A Sho -T of CIA. Intervention in Stx.Elen Foreign Countries

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Sho -T of CIA. Intervention in Stx.Elen Foreign Countries ap;azi ne 'larch 72 A Sho -t Of CIA. Intervention in Stx.elen Foreign Countries In July, 1947, Congress passed one of the most significant pieces of legislation in the history of America in peacetime. The National Security Act of 1947 created The National Security Council, the Department of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the United States Air Force and, not least of all, the CIA. This act provided the Agency with five principal duties: I. To advise the National Security Council on matters concern- ing intelligence. 2. To make recommendations for the coordination of such intel- ligence matters. 3. To correlate and evaluate intelligence relating to national security and disseminate it to other government departments. 4. To perform "such additional services of common concern as the National Security Council determines can be more efficiently accomplished centrally." 5. To perform "such other functions and duties as the NSC would direct." Francis In 1949 Congress passed the Central Intelligence Agency Act, Gary allowing the agency'to disregard laws that required disclosure PaYwers 9 U.S. of information concerning the organization, to expend funds without regard to laws and regulations governing expenditures with no other accounting than the Director's vouchers, and to make contracts and purchases without advertising. With such unprecedented au- thority, with unlimited access to money, with liberty to act with- out regard to scrutiny or review by either civilian or governmental organizations, the CIA has become a self- contained state. One observer ranks the CIA as the fourth world power, after the U.S., Russia, and China. Partly because of the CIA's special "secret" status and partly because of the laziness of the press, the total history of CIA intervention in foreign coun- tries has never been reported. What you read instead are fragments—an attempted bribe in Mexico last July, an assassination in Africa last November. What emerges here is an atlas of intrigue but not a grand design; on the contrary, the CIA's record is as erratic and contradictory as that of any bureaucracy in the Federal stable. But you do begin to comprehend the enormous size of the CIA and its ruthless behavior. The rules permit murder, defoliation and drug addiction for political ends. Look at the record: °LINEA: 1964 An up ising of the Bolivian people and Army took the reins of s ower from the National Revolu- tionary Movement and ppointed Antonio Arguedas as Minister of the Interior. Within two months he was ap- proached by United Stat s Air Force Colonel Edward Fox. Fox told Arguedas to res gn his new post or economic aid to Bolivia would be sus • • nded. Soon after his resignation Arguedas was approache • by a known CIA operative and asked to co-operate with them in a secret mission, and in return the CIA, workin behind the State Department's back, pledged to restore Arguedas as Minister of the In- terior. When Arguedas w s back in office the CIA requested that he exercise authorit on an American mining claim. When Arguedas claimed hat he could do nothing, the CIA attempted to frame him with pro-Castro/Guevera docu- ments. Luckily Arguedas aw the ploy and related the entire story at a press conferen e held in Peru several days later. BOLIVIA: 1971 A CIA "Brain trust" was formed for the specific purpose of gath ring together exiled leaders of several Latin American ountries. Victor Paz Estenssoro, former President of Boli ia, was contacted by the Agency while residing in Lima, eru. A revolt was arranged to re- turn Paz to power. But th agency's plans went unexpectedly awry when Colonel Hug Banzer took over the office just prior to Paz's triumphan return. BRITISH GUIANA: 19 2-66 CIA operations in British Guiana revealed the exte t to which the Agency has pene- trated the mainstream of American life. Cheddi Jagan, the Marxist-oriented Premier of British Guiana was not trusted by the US. The CIA thr u ugh operatives in AFL-CIO affil- iated unions supported 1 ngthy strikes in this small South American country in th it eventually successful effort to overthrow Jagan. Appro imately $1,000,000 of American union and government m • ney was channelled through the CIA-controlled affiliate u ions. Mohammed MossaclegI-a, Iran BRAZIL: 1965 Organiz d labor again became a tool of the CIA in its effort to break u the politically active labor unions of Brazil. Masquerading s the International Federation of Petroleum and Chemic . 