2013 Korea an Overview
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Unexpected Nasal Consonants in Joseon-Era Korean Thomas
Unexpected Nasal Consonants in Joseon-Era Korean Thomas Darnell 17 April 2020 The diminutive suffixes -ngaji and -ngsengi are unique in contemporary Korean in that they both begin with the velar nasal consonant (/ŋ/) and seem to be of Korean origin. Surprisingly, they seem to share no direct genetic affiliation. But by reverse-engineering sound change involving the morpheme-initial velar nasal in the Ulsan dialect, I prove that the historical form of -aengi was actually maximally -ng; thus the suffixes -ngaji and -ngsaengi are related if we consider them to be concatenations of this diminutive suffix -ng and the suffixes -aji and -sengi. This is supported by the existence of words with the -aji suffix in which the initial velar nasal -ㅇ is absent and which have no semantic meaning of diminutiveness. 1. Introduction Korean is a language of contested linguistic origin spoken primarily on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. There are approximately 77 million Korean speakers globally, though about 72 million of these speakers reside on the Korean peninsula (Eberhard et al.). Old Korean is the name given to the first attested stage of the Koreanic family, referring to the language spoken in the Silla kingdom, a small polity at the southeast end of the Korean peninsula. It is attested (at first quite sparsely) from the fifth century until the overthrow of the Silla state in the year 935 (Lee & Ramsey 2011: 48, 50, 55). Soon after that year, the geographic center of written Korean then moved to the capital of this conquering state, the Goryeo kingdom, located near present-day Seoul; this marks the beginning of Early Middle Korean (Lee & Ramsey: 50, 77). -
National Museum of Korea
National Museum of Korea 1. Prehistoric and Ancient History Gallery 1 2. Prehistoric and Ancient History Gallery 2 - 1 - Prehistoric and Ancient 1. The Paleolithic Age, the First Culture History Gallery 1 in History We have now arrived in the Paleolithic Room. During the Paleolithic Age, humans started to use fire, invented tools, and developed a culture. The first humans inhabited Korea from about 700,000 years ago. They were hunter-gatherers and led a nomadic lifestyle, moving from place to place to find sufficient food and seeking shelter in caves or on the banks of rivers. The people of the Paleolithic Age initially used natural stones as tools, but gradually began to break and shape them to remove their efficiency. Large, clumsy tools were used at first, but over time the tools were refined and a variety of sharper and smaller tools were developed for different purposes. During the later period of the Paleolithic Age, the stone tools were used in conjunction with pieces of timber or horn. As stone working techniques became even more developed, it was possible to reproduce the same tool. - 2 - Prehistoric and Ancient 2. The Making of Chipped Stone Tools History Gallery 1 [Narration] These are stone tools from the Paleolithic Age. [Tourist] They’re tools? They look like normal stones to me. [Narration] They do, yes, but they really are chipped stone tools that Paleolithic people made and used for many different purposes. [Tourist] How did they chip the stones? [Narration] The simplest method they used was to smash one stone with another stone and hope for the best! Later on, they used stone hammers or horns to chip the stone in a more directed, controlled manner. -
Primary Sources
