Visit us on the Web: www.usccr.gov U.S. COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights is an independent, Catherine E. Lhamon, Chairperson bipartisan agency established by Congress in 1957. It is Patricia Timmons-Goodson, Vice Chairperson directed to: Debo P. Adegbile Gail L. Heriot • Investigate complaints alleging that citizens are Peter N. Kirsanow being deprived of their right to vote by reason of their David Kladney race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or national Karen Narasaki origin, or by reason of fraudulent practices. Michael Yaki • Study and collect information relating to discrimination or a denial of equal protection of the laws under the Constitution Mauro Morales, Staff Director because of race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin, or in the administration of justice. • Appraise federal laws and policies with respect to U.S. Commission on Civil Rights discrimination or denial of equal protection of the laws 1331 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW because of race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or Washington, DC 20425 national origin, or in the administration of justice. (202) 376-8128 voice • Serve as a national clearinghouse for information TTY Relay: 711 in respect to discrimination or denial of equal protection of the laws because of race, color, www.usccr.gov religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin. • Submit reports, findings, and recommendations to the President and Congress.
    [Show full text]
  • I Want My MTV”: Music Video and the Transformation of the Sights, Sounds and Business of Popular Music
    General Education Course Information Sheet Please submit this sheet for each proposed course Department & Course Number Music History 98T Course Title “I Want My MTV”: Music Video and the Transformation of The Sights, Sounds and Business of Popular Music 1 Check the recommended GE foundation area(s) and subgroups(s) for this course Foundations of the Arts and Humanities • Literary and Cultural Analysis • Philosophic and Linguistic Analysis • Visual and Performance Arts Analysis and Practice X Foundations of Society and Culture • Historical Analysis X • Social Analysis X Foundations of Scientific Inquiry • Physical Science With Laboratory or Demonstration Component must be 5 units (or more) • Life Science With Laboratory or Demonstration Component must be 5 units (or more) 2. Briefly describe the rationale for assignment to foundation area(s) and subgroup(s) chosen. This seminar will trace the historical ‘phenomenon” known as MTV (Music Television) from its premiere in 1981 to its move away from the music video in the late 1990s. The goal of this course is to analyze the critical relationships between music and image in representative videos that premiered on MTV, and to interpret them within a ‘postmodern’ historical and cultural context. 3. "List faculty member(s) who will serve as instructor (give academic rank): Joanna Love-Tulloch, teaching fellow; Dr. Robert Fink, faculty mentor 4. Indicate when do you anticipate teaching this course over the next three years: 2010-2011 Winter Spring X Enrollment Enrollment 5. GE Course Units 5 Proposed Number of Units: Page 1 of 3 6. Please present concise arguments for the GE principles applicable to this course.
    [Show full text]
  • Treaties in Canada, Education Guide
    TREATIES IN CANADA EDUCATION GUIDE A project of Cover: Map showing treaties in Ontario, c. 1931 (courtesy of Archives of Ontario/I0022329/J.L. Morris Fonds/F 1060-1-0-51, Folder 1, Map 14, 13356 [63/5]). Chiefs of the Six Nations reading Wampum belts, 1871 (courtesy of Library and Archives Canada/Electric Studio/C-085137). “The words ‘as long as the sun shines, as long as the waters flow Message to teachers Activities and discussions related to Indigenous peoples’ Key Terms and Definitions downhill, and as long as the grass grows green’ can be found in many history in Canada may evoke an emotional response from treaties after the 1613 treaty. It set a relationship of equity and peace.” some students. The subject of treaties can bring out strong Aboriginal Title: the inherent right of Indigenous peoples — Oren Lyons, Faithkeeper of the Onondaga Nation’s Turtle Clan opinions and feelings, as it includes two worldviews. It is to land or territory; the Canadian legal system recognizes title as a collective right to the use of and jurisdiction over critical to acknowledge that Indigenous worldviews and a group’s ancestral lands Table of Contents Introduction: understandings of relationships have continually been marginalized. This does not make them less valid, and Assimilation: the process by which a person or persons Introduction: Treaties between Treaties between Canada and Indigenous peoples acquire the social and psychological characteristics of another Canada and Indigenous peoples 2 students need to understand why different peoples in Canada group; to cause a person or group to become part of a Beginning in the early 1600s, the British Crown (later the Government of Canada) entered into might have different outlooks and interpretations of treaties.
