On the Formation of the Upper Monastic Area of Seon Buddhist

References

Books

1. Seonmun josa yecham uimun (禪門祖師禮懺儀文, Anthology of Veneration on and Repentance to the Seon Patriarchs) 2. Gajeongjip (稼亭集, Literary Collections of Lee Gok) 3. Goryeosa (高麗史, History of the Goryeo Dynasty) 4. Goryeosa jeoryo (高麗史節要, Essentials of Goryeo History) 5. Mogeun mungo (牧隱文藁, Collected Writings of Mogeun) 6. Xu Jing: Xuanhe fengshi gaoli tujing (宣和奉使高麗圖經, Illustrated Travelogue of the Goryeo Kingdom by an Envoy during the Era Name Xuanhe) 7. Lee Sung-in: Do-eun seonsaeng sijip (陶隱先生詩集) 8. Dongguk yeoji seungnam (東國輿地勝覽, Survey of the Geography of Korea) 9. Dongguk isang gukjip (東國李相國集, Collected Works of Minister Lee Gyu-bo) 10. Lee Saek: Dongmunseon (東文選, Anthology of Eastern Literature) 11. Seok Sigyeongam: Bokseonwonsa so (復禪源寺疏, An Essay on the Restoration of Seonwon-sa), vol. 101 12. Iryeon: Samgug yusa (三國遺事, Legends and History of Korea’s Three Kingdoms) 13. Kim Bu-sik: Samguk sagi (三國史記, The Chronicles of Korea’s Three Kingdoms) 14. Sejong sillok jiriji (世宗實錄地理志, Geographical Appendix to the Annals of King Sejong) 15. Yeojidoseo (輿地圖書, Detailed Records of 108 The Review of Korean Studies Geography) 16. Lee Je-hyeon: Ikjae nango (益齋亂藁, Literary Collection of Ikjae) 17. Ennin: Nitto kyuho junreigyoki (入唐求法巡禮行記, Record of Travels in the Tang while Seeking the Dharma). (838–847), vol. 2, November 22 in the era known as Kaicheng (839) 18. Joseon wangjo sillok (朝鮮王朝實錄, Annals of the Joseon Dynasty) 19. Pahanjip (破閑集, Collected Poems and Paintings of Lee In-ro) 20. Mujaku Dochu: Encyclopedia of Seon Monasticism (禪林象器箋, Zenrin shokisen) 21. Cijue Jongze (authored), Choe Beop-hye (annotated): Goryeopan seonwon cheonggyu yeokju (高麗版禪院淸規譯註, Annotated Goryeo Edition Pure Rules for Zen Temple), Gasan Bulgyomunhwa Yeonguwon (2002) 22. Goryeopan jungcheom jokbon seonwon cheonggyu (高麗板重添足本禪院淸規) annotated in the 2nd year of the era known as Baoyou (1254) of the Song Dynasty 23. Etienne Lamotte: Histoire du bouddhisme indien. Hojin translated, Indo bulgyosa. Sigongsa (2008) 102 References

