Aspects and Cultural-Historical Values of Plays in Buddhist Rituals During Goryeo [1] A

Educational Innovations and Applications- Tijus, Meen, Chang ISBN: 978-981-14-2064-1

References Aspects and Cultural-historical Values of Plays in Buddhist Rituals During Goryeo [1] A. Asghar, R. Ellington, E. Rice, F. Johnson, and G. M. Prime, Dynasty Supporting STEM Education in Secondary Science Contexts, Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 6(2), 1 2* 2012, pp. 85-125. Tae-Young Kim , Eui-Ryong Hwang [2] Y. Kim, H.-E. Chu, and G. Lim, Science Curriculum Changes and STEM Education in East Asia, in M. S. Khine (eds), Science College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Education in East Asia: Pedagogical Innovations and 107 Imun-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02450, Korea Research-Informed Practices, Springer, Cham, 2015, pp. [email protected], [email protected] 149-226. [3] M. Farren, Y. Crotty, T. Lonergan, S. Soutirou, and W. Goryeo Dynasty were the national ceremonies. Among them, McTiernan, EU Action in Developments in the Curricula and Abstract Yeondeung-Hoe (lotus lantern festival) and Palgwan-hoe were Fig. 4 Graph Coloring by Python and NetworkX. Teaching Methods Appropriate for the Future Global Technical Since its introduction to East Asia, Buddhism had developed the most representative events that were carried out without any Challenges. 2014 Information Technology Based Higher with close relations with politics. In particular, Buddhism had specific purposes at the palace and temples and were the Fig. 4 presents another project developed during the “Data Education and Training, York, UK, Sept. 2014, pp. 1-7. [4] J. Williams, W.-M. Roth, D. Swanson, B. Doig, S. Groves, M. great influence on the spirit and everyday life of ordinary festivals for people because the doors were open to the people Processing and Analysis” course. Student who also enrolled in Omuvwie, R. B. Ferri, and N. Mousoulides, Interdisciplinary people in its acceptance process, and later played an important during the events. “Graph Theory” course tried to model and implement a graph Mathematics Education: A State of the Art, Springer role in the creation of culture in East Asia. Wang Geon Then, how did Buddhist rituals and plays develop and what coloring algorithm to present the coloring result. Although International Publishing, 2016. (877-943), who founded Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392), accepted kind of relations did they form with each other in the society student encountered many difficulties, he solved those [5] J. Wilbarger and S. Howe, Current Practices in Engineering Buddhism as the national governing ideology and held various where Buddhism became a governing religion for a problems and completed the implementation by searching, Capstone Education: Further Results from a 2005 Nationwide Buddhist rituals. Therefore, it is necessary to try to understand newly-founded nation the Korean peninsula? What cultural reading, and trying lots of online resources and code examples. Survey, Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference on from the viewpoint that the Buddhist rituals of Goryeo Dynasty inheritance and social values did these acts leave? In order to Based on the feedback from those students, in addition to Frontiers in Education, San Diego, CA, USA, Oct. 2006, pp. were the national ceremonies. find out answers to this question, it is necessary to explore the interdisciplinary knowledge, hands-on experience, and 5-10. The purpose of this study is to identify the aspects of plays aspects of Yeondeung-Hoe and Palgwan-Hoe, the Buddhist problem-solving skills, they got great pleasure and confidence [6] J. C. Adams and R. J. Pruim, Computing for STEM majors: enhancing non CS majors' computing skills, Proceedings of the reflected in the Buddhist rituals of Yeondeung-hoe and rituals of Goryeo Dynasty. It is because their historical and after the project. It is believed that through the interdisciplinary 43rd ACM technical symposium on Computer Science Palgwan-hoe that were held until the fall of Goryeo Dynasty. cultural values are very important despite the limitation that learning, students can learn, practice, and accumulate various Education, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, Feb.-Mar., 2012, pp. During the rituals, diverse plays were always performed, which there remain only fragmented records about the plays in the knowledge and skills in different disciplines efficiently [16]. 