1 Workers, the CIA funnelled $30,000 into various Bra ilian petroleum unions, persuad- ing them to join with th Interamerican Regional Organ- ization of Workers, an A L-CIO affiliate. So far the CIA has been successful in its effo ts. CHILE: 1970 With Ma xist-leaning Salvador Allende as President, Chile is curr ntly beyond the bounds of CIA activities. The policy of t e agency is to "wait and see." The CIA hopes that Allende's ocialization program will go sour with the peasants within he next year and a half, and that the country will be ripe or a takeover by Allende's pred- ecessor, Eduardo Frei, a hristian Democrat. CONGO: The CIA, fea ing Soviet influence on the new republic, chose to suppor Joseph Mobutu as their champion over Patrice Lumumba, horn the agency claimed was too much influenced by the ommunists. Although there is no direct evidence there ha e been many implications that the CIA was instrumental i Lumumba's murder. Many of the CIA and State Depart ent personnel were later moved nearly en masse from the Congo to Laos under the assump- tion that similar situation required similar solutions. COSTA RICA: 1954-56 Jose Figueres was a moderate socialist who became President of this small democratic country in an open election in 1953. His presence was particularly bothersome to the CIA because of Figueres' government policy allowing asylum to anyone who desired it. The CIA accordingly saw this as a strain upon their in- telligence gathering and surveillance capabilities. To get rid of Figueres the CIA engineered a twofold plan; first, to create embarrassment within the Communist Party, and second to somehow link Figueres with the Communists. The first succeeded in creating confusion within the State De- partment, since the straight diplomats hadn't been informed of the plan; and the second failed entirely. The agency also managed to work at cross purposes with the US Ambassa- dor, who at the same time had been urging President Eisenhower to invite Figueres to Washington in order to lend him a measure of prestige. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: 1962 Through contacts with the CIA made by the American Consulate, two prominent landowners and former politicians conspired with the help of the CIA to assassinate Rafael Trujillo, the arrogant dictator of this small Carribbean nation. EGYPT: 1952 Seeing no advantage in supporting the de- caying monarchy of King Farouk, the CIA played an import- ant role in support of the revolt that placed General Naguib and Gamal Abdul Nasser at the head of the country. Nasser, though, proved to be more independent than the US govern- ment would have liked; so the State Department convinced President Eisenhower to refuse American aid in building the Aswan Dam. GUATEMALA: 1954 One of the most tragic examples of CIA intervention in foreign affairs was the Guatemalan Revolution of 1954. Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, the popularly elected socialist President of the small country was a man marked by the CIA. Guzman had become too friendly with the Soviet Union, and had committed the unpardonable sin of expropriating 225,000 acres of United Fruit Company holdings. The U.S. started to move against Guzman in June of 1954 with the CIA calling the shots. Supporting John F. Kennedy Carlos Castillo-Armas, an American- and Allan Dulles, U.S. trained Guatemalan Colonel, the agency trained men in Honduras and waited patiently for the right moment to move against the Arbenz government. That moment came when a Swedish freighter docked at Puerto Barrios and prepared to unload 2,000 tons of Czechoslovakian arma- ments. The Arbenz govern- ment fell in ten days and Castillo-Armas' repressive regime took over, fully sanc- tioned by the CIA. One of the first actions of the new government was to appoint "defense committees" which could meet in secret and declare anyone a "Com- munist." 45 INDONESIA:1958 W . hington became annoyed at Presi- dent Sukarno's leftist te dencies. He had become friendly with the Soviets, began propriating huge tracts of former Dutch properties, and we corned a Communist coalition into his Jakarta government. With the wild riches of the In- donesian Archipelago a stake, the CIA took to the air to strike at the Sukarno go ernment. Once again the familiar scenario emerged: the S te Department denied everything while the CIA flew its -26 bombers out of the southern Philippines, raining bo bs on the small islands populated by Indonesians partial Sukarno. When one American pilot was shot down ove Ambonia in the Spring of 1958, the State Department in ashington was left to answer for the CIA. IRAN: 1953 Mohamm d Mossadegh, the Shah-appointed Premier of Iran, bowed to popular sentiment and nation- alized the British-owne Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in 1953. The action spawn d a boycott of Iranian oil and the economy began to falter. n the face of these conditions, the British and American go ernments decided that Mossadegh would be better done aw y with. Kermit (Kim) Roosevelt, the grandson of Teddy, illegally entered the country and began organizing CIA o eratives to overthrow Mossadegh.