Primary Sources: "07편 잘살아보세, 박정희와 새마을 운동 1." YouTube. YouTube, 27 Apr. 2015. Web. 09 Dec. 2015. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARQxzRTjHhI> We used footage of Korean citizens working during the New Village Movement to reconstruct their local villages in the introduction of our video when we explained that the development of South Korea arose from the efforts of its citizens. We also used footage of Park Chunghee telling the Korean civilians that they must work diligently to make life in Korea better for all. We used this footage when explaining that Park Chunghee was the one who sent Koreans to Germany to work as miners and nurses. "1960년대 우리 나라." YouTube. YouTube, 27 Oct. 2012. Web. 01 June 2016. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9xhm34TZik> We used footage of Koreans working when the economy was underdeveloped to show how man power and determination, not resouces, were the main causes of South Korea’s economic development. We also used footage of Korea in the 1960s. The 1960s was when the Korean War happened, and the economy was at its worst. 1970. 중앙포토. KoreaDaily. Web. 9 Dec. 2015. <http://m.koreadaily.com/news/read.asp?art_id=706259&referer=> We used a photo of the finished Seoul Busan highway from this source. We used this photo when giving examples of the multiple ways Park Chunghee strived to develop Korea’s economy. Ahn Ongil (77). Personal interview. 2 November 2015 This was a studentconducted interview with a Korean man who traveled to Germany as a miner. -
Welcome to Korea Day: from Diasporic to Hallyu Fan-Nationalism
International Journal of Communication 13(2019), 3764–3780 1932–8036/20190005 Welcome to Korea Day: From Diasporic to Hallyu Fan-Nationalism IRINA LYAN1 University of Oxford, UK With the increasing appeal of Korean popular culture known as the Korean Wave or hallyu, fans in Israel among Korean studies students have joined—and even replaced— ethnic Koreans in performing nationalism beyond South Korea’s borders, creating what I call hallyu fan-nationalism. As an unintended consequence of hallyu, such nationalism enables non-Korean hallyu fans to take on the empowering roles of cultural experts, educators, and even cultural ambassadors to promote Korea abroad. The symbolic shift from diasporic to hallyu nationalism brings to the fore nonnationalist, nonessentialist, and transcultural perspectives in fandom studies. In tracing the history of Korea Day from the 2000s to the 2010s, I found that hallyu fan-students are mobilized both by the macro mission to promote a positive image of Korea in their home societies and by the micro motivation to repair their own, often stigmatized, self-image. Keywords: transcultural fandom studies, hallyu, Korean Wave, Korean studies, Korea Day, diasporic nationalism While talking with Israeli students enrolled in Korean studies (mostly female fans of Korean popular culture) in an effort to understand their motivations behind organizing Korea Day and promoting Korean culture in Israel in general, I was surprised when some of them used the Hebrew word hasbara, which literally translates as “explanation.” As a synonym for propaganda, hasbara refers to the public diplomacy of Israel that aims to promote a positive image of Israel to the world and to counter its delegitimization. -
10. When Did Joseon's Population Reach Ten
10. WHEN DID JOSEON’S POPULATION REACH TEN MILLION? Ko Dong-Hwan Korea underwent tremendous population growth during the twentieth century. Despite all the turbulence of the modern period, the population of the peninsula quadrupled. The country began the century with around seventeen million people. In the year 2009, the population of South Korea was about forty-eight million, ranking twenty-fourth in the world – similar in size to Spain and South Africa. North Korea had an estimated popula- tion of about twenty-four million in 2009, which ranked fifty-first in the world. Countries of comparable numbers include Yemen and Mozambique. If the two Koreas reunified, the total population of seventy-two million would rank eighteenth in the world. It would have more people than France, Congo, and Turkey, but fewer than Germany, Egypt, and Iran. The city of Seoul has undergone perhaps even more remarkable population growth. Its population was almost 10.5 million in 2009, which made it the eighth largest city in the world. In terms of the entire metropolitan area, it would be the second largest, behind only Tokyo. Joseon also experienced significant demographic change during the 518 years of its existence. At its founding in 1392, the population was about 5.5 million people, and it was around seventeen million at its end in 1910. As the title indicates, this chapter begins by trying to answer the question of when the population of the country reached ten million. Though this is an arbitrary number, it can serve as a rough indicator of the achievement of a certain level of economic and social development. -