457-462. were accompanied by teas, food, wine, dancing, music, Buddhist rituals. There have been various studies on the events Besides, confidence, innovation, and creativities of students [7] D. A. Coffland and Y. Xie, The 21st Century Mathematics flowers, fruits, etc. They were held as the grand festivals that that have been conducted as Buddhist rituals in Goryeo society. can be incubated during the learning activities. Curriculum: A Technology Enhanced Experience, in X. Ge, D. provided people with various things to eat and watch. However, there are not enough cultural-historical studies on the Ifenthaler, and J. M. Spector (eds), Emerging Technologies for In particular, the plays, which were held as a ceremony of plays performed in the Buddhist rituals. Therefore, this study Conclusions STEAM Education, Springer International Publishing, 2015, pp. Yeondeung-hoe and Palgwan-hoe, started to get out of a will examine the rituals from a viewpoint of plays, which 311-329. primitive form from this period and could develop a balanced currently lacks comparative studies among various research Many universities begin to embrace the trends and propose [8] J. Boaler, What’s Math Got to Do with It? Helping Children Learn to Love Their Least Favorite Subject - and Why It’s form. As they were passed down to Joseon Dynasty, their frame perspectives. several innovations and refinements in education, including Important for America, Penguin, New York, 2008. and form became consolidated into what they are today. The As the study purpose, we would like to highlight the aspects teaching improvement, integrated curriculum, [9] G. Wiggins and J. McTighe, Understanding by Design, banquet held in the Buddhist rituals of Goryeo Dynasty had a and values of plays reflected through Buddhist rituals such multidisciplinary programs, and capstone courses to better Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, medieval cultural value thanks to their contribution to Yeondeung-Hoe and Palgwan-hoe during Goryeo Dynasty incubate students for future. In this paper, the curriculum 2005. reproduction and development of various plays. from a cultural-historical viewpoint. For this purpose, we design and implementation for data science to the [10] Z. Usiskin, The Current State of the School Mathematics conducted an in-depth investigation on the literatures of the undergraduate program in mathematics are introduced. Based Curriculum, in B. Reys, R. E. Reys, and R. N. Rubenstein (eds), Goryeo society, Buddhist rituals, Yeondeung-hoe, 『』『』 on the original focus on mathematical and computation theories, Mathematics Curriculum: Issues, Trends, and Future Key words: time such as Goryeosa and Goryeosajeolyo [1], which Palgwan-hoe the employment of data science courses can provide students Directions, National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2010, are the history of books of Goryeo Dynasty and examined the with the comprehensive theoretical and practical knowledge pp. 25–40. content of the two rituals and their development aspects. We [11] K. Weber, M. Inglis, and J. P. Mejia-Ramos, How and skills for the challenges and industrial requirements Introduction believe that the findings of this study will become the Mathematicians Obtain Conviction: Implications for nowadays. foundation to offer better understanding of the presence and Mathematics Instruction and Research on Epistemic Cognition. Religion is the most complex phenomenon in human culture. values of plays performed around the Korean peninsula at the Based on the course evaluations, the deployment of data Educational Psychologist, 49(1), 2014, pp. 36–58. It is the ritual that best represents the complexity of religion. peak of Buddhism as well as the ways of living, and in this science courses and the refined curriculum bring lots of [12] P. B. Henderson, W. Barker, S. Epp, and W. Marion, Math The ritual has repeatability. It is because it is shared by a group benefits and positive impacts on the students in the department Educators, Computer Science Educators: Working Together, study, we will examine which cultural and historical processes of people who practice the standardized belief system of the of applied mathematics. Furthermore, major findings, course The 34th SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science these plays have undergone