Recommended publications
  • Tennessees Greatest Stud Belle Meade
    TENNESSEE'S GREATEST STUD--BELLE MEADE WILLIAM RIDLEY WILLS, II With all the political, social, and economic ties between Ken- tucky and Tennessee• it seems normal that Belle Meade, Tennes- see's greatest stud farm, had close Kentucky connections. The Belle Meade Plantation began in 1807 when John Harding bought 250 acres of land and an old station located six miles southwest of Nashville on the Natchez Road. This trail, which had long been used by the Indians, was a route for boatmen, mail carriers, preachers, soldiers, and settlers traveling between Tennessee and Kentucky on the north and Natchez on the south. Harding was one of those tough farmers who periodically took slaves and produce on flatboats down the rivers to Natchez and New Orleans. The Belle Meade Stud dates to 1816 when the imported stal- lion Boaster stood at John Harding's. By the end of the decade such prominent Tennesseans as Sam Houston and Felix Grundy were boarding horses and ponies there. Grundy had moved to Nashville a few years earlier from Kentucky, where he had been chief justice of the state's supreme court. During the 1820s imp. [imported] Eagle, imp. Bagdad, and Sir Archy, Jr., stood at Harding's stable. 1 In the 1830s Harding's interests turned to cotton plantations in Louisiana and Arkansas. Accordingly, near the end of the decade he turned responsibility for managing Belle Meade over to his thirty-two-year-old son, William Giles Harding. The young- er Harding, who was already a brigadier general in the Tennes- WILLIAM RIDLEY WILLS, B.A., has served as president of the Tennessee Historical Society and is currently a trustee of Vanderbilt University.
    [Show full text]
  • The Foreign Service Journal, October 1962
    Inner Courtyard, Barcelona Cathedral by Lynn Millar Foreign Service Journal OCTOBER 1962 50c THE OLD GRAND-DAD DISTILLERY COMPANY, FRANKFORT, KY. • DISTR. BY NATIONAL DISTILLERS PRODUCTS CD. fnoot fcmicur stiAtfJ* MIKlI** 1 IOU*»ON WHISKY Soperfectly matched - so delphtful/p deferent/ Both are Old Grand-Dad and each is a true delight. If you enjoy Kentucky bourbon in all its rich and hearty goodness —then your choice will be Old Grand-Dad, bottled in bond 100 proof. Or, if you lean toward the somewhat lighter bourbon—then you may select Old Grand-Dad in milder 86 proof. In either case your pleasure is completely assured. OLD GRAND-DAD Kerxtu.cky Straight Bourbon The Foreign Service Journal is the professional journal of the American For¬ eign Service and is published by the American Foreign Service Association, a non¬ profit private organization. Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and is not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State or of the Foreign Service as a whole. AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION CHARLES E. BOHI.EN, President TYLER THOMPSON, Vice President JULIAN F. HARRINGTON, General Manager CONTENTS OCTOBER, 1962 BARBARA P. CHALMERS, Executive Secretary Volume 39, No. 10 BOARD OF DIRECTORS HUGH G. APPLING, Chairman MARTIN F. HERZ, Vice Chairman H. FREEMAN MATTHEWS, JR., Secretary-Treasurer JEAN M. WILKOWSKI, Asst. Secretary-Treasurer page TAYLOR G. BELCHER ROBERT M. BRANDIN 19 TRAINING IN AND FOR A MODERN FOREIGN SERVICE HENRY ALLEN HOLMES WILLIAM H. METZGER by William Y. Elliott RICHARD A. POOLE ROBERT C. STRONG 23 THE SHADOW OF THE RAINBOW by Juan L.