    [Show full text]
  • Critically Centering Narratives of Urban Two-Spirit Youth
    REIMAGINING TWO-SPIRIT COMMUNITY: CRITICALLY CENTERING NARRATIVES OF URBAN TWO-SPIRIT YOUTH by Dana L. Wesley A thesis submitted to the Department of Gender Studies In conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada (April, 2015) Copyright ©Dana L. Wesley, 2015 Abstract Since its inception in the early 1990s, Two-Spirit has become an identity category that many Indigenous LGBTQ people have taken up as a way to signal both their Indigeneity and their queerness. In the emerging field of Queer Indigenous Studies, Two-Spirit people have become increasingly visible, however, the engagement with youth has been limited and largely confined to the social service sector. Stepping outside of these narrow confines, my research has sought to document how Two-Spirit youth envision their day-to-day lives in relation to their communities. Using an Indigenous methodology to guide the research, I conducted sharing circles in conjunction with the Native Youth Sexual Health Network in order to engage Two-Spirit youth living in Toronto. The sharing circles revealed the limits of Two-Spirit youth’s connections to the idea of Two-Spirit community. Two-Spirit youth called for an end to homophobia and transphobia within their Indigenous communities and expressed their desire to directly participate in nation-building activities as guided by their communities’ elders. The thesis analyzes the ways that Two-Spirit identity gets used in both oppressive and decolonial ways in the context of non-profit and Two-Spirit organizations to show how cultures are built around Two-Spirit identity.
    [Show full text]
  • Directory – Indigenous Organizations in Manitoba
    Indigenous Organizations in Manitoba A directory of groups and programs organized by or for First Nations, Inuit and Metis people Community Development Corporation Manual I 1 INDIGENOUS ORGANIZATIONS IN MANITOBA A Directory of Groups and Programs Organized by or for First Nations, Inuit and Metis People Compiled, edited and printed by Indigenous Inclusion Directorate Manitoba Education and Training and Indigenous Relations Manitoba Indigenous and Municipal Relations ________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION The directory of Indigenous organizations is designed as a useful reference and resource book to help people locate appropriate organizations and services. The directory also serves as a means of improving communications among people. The idea for the directory arose from the desire to make information about Indigenous organizations more available to the public. This directory was first published in 1975 and has grown from 16 pages in the first edition to more than 100 pages in the current edition. The directory reflects the vitality and diversity of Indigenous cultural traditions, organizations, and enterprises. The editorial committee has made every effort to present accurate and up-to-date listings, with fax numbers, email addresses and websites included whenever possible. If you see any errors or omissions, or if you have updated information on any of the programs and services included in this directory, please call, fax or write to the Indigenous Relations, using the contact information on the
    [Show full text]
  • Tukitaaqtuq Explain to One Another, Reach Understanding, Receive Explanation from the Past and the Eskimo Identification Canada System
    Tukitaaqtuq explain to one another, reach understanding, receive explanation from the past and The Eskimo Identification Canada System by Norma Jean Mary Dunning A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Faculty of Native Studies University of Alberta ©Norma Jean Mary Dunning, 2014 ABSTRACT The government of Canada initiated, implemented, and officially maintained the ‘Eskimo Identification Canada’ system from 1941-1971. With the exception of the Labrador Inuit, who formed the Labrador Treaty of 1765 in what is now called, NunatuKavat, all other Canadian Inuit peoples were issued a leather-like necklace with a numbered fibre-cloth disk. These stringed identifiers attempted to replace Inuit names, tradition, individuality, and indigenous distinctiveness. This was the Canadian governments’ attempt to exert a form of state surveillance and its official authority, over its own Inuit citizenry. The Eskimo Identification Canada system, E- number, or disk system eventually became entrenched within Inuit society, and in time it became a form of identification amongst the Inuit themselves. What has never been examined by an Inuk researcher, or student is the long-lasting affect these numbered disks had upon the Inuit, and the continued impact into present-day, of this type of state-operated system. The Inuit voice has not been heard or examined. This research focuses exclusively on the disk system itself and brings forward the voices of four disk system survivors, giving voice to those who have been silenced for far too long. i PREFACE This thesis is an original work by Norma Dunning. The research project, of which this thesis is a part, received research ethics approval from the University of Alberta Research Ethics Board, Project Name: “Tukitaaqtuq (they reach understanding) and the Eskimo Identification Canada system,” PRO00039401, 05/07/2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Among Aboriginal People in Canada: Review and Analysis of the Intergenerational Links to Residential Schools
    Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Among Aboriginal People in Canada: Review and Analysis of the Intergenerational Links to Residential Schools The Aboriginal Healing Foundation Research Series © 2003 Aboriginal Healing Foundation Published by: Aboriginal Healing Foundation 75 Albert Street, Suite 801, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5E7 Phone: (613) 237-4441 Toll-free: (888) 725-8886 Fax: (613) 237-4442 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ahf.ca Design & Production: Aboriginal Healing Foundation Printed by: Anishinabe Printing (Kitigan-Zibi) ISBN 0-9732763-8-X Unauthorized use of the name “Aboriginal Healing Foundation” and of the Foundation’s logo is prohibited. Non-commercial reproduction of this document is, however, encouraged. Ce document est aussi disponible en français. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Among Aboriginal People in Canada: Review and Analysis of the Intergenerational Links to Residential Schools Prepared for the Aboriginal Healing Foundation By Caroline L. Tait Aboriginal Mental Health Research Team National Network of Aboriginal Mental Health Research Cultural and Mental Health Research Unit Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital Montreal, Quebec 2003 This project was funded by the Aboriginal Healing Foundation (AHF) but the views expressed in this report are the personal views of the author(s). Table of Contents 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vii Definitions----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • First Nations Women, Governance and the Indian
    First Nations Women, Governance and the Indian Act: A Collection of Policy Research Reports First Nations Women, Governance and the Indian Act: A Collection of Policy Research Reports By Judith F. Sayers and Kelly A. MacDonald Jo-Anne Fiske, Melonie Newell and Evelyn George Wendy Cornet The research and publication of this study were funded by Status of Women Canada’s Policy Research Fund. This document expresses the views of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official policy of Status of Women Canada or the Government of Canada. November 2001 Status of Women Canada is committed to ensuring that all research produced through the Policy Research Fund adheres to high methodological, ethical and professional standards. Specialists in the field anonymously review each paper and provide comments on: • the accuracy, completeness and timeliness of the information presented; • the extent to which the methodology used and the data collected support the analysis and recommendations; and • the original contribution the report would make to existing work on this subject, and its usefulness to equality- seeking organizations, advocacy communities, government policy makers, researchers and other target audiences. Status of Women Canada thanks those who contribute to this peer-review process. National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title : First Nations women, governance and the Indian Act [computer file]: a collection of policy research reports Contents : A strong and meaningful role for First Nations women in governance / Judith F. Sayers and Kelly A. MacDonald.– First Nations women and governance : a study of custom and innovation among Lake Babine Nation Women / Jo-Anne Fiske, Melonie Newell and Evelyn George.– First Nations governance, the Indian Act and women’s equality rights / Wendy Cornet.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Peoples' Right to Adequate Housing
    Indigenous peoples’ right to adequate housing A global overview United Nations Housing Rights Programme Report No. 7 United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Nairobi, 2005 This publication has been reproduced without formal editing by the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the United Nations, and a failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. Excerpts from the text may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. Cover design: Sukhjinder Bassan, UN-HABITAT. Cover photo credits: Miriam Lopez Villegas. Printing: UNON Printshop, Nairobi. UN-HABITAT Nairobi, 2005. HS/734/05E ISBN 92-1-131713-4 (printed version) ISBN 92-1-131522-0 (electronic version) ISBN 92-1-131664-2 (UNHRP report series, printed version) ISBN 92-1-131513-1 (UNHRP report series, electronic version) An electronic version of this publication is available for download from the UN-HABITAT web-site at (http://www.unhabitat.org/unhrp/pub). The electronic version – in compiled HTML format, allowing complex text searches – requires Microsoft Windows 98 or later; or Microsoft Windows 95 plus Microsoft Internet Explorer (version 4 or later).
    [Show full text]