while they have been passed down religious doctrine contained in the ritual acts. The religious experiences, and lesson learned from the course Education, Reno, Nevada, USA, Feb. 2003, pp. 236-237. to today and, based on these findings, identify the cultural ritual is the field of action to perform a basic social function of implementation, including “the connection between course [13] Y. Zhu, Introducing Google Chart Tools and Google Maps API values of the plays. converting knowledge into wisdom and creating and content and real life” and “interdisciplinary learning,” are in Data Visualization Courses, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 32(6), 2012, pp. 6-9. maintaining a community. Durkheim said that the ritual is the found to be highly beneficial to the learning activities. In Discussion [14] J. Bernard, Use Python for Scientific Computing, Linux Journal, means for bringing individuals together into groups. addition, hands-on experience, problem-solving skills, 2008(175), 2008. Wang Geon (877-943), who founded Goryeo Dynasty 1. Hosting and Cultural Nature of Yeondeung-Hoe confidence, innovation, and creativities of students can be [15] D. Mouromtsev and M. d’Aquin, Open Data for Education: (918-1392), accepted Buddhism as the national governing In the Goryeo society, Buddhism was designated as the state incubated during the courses effectively and efficiently. Linked, Shared, and Reusable Data for Teaching and Learning, ideology. He thought of Buddhist rituals as an effective way to Through the findings and lesson learned, better curriculum can Springer International Publishing, 2016. religion with supports by the royal family and aristocrats. settle social chaos and to gain public sentiments in the early be developed to incubate students for better future. [16] P. Charlton and K. Avramides, Knowledge Construction in Buddhism has a profound effect on Koreans after Goryeo stage of the state’s foundation, and carried out the rituals under Computer Science and Engineering When Learning Through Dynasty. Especially, the temples that protected and conveyed the leadership of the royal family Therefore it is necessary to Making, IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 9(4), the teachings of Buddha were the places not only for prayers 2016, pp. 379-390. try to understand from the viewpoint that the Buddhist rituals of and study but also for plays. Since Yeondeung-Hoe and

https://doi.org/10.35745/ecei2019v2.039 151 Educational Innovations and Applications- Tijus, Meen, Chang ISBN: 978-981-14-2064-1

Palgwan-hoe were usually held at the palace or temples during lavish hanging lanterns, and a large group of people filled the opportunity for his subjects and people who finished harvest to meeting day. Although the record did not mention which kinds Goryeo Dynasty, they can be said to be Buddhist rituals led by streets, causing mess. get away from every-day life and enjoy eating, drinking, of plays were performed, it can be assumed that various kinds the state. On the other hand, the bureaucrats' objection was raised singing, dancing as much as they could. of music and dances, puppets, puppet theaters, and mask Goryeo Dynasty’s designation of Buddhism as the state against the discontinuation of Yeondeung-Hoe and When something bad happened to the country, the dates for dramas were performed during Yeongdeung-hoe and religion can be dated back to King Taejo. King Taejo took a Palgwan-Hoe. When the Mongol invaded Goryeo in 993, Lee Palgwan-hoe could be changed. The detailed ceremonies of Palgwan-hoe. As seen in this record, because the plays of measure to emphasize the state’s ideological foundation based Gi-Baek said, "Instead of splitting the land in a hurry and Palgwan-hoe were not much different from those of Yeondeung-hoe and Palgwan-hoe of Goryeo shared much on Buddhism to the descendants by saying, "Our nation’s grand giving it to Mongolia, I recommended re-organizing events Yeondeung-hoe, and they were held on two days-small meeting similarity with those of China, it can be guessed that they missions are dependent on the help of all Buddhas. Therefore, such as Yeondeung-Hoe, Palgwan-hoe and Seonrang and not day and grand meeting day. On the small meeting day introduced music, dance and plays of China and digested them let's build temples of the Dhyana School (Seonjong) and the following a weird custom from China in order to preserve the (November 