    [Show full text]
  • Illpiiiliiiipliiiii OWNERS NAME: State of Tennessee Ui STREET and NUMBER: LU CITY OR TOWN: STATE: Tennessee
    Form 10-300 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INT STATE: (Dec. 1968) NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Tennessee COUNTY: NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTOR Davidson INVENTORY - NOMINATION FORNPS USE ONLY ENTRY NUMBER (Type all entries — complete applicab lilll Belle Meade AND/OR HISTORIC: "Queen of Tennessee Plantations" STREET AND NUMBER: Harding Road at Leake Avenue CITY OR TOWN: Nashville Tennessee Davidson 037 CATEGORY ACCESSIBLE OWNERSHIP STATUS (Check One) TO THE PUBLIC District Q Building g) Public B Public Acquisition: Occupied O Yes: Site Q Structure Q] Private n In Process [~1 Unoccupied ^~1 Restricted Both Being Considered ED Preservation work Object n n in progress |"J No: u PRESENT USE (Check One or More as Appropriate) Agricultural | | Government D D Transportation | | Comments Commercial d Industrial Private Residence Q Other (Specify,) Q ____- Educational Q Military Religious Entertainment |"~l Museum Scientific illpiiiliiiipliiiii OWNERS NAME: State of Tennessee ui STREET AND NUMBER: LU CITY OR TOWN: STATE: Tennessee COURTHOUSE. REGISTRY OF DEEDS. ETC: Davidson County Register T s Office STREET AND NUMBER: ____Public Square CITY OR TOWN: M-l Nashville Tennessee H- Hi APPROXIMATE ACREAGE OF NOMINATED PROPERTY: £L X 01 " TITLE OF SURVEY: § DATE OF SURVEY: Federal G State Q County Local DEPOSITORY FOR SURVEY RECORDS: STREET AND NUMBER: CITY OR TOWN: (Check One) CONDITION Excellent Q Good -g~\ Foir Deteriorated | | Ruins || Unexposed || fC/iecfc One) (Check One) INTEGRITY Altered Unaltered Moved Q Original Site}(P DESCRIBE THE PRESENT AND ORIGINAL (it known) PHYSICAL APPEARANCE The date of the construction by John Harding ( -1866) of his brick home is not documented. Structural evidence in the present Belle Meade Mansion indicates a date earlier than 18M-0, in the opinion of Henry Judd (Division of Restorations, National Park Service).
    [Show full text]
  • The United States in Afghanistan, Colombia, and Indochina
    ALSO BY PETER DALE SCOTT PROSE The Politics of Escalation (1967, in collaboration) The War Conspiracy: The Secret Road to the Second Indochina War (1972) The Assassinations: Dallas and Beyond (1976, in collaboration) Crime and Cover-Up: The CIA, the Mafia, and the Dallas-Watergate Connection ( 1977) The Iran-Contra Connection (1987, in collaboration) Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America (1991, 1998, in collaboration) Deep Politics and the Death of JFK (1993, 1996) Deep Politics Two: Oswald, Mexico and Cuba (1 995) Drugs, Contras, and the CIA: Government Policies and the Cocaine Economy (2000) SECULUM: A POETIC TRILOGY Coming to Jakarta (1988) Listening to the Candle (1992) Minding the Darkness (2000) OTHER POETRY Crossing Borders: Selected Shorter Poems (1995) War and Peace Library Series Editor: Mark Selden Biological Wa~areand Disarmament: New Problems/New Perspectives Edited by Susan Wright Drugs, Oil, and War The United States in Afghanistan, Colombia, and Indochina Peter Dale Scott ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham Boulder New York Oxford ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A Member of the Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www .rowmanlittlefield.com PO. Box 317, Oxford OX2 9RU, United Kingdom Copyright 0 2003 by Peter Dale Scott ALL rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-PublicationData Scott, Peter Dale.