China-North Korea: Renewal of the “Blood Alliance”
Asia Pacific Bulletin Number 158 | April 5, 2012 China-North Korea: Renewal of the “Blood Alliance” BY MASAKO IKEGAMI As North Korea’s latest rocket-missile launch approaches, there is speculation whether Beijing can halt Pyongyang’s missile ambitions. In my view, Beijing will turn a blind eye towards North Korea’s latest provocation, while simultaneously calling for restraint by all parties. Recently, the China-North Korea “blood alliance,” a concept of allies that originated during the Korean War, has been renewed, and it is in China’s interests that Masako Ikegami, Professor of North Korea consolidates its “absolute deterrence” capability to deter US forces in the Political Science at Stockholm region. University, argues that “Recently, North Korea’s late leader, Kim Jong-il, broke diplomatic protocol when he made three the China-North Korea ‘blood trips to China within twelve months—May and August 2010, and May 2011. During this alliance,’ a concept of allies that period, Kim further solidified his strategic decision to turn towards China for the survival originated during the Korean War, of his regime by virtually abandoning the North Korean policy of Juche—an ideology of national self-reliance devised by his late father Kim Il-sung. The intensive interaction has been renewed, and it is in between Beijing and Pyongyang in the past few years suggests that China and North Korea China’s interests that North Korea both seek to reconfirm their blood alliance, notwithstanding occasional disagreements on consolidates its ‘absolute certain economic issues. Chinese President Hu Jintao met twice with Kim Jong-il in 2010 amidst the controversy of the sinking of the South Korean corvette, the Cheonan, and the deterrence’ capability to deter US US government’s announcement of broadened sanctions in response. -
The Globalization of K-Pop: the Interplay of External and Internal Forces
THE GLOBALIZATION OF K-POP: THE INTERPLAY OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FORCES Master Thesis presented by Hiu Yan Kong Furtwangen University MBA WS14/16 Matriculation Number 249536 May, 2016 Sworn Statement I hereby solemnly declare on my oath that the work presented has been carried out by me alone without any form of illicit assistance. All sources used have been fully quoted. (Signature, Date) Abstract This thesis aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic analysis about the growing popularity of Korean pop music (K-pop) worldwide in recent years. On one hand, the international expansion of K-pop can be understood as a result of the strategic planning and business execution that are created and carried out by the entertainment agencies. On the other hand, external circumstances such as the rise of social media also create a wide array of opportunities for K-pop to broaden its global appeal. The research explores the ways how the interplay between external circumstances and organizational strategies has jointly contributed to the global circulation of K-pop. The research starts with providing a general descriptive overview of K-pop. Following that, quantitative methods are applied to measure and assess the international recognition and global spread of K-pop. Next, a systematic approach is used to identify and analyze factors and forces that have important influences and implications on K-pop’s globalization. The analysis is carried out based on three levels of business environment which are macro, operating, and internal level. PEST analysis is applied to identify critical macro-environmental factors including political, economic, socio-cultural, and technological. -
Conservation Studies of Korean Stone Heritages