14), domestic citizens could participate in the to recreate them to an international festival to attract favorable Doctrinal School (Gyojong) of Buddhism and send monks to country and establish the reign of peace?" [8]. Lee Ji-Baek ritual. The king went to a temple and paid tribute to the Buddha response from many people. defend them, and let them advance their respect recommended resuming Yeondeung-Hoe and Palgwan-hoe to and the preceding kings. On the grand meeting day (November Humans create some imaginable, creative and holistic achievements”[2]. The decision to designate Buddhism as the pray to the Buddha at the time of war and making these events 15), it was held at the royal court. The barons of local provinces performances that deviate from their every day through their state’s religion under the influence of King Taejo reproduces as an opportunity to promote unity among people in order to served the ritual by sending their congratulatory remarks to the bodies and words and by using instruments, tools and disguise. the people’s views of nature, life and the world through break through the crisis of war. king. Merchants from Song Dynasty and delegations from By merging such acts with plays oriented for the audience, the Buddhist rituals. Buddhism played an important role in When Yeondeung-Hoe was held, the king gave two days' Jurchen, Tamra (Jeju Island) and Japan paid visits to offer gifts. were performed as the important programs of Buddhist rituals building and developing the Goryeo culture. Goryeo hosted leave to the officials. Yeondeundogam, which is the special Plays including music and dancing were performed. such as Yeondeung-hoe and Palgwan-hoe, and they functioned Yeondeung-Hoe and Palgwan-Hoe, the Buddhist rituals governmental department to prepare for Yeondeung-Hoe, was Palgwan-hoe of Goryeo, which inherited the culture of Silla as the foundation to inherit those plays, the basic desire of imported through China from India, as regular events held from established so that that there would be no disruption to the and the Latter Goguryeo, degenerated into spectacular and humans, and to advance them further. the first year of the state’s foundation. The place where the preparations. In the early days of the state’s foundation, pleasure-seeking events different from Palgye of Buddhism rituals were held was the palace or temples that had a close Yeondeung-Hoe was mainly held on January 15 or February 15, over the years. Conclusion relationship with the royal family, except for some special which was meaningful for the religious unification into Goryeo's Palgwan-hoe is rooted in both Silla's tradition of cases. It can be seen that Goryeo had forged and maintained an Buddhism and had a close relation to the meaning of the harvest lotus lanterns and Gung Ye’s ideology for holing the ritual by Goryeo designated Buddhism as the state’s religion after inseparable relation to Yeondeung-Hoe and Palgwan-Hoe. ritual and the agricultural ritual as the folk rituals. Entering the succeeding the alliance with Goguryeo. However, it chose the unification of the three kingdoms, and held Yeondeung-hoe in First, let's look at Yeondeung-Hoe held on January 15th[3]or Joseon Dynasty (1392-1897), Yeondeung-Hoe originating from path for coexistence with Taoism, Confucianism, mountain god spring and Palgwan-hoe in winter of every year to foster February 15th every year. The lotus lantern ceremony was one Goryeo Dynasty was held on April 8 at each temple or home as worship and ancestor worship. This shows that the Goryeo national stability and social kinship. These rituals have been of the Buddhist rituals that have existed since the ancient India. a ritual to represent individual faith. society was very open. Especially in the beginning of the developed based on what were introduced through brisk In India, the practice of offering "lanterns" is believed to Goryeo period, Yeondeung-Hoe and Palgwan-Hoe emphasized exchanges with China and through merge with the folklore develop from the customs of devoting water, incense, flowers, 2. Hosting and Cultural Nature of Palgwan-hoe the harmonious value between the king and his subjects to religions of Silla and Goguryeo to become the representative lamps, food to the gods of Brahmanism, and it has said that this Among the Buddhist rituals of Goryeo, Palgwan-hoe was a integrate the forces supporting the king. However, once the Buddhist rituals. Although