    [Show full text]
  • OSS CIA Article
    Please cite as: Spinzia, Raymond E., “To Look in the Mirror and See Nothing. Long Islanders and the Office of Strategic Services and Its Successor, the Central Intelligence Agency.” 2017, revised 2021. www.spinzialongislandestates.com T o L o o k i n t h e M i r r o r a n d S e e N o t h i n g: L o n g I s l a n d e r s a n d t h e O f f i c e o f S t r a t e g i c S e r v i c e s a n d I t s S u c c e s s o r, t h e C e n t r a l I n t e l l i g e n c e A g e n c y The 24,000 member OSS operated overseas on a worldwide basis during World War II with the exception of the Pacific theater where it was banned by Douglas MacArthur. Its budget, which at times appeared to be limitless, was shrouded in war-time expenditure. To date, neither the CIA’s budget nor the number of employees has been publicly disclosed. It had access to over one hundred and seventy charitable organizations through which it could channel funds to various projects. In a few instances members of the OSS and CIA were youths when they resided on Long Island or subsequently married spouses who were Long Island residents. For those individuals, a notation has been made for them to direct the reader to the appropriate entry in our Long Island’s Prominent Families volumes.
    [Show full text]
  • Eustace Mullins
    THE WORLD ORDER A Study in the Hegemony of Parasitism by Eustace Mullins Published by : Ezra Pound Institute of Civilization P.O. Box 1105 Staunton, VA 24401 Books by Eustace Mullins MULLINS ON THE FEDERAL RESERVE SECRETS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE THE FEDERAL RESERVE CONSPIRACY DER BANKIER VERSCHWORUNG DER JEKYLL ISLAND THIS DIFFICULT INDIVIDUAL EZRA POUND First Edition Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 84-082357 Copyright 1985 Eustace Mullins dedicated to the memory of Haroldson Lafayette Hunt Acknowledgements I wish to thank the staffs of the following institutions for their unfailing courtesy, cooperation and assistance in the preparation of this work : THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, WASHINGTON, D.C. NEWBERRY LIBRARY, CHICAGO, ILL. NEW YORK CITY PUBLIC LIBRARY, NEW YORK ALDERMAN LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA MCCORMICK LIBRARY, WASHINGTON & LEE UNIVERSITY First Foreword When he was proffered the cup of hemlock by his fellow-citizens, Socretes’ last words were, “Crito, I owe a cock to Asclepius; will you remember to pay the debt ?” A gentleman is responsible for his obligations, and this book is the repayment of the efforts of three great men who chose me as their protege – Ezra Pound, the dominant literary figure of our time; George Stimpson, the most respected journalist in Washington (the title has been vacant since his death); and H.L. Hunt, whose spectacular business success blinded the public to his brilliant philosophical achievements. It was H.L. Hunt who invented the term “The Mistaken” for the self-corrupted members of the new class who now control our world – he might have added that they could also be described as “The Misshapen”, because of their warped and perverted sense of values.
    [Show full text]
  • William Giles Harding
    William Giles Harding William Giles Harding (1808–1886) was an American naturalist and livestock breeder who attained the rank of Brigadier General in the Tennessee State Militia prior to the American Civil War (1861–1865), and headed the Military and Financial Board of Tennessee at the beginning of the Civil War, until his arrest by Union authorities in 1862. General Harding inherited his father's farm, the famous Belle Meade Plantation, known worldwide for breeding thoroughbred horses. The once sprawling horse farm and surrounding properties became the Town of Belle Meade and home of George Peabody College for Teachers and Vanderbilt University founded in 1873. Today, the upscale neighborhood is a part of greater Nashville. Early life Harding was born in 1808 near Nashville, Tennessee to John Harding[disambiguation needed], a Virginian, who one year earlier (1807) purchased 250 acres (1.0 km2) near Richland Creek known as "McSpadden's Bend". John Harding's "McSpadden's Bend Farm" became well known in the area for boarding, training and breeding thoroughbred horses. Nashville newspapers carried advertisements for the farm's services as early as 1816. In 1820, John Harding built a 'federal style' house on the property. He expanded the farm, installed a training track for race horses and continued to board horses, including those of nearby neighbor, former President Andrew Jackson. John Harding renamed the farm Belle Meade, which became known as the Belle Meade Plantation. Records from the Tennessee Historical Society (Nashville) indicate that John's son, William Giles Harding, became interested in the horse breeding business early. Education As a young boy, Harding was sent to Connecticut and educated at Partridge's American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy in Middletown, Connecticut.