Conservation Studies of Korean Stone Heritages Chan Hee Lee Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, 32588, Republic of Korea Keywords: Korean stone heritages, Conservation, Weathering, Damage, Environmental control. Abstract: In Republic of Korea, a peninsula country located at the eastern region of the Asian continent, is mostly composed of granite and gneiss. The southern Korean peninsula stated approximately 7,000 tangible cultural heritages. Of these, the number of stone heritages are 1,882 (26.8%), showing a diverse types such as stone pagoda (25.8%), stone Buddha statues (23.5%), stone monuments (18.1%), petroglyph, dolmen, fossils and etc. Igneous rock accounts for the highest portion of the stone used for establishing Korean stone heritages, forming approximately 84% of state-designated cultural properties. Among these, granite was used most often, 68.2%, followed by diorite for 8.2%, and sandstone, granite gneiss, tuff, slate, marble, and limestone at less than 4% each. Furthermore, values of the Korean stone heritages are discussed as well as various attempts for conservation of the original forms of these heritages. It is generally known that the weathering and damage degrees of stone heritage are strongly affected by temperature and precipitation. The most Korean stone heritages are corresponded to areas of middle to high weathering according to topography and annual average temperature and precipitation of Korea. Therefore, examination of environmental control methods are required for conservation considering the importance of stone heritages exposed to the outside conditions, and monitoring and management systems should be established for stable conservation in the long term. -
Proposal for a Korean Script Root Zone LGR 1 General Information
(internal doc. #: klgp220_101f_proposal_korean_lgr-25jan18-en_v103.doc) Proposal for a Korean Script Root Zone LGR LGR Version 1.0 Date: 2018-01-25 Document version: 1.03 Authors: Korean Script Generation Panel 1 General Information/ Overview/ Abstract The purpose of this document is to give an overview of the proposed Korean Script LGR in the XML format and the rationale behind the design decisions taken. It includes a discussion of relevant features of the script, the communities or languages using it, the process and methodology used and information on the contributors. The formal specification of the LGR can be found in the accompanying XML document below: • proposal-korean-lgr-25jan18-en.xml Labels for testing can be found in the accompanying text document below: • korean-test-labels-25jan18-en.txt In Section 3, we will see the background on Korean script (Hangul + Hanja) and principal language using it, i.e., Korean language. The overall development process and methodology will be reviewed in Section 4. The repertoire and variant groups in K-LGR will be discussed in Sections 5 and 6, respectively. In Section 7, Whole Label Evaluation Rules (WLE) will be described and then contributors for K-LGR are shown in Section 8. Several appendices are included with separate files. proposal-korean-lgr-25jan18-en 1 / 73 1/17 2 Script for which the LGR is proposed ISO 15924 Code: Kore ISO 15924 Key Number: 287 (= 286 + 500) ISO 15924 English Name: Korean (alias for Hangul + Han) Native name of the script: 한글 + 한자 Maximal Starting Repertoire (MSR) version: MSR-2 [241] Note. -
China-Korea Relations This Quarter Was a Non-Event
ChinaChina---KoreaKorea Relations: A Turning Point for ChinaChina---KoreaKorea Relations? By Scott Snyder, Senior Associate Pacific Forum CSIS/The Asia Foundation The debate over the history of the relationship between Korea and China dramatically took center stage this quarter – not as part of the official commemoration of the 12th anniversary of normalization between the Republic of Korea and the People’s Republic of China in August – but as part of an escalating dispute between Seoul and Beijing over the origins and legacy of the Goguryeo kingdom (37 B.C. to 668 A.D.). PRC claims that Goguryeo is part of China’s history and a decision by the PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs to excise all references to the history of Korea prior to 1948 engendered a caustic public reaction in Seoul. The first major