the lavish and sumptuous aspects of practice was accepted by Buddhism[4]. Since the time when very important ritual and also a national event held under the kings strengthened the kingship and became stable, it Yeondeung-hoe and Palgwan-hoe led to their discontinuation Buddha was alive, offering ‘lanterns’ was treated as an auspices of the royal family throughout the entire period of re-established itself as a national ceremony to strength the for 22 because of the concern that they could bring about important ritual. In China, Sangwon-Yeundeung-Hoe Goryeo Dynasty. Palgwan-hoe was a ritual for wish for the social status order between the king and his subjects and people maladies, these rituals were resumed to search for a (Lightening Lotus Lantern Festival) held on January 15th long life of the king and to worship the ancestors of the royal rather than social harmony. After the reign was shifted to breakthrough to overcome the crisis of war by promoting the became a regular annual event during the period of the Tang family, which was celebrated together with the people. Joseon, Palgwan-hoe was abolished. Only some dances and unity of people when the country was endangered by the (618-907) and became regularized as the annual ritual Yeondeung-Hoe was held in the spring, and Palgwan-hoe was music like Cheoyongmu and Saseonmu were passed down. invading Mongolia. The people of Goryeo seemed not to think ceremony held every year. Later, the form of held in the winter. However, Palgwan-hoe had greater social of worshiping the Buddha together with their indigenous gods Sangwon-Yeundeung-Hoe as an event to watch and enjoy the importance and larger scales than Yeondeung-Hoe. 3. Cultural Values of Plays in Yeongdeung-hoe and as a contradiction. ritual was completed during the succeeding Song Dynasty It was a ritual for the purpose of abstinence and asceticism, Palgwan-hoe The purpose for the Goryeo Dynasty to hold Yeondeung-hoe (960-1279) [5]. which requires the believers to observe eight commandments and Palgwan-hoe was to strengthen the authority of the royal Both in China and the ancient Korean societies, the term Before the death of King Taejo of Goryeo, he left the for one day. As Palgwan-hoe was based on the eight family, pay ancestral ceremony and to pray for the health and "music" is not about music as it is today but was used as a "Hunyosipjo (Ten Essential Lessons abided by the succeeding commandments, the ritual was imported from India through long life of the king. However, as these rituals became more comprehensive concept that included songs and dances, kings)” which summarized his own political philosophy. China. Palgwan-hoe was known to be held for the first time in lavish over the years, social maladies of mobilizing more various plays and acrobatics, mask dramas and puppet Among them, the king said, “’lotus lantern’ is to serve the Korea during Goguryeo Dynasty. The origins of the ritual can money and people appeared. Naturally, amid this atmosphere, theaters[14]. We have to remember that the term ‘Baekhui’ Buddha. The succeeding kings must continue to hold be found in the record that the monk Hyeryang, who came Silla the plays that were performed during the rituals might be means all the events to entertain the participants by bringing Yeondeung-Hoe and Palgwan-Hoe. Please enjoy these from Goguryeo, presided over the ritual in 551 [9]. As seen in performed lavishly and sumptuously. for royal authority, together songs, dances, acrobatics, mask dramas and other ceremonies together with your subjects." [6]. King Taejo’s the record in 572 that " Palgwan-hoe was held to commemorate offering sacrifices to ancestors, and praying for the royal activities. The records about enjoying ‘Gamu’ and ‘Baekhui’ words ‘Please enjoy these ceremonies together with your the deaths of soldiers in war and was discontinued in seven family. Yeondeung-hoe and Palgwan-hoe were the rituals who means that various plays including singing, dancing and subjects’ reveals the king’s will that it is of utmost importance days" [10], Palgwanjae (Eight Prohibition Retreat) was merged different religious elements including such as a acrobats were performed in tune to much played by the musical to make these ceremonies as the state’s annual events in order introduced through Goguryeo to Silla. However, in the course country-defending faith, ancestor worship and the Maitreya band (GyeoBang) [15], together and