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORIC BRIDGES Cordell Hull Bridge: This Historic Postcard Shows an Elevation View of the National Register Eligible Cordell Hull Bridge (#139, 80-SR025-11.32)
    6 HISTORIC BRIDGES Cordell Hull Bridge: This historic postcard shows an elevation view of the National Register eligible Cordell Hull Bridge (#139, 80-SR025-11.32). Spanning the Cumberland River in Carthage in Smith County, the state built the bridge with New Deal money and named it in honor of Carthage native and Nobel Peace Prize winner Cordell Hull (Author’s Collection). 324 HISTORIC BRIDGES HISTORIC BRIDGES IN TENNESSEE This chapter contains a discussion of each National Register listed or eligible bridge identified in this survey. The staff considered several ways to sequentially arrange these bridges such as chronologically, geographically, or construction method. The staff ultimately decided to arrange the bridges chronologically, beginning with the state’s earliest masonry arch bridges dating from about 1830-1850 and ending with truss bridges built in the 1940s, as enumerated in Table VI-01. The advantages of such an arrangement included an overview of construction periods and trends that provided a comparative engineering context. It also reflected the overlapping nature of bridge construction in that there are no definitive beginning and ending dates for construction types but rather parallel and concurrent movements that evolved within the bridge building industry. To facilitate finding bridges geographically, a chart (Table VI-02) enumerates the bridges by county locations. Chapters Four and Five contain a discussion of bridges by construction method. Due to time limitations, TDOT historians have conducted this survey sporadically over a period of several years. In the interim, replacement projects have resulted in the demolition SURVEY REPORT FOR HISTORIC HIGHWAY BRIDGES HIGHWAY FOR HISTORIC REPORT SURVEY of some of these bridges.
    [Show full text]
  • Jackson, William Hicks (1835-1903) Papers 1766-1978
    State of Tennessee Department of State Tennessee State Library and Archives 403 Seventh Avenue North Nashville, Tennessee 37243-0312 JACKSON, WILLIAM HICKS (1835-1903) PAPERS 1766-1978 Processed by: John H. Thweatt Archival Technical Services Accession Number: 1979.059 Date Completed: December 12, 1979 Location: I-K-6 Microfilm Accession Number: 842 MICROFILMED INTRODUCTION These papers of William Hicks Jackson (1835-1903), Confederate general and horse breeder of Belle Meade Plantation, near Nashville, Tennessee, and those of his son, William Harding Jackson, also of Belle Meade and his grandson, William Harding Jackson (1901-1971), lawyer of New York, New York, span the years 1766-1978. The William Hicks Jackson Papers were placed on deposit by the Nashville Chapter, Association for the Preservation of Tennessee Antiquities on February 28, 1979. The materials in this finding aid measure 1.68 linear feet. There are no restrictions on the materials. Single photocopies of unpublished writings in the may be made for purposes of scholarly research. SCOPE AND CONTENT The William Hicks Jackson Papers, containing approximately three hundred items and four volumes, and spanning the years 1766-1978, are concentrated in the years of the American Civil War, 1861-1865. The collection is composed of accounts and account books, an almanac, clippings, constitutions, correspondence, court records, estate papers, farm records, genealogical data, land records, legal documents, medical records, military records, notes, pictures, poems, programs, receipts, resolutions, sketches, speeches, wills, and a few miscellaneous items. Accounts are for General William Hicks Jackson, 1902; William Harding Jackson (1874-1903); Vincent Murphy (1792-1856) of Hinds County, Mississippi, 1847-1856; and for Anne Davis (Richardson) Jackson Stevenson (fl.