political dispute to arise between Seoul and Beijing since the decision to normalize in 1992 (aside from the “garlic wars” trade dispute of 2002; see Comparative Connections, October 2002) led to a number of high- level exchanges designed to calm the situation while continuing to coordinate efforts to keep alive six-party talks. Despite continued benefits from the “Korean Wave” in China in various sectors, the sensitive South Korean reaction to the Goguryeo history dispute also reflects increasing worries in Seoul on the economic front: twelve years of dramatic double-digit growth in trade and investment between the two countries has resulted in increasing South Korean dependence on exports to China both through trade and as a destination for South Korean investment. However, Chinese firms are rapidly closing the technological gap with South Korea not only in low-end manufacturing but also in sectors such as IT, automobiles, and high-tech sectors that represent the core of South Korea’s export trade earnings. -
Western Influence on Korean Painting of the Late Chosŏn Period
Western Influence on Korean Painting of the Late Chosŏn Period YiSŏng-mi TheAcademyofKoreanStudies FromtheThreeKingdoms periodon,Koreanculturedevelopeditsuniquenesswhile receivingcontinuousstimuliandinfluencefrom continentalChinese culture;inturn,it hadasignificantimpact onthedevelopmentofJapaneseculture.Viewedfromthe larger contextofworldculture,culturalexchange amongthethreeEastAsiannations presupposeda certaindegreeofhomogeneity.However,the contactwiththeWestern civilizationandculturethroughChristianityinChina beginninginthefirsthalfofthe 16thcentury,andinKorea bywayofChinaduringthelate17thcentury,meantaclash oftwoquitedifferentcivilizations,WesternandEastAsian. Sucha"clashofcivilizations,"toborrowHuntington'sterm,canbediscernedinthe writingsoftheChineseliteratioftheCh'ing periodandinthoseoftheirKorean counterpartsofthelateChosŏnperiod,whotookWesterncultureas a"shock".This paperexaminesthe processofthereceptionofWesterninfluenceonKoreanpaintings ofthe18ththroughtheearly20thcentury before Korea wasfullyexposedtoWestern culture.Documentaryevidenceof contacts aswellasactualworksofartinwhichthe Westerninfluenceisevidentwill bethemainobjectsofexamination. Fromthe beginningofthehistoryof paintingintheWestandinEastAsia,thereexisted afundamentaldifferenceinwhata paintingshouldrepresent.UnlikeintheWest,where theaimof paintingwastoreproducefaithfullytheoutwardappearanceoffiguresor objects,thatinEastAsia wastocapturetheuniversaltruthorspiritualaspects.Inthe NorthernSung period,thisemphasisoncapturing metaphysicalconceptsinpainting developedintothetheoryofliterati -
A Brief of the Korea History
A Brief of the Korea History Chronicle of Korea BC2333- BC.238- 918- 1392- 1910- BC57-668 668-918 1945- BC 108 BC1st 1392 1910 1945 Nangrang Dae GoGuRyeo BukBuYeo Unified GoRyeo JoSun Japan- Han DongBuYeo BaekJae Silla Invaded Min JolBonBuYe Silla BalHae Gug o GaRa (R.O.K DongOkJeo (GaYa) Yo Myng Korea) GoJoSun NamOkJeo Kum Chung (古朝鮮) BukOkJeo WiMan Won Han-5- CHINA Gun SamHan (Wae) (Wae) (IlBon) (IlBon) (IlBon) (Wae) (JAPAN) 1 한국역사 연대기 BC2333- BC.238- BC1세기- 918- 1392- 1910- 668-918 1945- BC 238 BC1세기 668 1392 1910 1945 낙 랑 국 북 부 여 고구려 신 라 고 려 조선 일제강 대한민 동 부 여 신 라 발 해 요 명 점기 국 졸본부여 백 제 금 청 동 옥 저 고조선 가 라 원 중국 남 옥 저 (古朝鮮) (가야) 북 옥 저 위 만 국 한 5 군 (왜) (왜) (일본) (일본) (일본) (일본) 삼 한 (왜) 국가계보 대강 (II) BC108 918 BC2333 BC194 BC57 668 1392 1910 1945 고구려 신 라 고조선(古朝鮮) 부여 옥저 대한 백 제 동예 고려 조선 민국 BC18 660 2 3 1 GoJoSun(2333BC-108BC) 2 Three Kingdom(57BC-AD668) 3 Unified Shilla(668-935) / Balhae 4 GoRyeo(918-1392) 5 JoSun(1392-1910) 6 Japan Colony(1910-1945) 7 The Division of Korea 8 Korea War(1950-1953) 9 Economic Boom In South Korea 1. GoJoSun [고조선] (2333BC-108BC) the origin of Korea n According to the Dangun creation mythological Origin n Dangun WangGeom establish the old JoSun in Manchuria. n The national idea of Korea is based on “Hong-ik-in-gan (弘益人間)”, Devotion the welfare of world-wide human being n DanGun JoSun : 48 DanGuns(Kings) + GiJa JoSun + WeeMan JoSun 4 “고조선의 강역을 밝힌다”의 고조선 강역 - 저자: 윤내현교수, 박선희교수, 하문식교수 5 Where is Manchuria 2.