entertain the participants. to build one community by integrating the king with his of Silla’s acceptance of Palgwan-hoe, the ritual came to faith, which has been succeeded until today as the filial piety If we look at the records in "Goryeosa" about the procedure subjects and people. integrate the country’s unique folk faith and harvest ritual and (“Hyo ideology”). and content of the ceremonies held on the small meeting day, it As a good example of how spectacular and extravagant was also held as part of the consolation ceremony of the fallen Goryeo's Yeondeung-hoe shows its clear cultural identity consisted of some ceremonies performed at the royal palace Yeondeung-Hoe was, there is the record of Chinese envoy Hsu soldiers. with the theme and material to venerate the virtues of the and others performed in Bongeun temple where the portrait of Ching's observations who came to Goryeo in 1123. He said, Palgwanbo (the special team dedicated to the preparation of Buddha through the use of lanterns and lights by the king and King Taejo was enshrined. However, the most important part of “The people of Goryeo love the Buddha. On February 15, they Palgwan-hoe) was installed, and it was comprised of ten his subjects and people. For the Korean people, Yeondeung-hoe the ritual is the performance of Baekhui played by all kinds of light up lamps in all the temples and they are very busy and officials to prepare for the ceremony [11]. Palgwan-hoe was is one of the Buddhist rituals that have been continued for more acrobats. Once it was finished, they came off the stage. And extravagant. The king and his subjects all watch it and the held twice a year. It was held in Seogyeong on October 15 and than a thousand of years and succeeded until now as a cultural dancers came onto the stage to the music played by the musical people fill the streets, noisy and restless." [7]. Like this, in Gaegyeong on November 15. He also pardoned prisoners or festival for its believers. Over the period of a thousand of years, band (Gyobang), which was the same as a common ceremony Yeondeung-Hoe was a sumptuous ritual. As the years forbade the death penalty [12]. The bureaucrats were given a the hosting agent, content, forms, etc. of the ritual were [16]. In other words, various music and dances as well as plays progressed, people filled the streets with more colorful and three-day vacation [13], and it seemed that the king gave an changed slightly; during Joseon dynasty, the lantern festival were performed among the ceremonies held on the small

152 Educational Innovations and Applications- Tijus, Meen, Chang ISBN: 978-981-14-2064-1

153 Educational Innovations and Applications- Tijus, Meen, Chang ISBN: 978-981-14-2064-1

was separately held in the royal palace, but it was carried out by performed in front of it. On top of Sanbung (a pile of wood An analysis of body composition, caloric intake and consumption patterns of Korean ordinary people as a Buddhis ritual with a strong nature as a standing high as a mountaintop and draped with a long play. Goryeo's Yeondeung-hoe has been succeeded and five-colored silk cloth), Sanak and women were dancing." At college students practiced until today in the form of a seasonal lantern festival the beginning of the Goryeo dynasty, it was held on January 15 by the lunar calendar (Sangwon). This seems to have been on the birthday of the Buddha. As traditional cultural events Me-Suk Kim1, Yu-Mi Won2, Se-Won Jung2, Hee-Je Choi2, Tae-Young Kim2, influenced by China. Lee, Eun-Bong, "The Relationship 3* containing historical and cultural values, the lotus lantern play, Between Buddhism and Indigenous Faith during Goryeo Tae-Gyeom Jung culture square, and lantern parade are held at each temple on Dynasty: Focusing on the Functions of Religious Rituals in April 8th of every year. Yeondeung-Hoe and Palgwan-Hoe", Seoul: Religious Studies 1College of Convergence Culture and Arts, Sungshin Women’s University, However, Palgwan-hoe gradually disappeared from people's (1990), Vol. 22. Ahn Ji-won, "Origin and Establishment of 2 Bomun-ro, 34 Da-gil, Seoul 028444, Korea memories, because Lee Sung-Gye (1335-1408) staged a Goryeo’s Yeondeung-Hoe," Jindanhakbo (1999), Vol. 88, p. 2College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, military coup to overthrow Goryeo Dynasty and founded 106-112; Jeon Kyung-Wook, " Traditional Perming Arts of 107 Imun-ro,Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02450, Korea