    [Show full text]
  • At the Crossroads of Empire: the United States, the Middle East, and the Politics of Knowledge, 1902-2002
    At the Crossroads of Empire: The United States, the Middle East, and the Politics of Knowledge, 1902-2002 By Osamah Feisal Khalil A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Professor Beshara Doumani, Chair Professor Salim Yaqub Professor Daniel Sargent Professor Laura Nader Fall 2011 At the Crossroads of Empire: The United States, the Middle East, and the Politics of Knowledge, 1902-2002 © Copyright 2011 Osamah Feisal Khalil All Rights Reserved Abstract At the Crossroads of Empire: The United States, the Middle East, and the Politics of Knowledge, 1902-2002 by Osamah Feisal Khalil Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Beshara Doumani, Chair This dissertation examines how U.S. foreign policy shaped the origins and expansion of Middle East studies and expertise. For over sixty years the United States has considered the area called the “Middle East” to be vital to its national security interests, and governmental and academic institutions have been essential pillars in support of this policy. America‟s involvement in the Middle East has matched its rise as a global superpower and I argue that U.S. foreign policy significantly influenced the production and professionalization of knowledge about the region. I demonstrate that passage of the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of 1958 ultimately led to the growth and diversification of the field. Moreover, my dissertation contends that an unintended consequence of this expansion was strained relations between academia and the government, which contributed to and was compounded by decreased federal funding for area studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Dictionary of United States Intelligence (Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence)
    03-370 (1) Front 3/18/04 12:51 PM Page ii 05-398 (1) FM.qxd 10/20/05 6:13 AM Page i HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF INTELLIGENCE AND COUNTERINTELLIGENCE SERIES Jon Woronoff, Series Editor 1. British Intelligence, by Nigel West, 2005. 2. United States Intelligence, by Michael A. Turner, 2006. 05-398 (1) FM.qxd 10/20/05 6:13 AM Page ii 05-398 (1) FM.qxd 10/20/05 6:13 AM Page iii Historical Dictionary of United States Intelligence Michael A. Turner Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, No. 2 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Oxford 2006 05-398 (1) FM.qxd 10/20/05 6:13 AM Page iv SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com PO Box 317 Oxford OX2 9RU, UK Copyright © 2006 by Michael A. Turner The author, a former CIA employee, submitted this manuscript to the CIA’s Publication Review Board, which reviewed it to assist the author in eliminating classified information. The board posed no security objection to the book’s publication. This review, however, should not be construed as official release of information, confirmation of accuracy, or an endorsement of the author’s views. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • JAMES Mcgavook
    THE McGAVOCK FAMILY. A GENEALOGICAL HISTORY OF JAMES McGAVOOK AND HIS DESCENDANTS FROM 17 60 TO 1903, BY 0 REV. ROBERT GRAY. "This shall be written for the generations to come. "-Pslm. cii, I8. RICHMOND: WM. ELLIS JONES, BOOK AND JOB PRINTER. PREFACE. '' There is a deep significance and a profound philosophy in that Divine economy enjoined upon the ancient Israelites to pre­ serve their ancient pedigrees, and to hold in sacred veneration the memory of their forefathers; and so it was that when the CHILD JESUS was born of this race, though of humble and ob­ scure family, Matthew was able to give his paternal pedigree, as the son of Joseph, back through forty-two generations to Abra­ ham, and Luke, his maternal pedigree, as the son o.f Mary, through seventy-six generations to Adam. "Nothing, at first sight, seems less interesting or less instruc­ tive than a genealogical table-a mere register of names and dates. But, each of these names is the memorial of a human heart that once lived and died-a heart that kept its steady pul­ sations through some certain period of time, and then ceased to beat, and mouldered into dust. Each of these names is a me­ morial of an individual human life that had its joys and sorrows; its cares and burdens; its affections and hopes; its conflicts and achievements; its opportunities wasted or improved, and its hour of death. Each of these dates of birth, marriage and death! Oh! how significant! What a day was each of these to some human family, or to some circle of loving human hearts." Daniel Webster once said: "The man who feels no sentiment of veneration for the memory of his forefathers; who has no natural regard for his ancestors or his kindred, is himself un­ worthy of kindred, regard or remembrance." The name McGavock is Scotch or Scotch-Irish, and if there is any family of the same name in the United States, other than the one of whom this work treats, after long and careful search, I have failed_ to learn of it.
    [Show full text]