Korea", Hakgojae, 2004, p 175. Joseon. When Lee Sung-Gye tried to promote Confucianism as 3College of Physical Education, Kyunghee University, a political ideology and clean up the legacies of Goryeo’s [4] Hong, Yoon-Sik, "Prevalence of Buddhist Ceremony," "Korean History 16: Religion and Thoughts of the former Goryeo 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea 1 2 3 culture, he took it as his top priority to abolish Palgwan-hoe. Dynasty", National History Compilation Committee, 1994, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Since Palgwan-hoe was abolished as a national ceremony and p142; Seo Soo-Yeon, "Gamubaekhui (entertainment, songs and reduced to Palgwanjae-hoe held by each temple, it came to dances) and Buddhism of Goryeo Dynasty", 「Research on the lose its cultural value. Art and Culture」, Vol.10, Seoul National University Institute of Abstract after the meal, and is known to raise the prevalence of The In terms of the cultural values perceived as the aspects of Arts and Culture, 2000, p62. metabolic syndromes and diabetes, along with increased risk of plays through the medieval Buddhist rituals of the Goryeo [5] History of Song Dynasty. Vol. 113, No 66; Kim Chang-Suk, Recently, Korean college students are experiencing cardiovascular disorders even for those without diabetes. society, a dominant number of the remaining records describe Hosting and Forms of Buddhist Plays」, Vol. 38, The Korean hardships due to their irregular eating habit. As their dietary The rapid economic and industrial advancement in Korea has them as the history of the king and aristocrats’ plays, meaning Association For Buddhist Studies, 2004, p153. and calorie-consuming patterns are neither consistent nor brought about immense change in people’s dietary patterns. that they seemed to have been held to provide things for them to [6] Goryeosa. Vol. 2, Sega 2, The first King April, 26. regular in particular, this research was conducted in need for an Development of the food industry and people’s preference for watch within the rituals such as Yeondeung-hoe and [7] Seokyung,『Sunhwabongsa-Goryeo Dokyung』 Vol. 17, 1123. empirical study regarding them. The study chose convenience convenience led to increased consumption of easy-to-cook Palgwan-hoe. Despite the limitation that they were the national [8] Goryeosa. Vol. 94, Yeoljeon Vol. 7, Jeshin. sampling method and asked 200 Korean male and female food products [1]. The recent rise in the number of convenience ceremonies which were held at the royal palace and temples, [9] Samguk-Sagi. Vol. 44, Yeoljeon 4. college students to self-report their caloric intake and stores that are open 24 hours a day is encouraging people to [10 Samguk-Sagi. Vol. 4, Silla-Bonsaeg 4, King Jinheung 36. ordinary people could freely participate in festivals and enjoy consumption calories. Then, the caloric intakes were analyzed [11] Goryeosa. Vol. 77, Ji. Vol. 31. easily purchase instant food that do not consider nutritional themselves when Yeondeung-hoe and Palgwan-hoe were held. [12] Bae Jae-Hoon, "Hosting of Goryeo’s Palgwan-Hoe and the with CAN-Pro 4.0, and burnt calories were analyzed by ingredients [2, 3]. In a general experiment on animals, when the This means that the rituals might have great influence on the Public」, 『Young-nam hak』, Vol 31, 2016, p26. recording the actual physical activities the students carried out. animals were intermittently fed with high calorie feed, they culture of ordinary people. [13 Goryeosa. Vol. 84, Ji. Vol. 38; Kim Hye-Suk, 「Content and For the statistics, SPSS ver 18.0 was used; here the average, showed similar symptoms and neuro-chemical reactions to In particular, Gamubaekhui, which was held as a ceremony Function of Goryeo’s Palgwan-Hoe」, 『 Historical Folklore 』, stand deviation, and cross-tabulation analysis (x2) were drug abuse. In a study with 292 college students in Chile, the of Yeondeung-hoe and Palgwan-hoe, started get out of a Vol. 9, 1999, p42. calculated. For both male and female students, the numbers scientists used Yale Food Addiction Scale to see nutritional primitive form from this period and could develop a balanced [14] Jeon Kyung-Wook,「 Korean Play Culture in Ancient East Asia」, were revealed to be high in the consumption calorie groups. conditions and prevalence of diseases related to diet. The form. As it was passed down to Joseon Dynasty, its frame and 「Lecture for Citizens on History of Korean History」, Vol. 45, The research concludes that the group with the adequate body figures were higher in the high-BMI group; women showed form became consolidated into what it is today. Given this, they Iljogak, 2009, p31. composition in line with the Korean students’ nutritional intake higher figures than men [4]. In addition, an experiment was had a cultural value due to their contribution to reproduction [15] Gyobang is a music introduced by the musician of Song Dynasty and consumption calorie was the one that had three meals a conducted with 77 Spanish college students, and the and development of various plays. of China. It is a music institution where Chaggi learns how to day; the intake calorie of male students that had two meals a researchers asked the students to record the amount of food sing popular music. day rather than three was found out to be higher than that of the they have while pursuing Mediterranean style diet for a week 『 Funding: This work was supported by the National Research [16] Goryeosa. Vol. 69, Vol. 23, Ye 11; Ahn Ji-Won, Buddhist female counterpart. In addition, the groups that had three meals using the software Nutriber (version 1.1.1 3r) to measure the 』 Foundation of Korea Grant, funded by the Korean Government ritual and culture of Goryeo , Seoul National University Press, a day turned out to be doing more physical activities; therefore, amount of calories they took. As a result, they lacked vitamins (NRF-2017-S1A5B4055939) and by Hankuk University of 2005, p67. it is very important that the students try to have meals three and minerals as they took fewer calories than the recommended Foreign Studies Research Fund of 2018. times a day on a regular basis, rather than choosing to develop a amount [5]. Moreover, freshmen in the United States [6] and habit of having meals irregularly. Britain [7, 8] saw an increase in their body weight resulting in Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of overweight, making students unsatisfied with their physical interest. condition. This triggered female students to attempt going on a Keywords: college students, intake, consumption, calorie diet in various forms [9, 10]. References This research aims to help Korean college students to live Introduction healthy college life by suggesting a right way of eating with [1]『 Goryeosa (History of Goryeo)』 and『 Goryeosajeolyo (Essentials accurate analysis on their dietary patterns. of Goryeo History)』 have certain limitations because the early This research was conducted to study dietary patterns of Confucian scholars who chose the policy of rejecting Buddhism Korean college students. In Korea, students experience fierce Methods after the foundation of Joseon (1392-1897) wrote them in 1451 competition during their middle and high school periods to 1. Subject selection under the king's order. However, they provide precise and enter prestigious universities; once they successfully get into Final analysis was done with a total number of 200 abundant information about Goryeo customs. the university, still, they once again intensely compete for participants: 100 male and 100 female, aged between 20 and 33. [2] Goryeosa. Vol. 2, Sega 2, The first King. April, 26. [3] Sangwon-Yeundeung-Hoe, recorded in the History of Song decent jobs. Therefore, even though it is recommended to have BMI was calculated based on the height and weight of the Dynasty of China, " During the lantern festival on the day of the regular meals and physical activities while the students are subject, and each was asked to fill out a survey about caloric first full moon of the year by the lunar calendar, Nodae (a studying in universities, it is very difficult for them to follow it intake and physical activities to check the dietary pattern. The makeshift stage made of wooden board without the roof for in their daily lives. If such irregular patterns are protracted, it subjects wrote the types and amount of food they ate for three performance or events). On Nodae, Gyobangak (royal music will ultimately give bad influence on their bodies, plus make days. introduced from Song Dynasty) was played, and children them vulnerable to diseases as the physical strength weakens. danced to the music. Deungsan (a mountain of lanterns) were Irregular dietary habit rapidly increases blood sugar level right 2. Measurement procedure installed in the southern side of Nodae, and Baekhui was

154