24. National Reseach Institute of Cultural Heritage, Mireuksa bogwonyeongu haksuljaryo chongseo Ⅲ (Collection of Scholastic Resources on Mireuk-sa Restoration Research III) (2010) 25. Hangukhak Munheon Yeonguso: Tae-ansa ji (泰安寺誌, Record of Taean-sa). Asea Munhwasa (1984) 26. Han Gi-mun: Goryeosawonui gujowa gineung (The Structure and Function of Goryo Temples). Minjoksa (1998) 27. Hanguk Godaesahoe Yeon-guwon: Yeokju hanguk godaesahoe geumseokmun (譯註韓國古代金石文, Annotated Epigraphy of Korean Ancient Society). Garakguk Sajeokgaebal Yeonguwon (1992) 28. Heo Heung-sik: Goryeo bulgyosa yeongu (Study on Goryeo Buddhist History). Iljogak, 1997 (1986) 29. Heo Heung-sik (compiled): Hanguk geumseok jeonmun (韓國金石全文, Comprehensive Cataloue of Korean Epigraphy). Asea Munhwasa (1976) 30. Hujishima Gaijiro (藤島亥治郞): Joseon geonchuk saron (朝鮮建築史論, Commentary on Joseon Architecture). Gyeongin Munhwasa (1969) 31. Jang Gyeong-ho: Hangugui jeontong geonchuk (Traditional Architecture of Korea). Munye Chulpansa (1996) 32. Joseon Chongdukbu (朝鮮總督府) (compiled): Sueji Katsuragi (葛城末治). Joseon geumseok chongnam vol. 1 & 2 (朝鮮金石總覽上·下, Comprehensive Survey of Joseon Epigraphy). Gyeongseong: Joseon Chongdukbu, 1919 (1972) 33. Kim Bong-ryeol: Bulgyo geonchuk (Buddhist Architecture). Sol Chulpansa (2004) 34. Kim Dong-hyeon: Hanguk gogeonchuk danjang ha (Short Pieces on Korea’s Ancient Architecture, vol. 2). Tongmungwan (1977) 35. Kim Dong-uk: Hanguk geonchugui yeoksa (History of Korean Architecture). Gimundang (2007) 36. Ko Yu-seop: Hangungmisul munhwasa nonchong (Treatise Collection of Korean Art History). Tongmungwan (1993) 37. Lee Hwa-seon (written), Ahn Yeong-su (edited): Joseon geonchuk sa I (History of Joseon Architecture), Bareon (1993) 38. Lee Ji-gwan (compiled): Gasanbulgyo daesarim vol. 1 (Gasan Buddhist Dictionary). Gasan Bulgyomunhwa Yeonguwon (1998) 39. Lee Ji-gwan (compiled): Gasanbulgyo daesarim vol. 9 (Gasan Buddhist Dictionary). Gasan Bulgyomunhwa Yeonguwon (2007) 40. Lee Ji-gwan (annotated): (Gyogamyeokju) Yeokdae goseung bimun ((校勘譯註) 歷代高僧碑文, (Recenced and Annotated) Epigraphy of Successive Generations of Eminent Monks: Goryeo 1). Gasan Bulgyomunhwa Yeonguwon (1994) 41. Lee Ji-gwan (annotated): (Gyogamyeokju) Yeokdae goseung bimun ((校勘譯註) 歷代高僧碑文, (Recenced and Annotated) Epigraphy of Successive Generations of Eminent Monks: Goryeo 2). Gasan-bulgyomunhwa-yeonguwon (1995) 42. Lee Ji-gwan (annotated): (Gyogamyeokju) Yeokdae goseung bimun ((校勘譯註) 歷代高僧碑文, (Recenced and Annotated) Epigraphy of Successive Generations of Eminent Monks: Goryeo 3). Gasan Bulgyomunhwa Yeonguwon (1996) 43. Lee Ji-gwan (annotated): (Gyogamyeokju) Yeokdae goseung bimun ((校勘譯註) 歷代高僧碑文, (Recenced and Annotated) Epigraphy of Successive Generations of Eminent Monks: Goryeo 4). Gasan Bulgyomunhwa Yeonguwon (1997) 44. Lee Neung-hwa (ed.): Joseon bulgyo tongsa (朝鮮佛敎通史, Complete History of Joseon Buddhism). Hangukhak Yeonguso, 1977 (1918) References 103

45. Liu Yanting: Haidong jinshi yuan (海東金石苑, Epigraphy Collection of Korea). Asea- munhwasa (1976) 46. Seo Geo-jeong, et al.: Dongmunseon (東文選, Anthology of Eastern Literature) 47. Wei Shou (compiled): Weishu (魏書, Book of Wei) 48. Korean Studies Document Research Institute. “Gwangjaseonsa jungchangdangsi bulsanggangak” (廣慈禪師重創當時佛像間閣). In Tae-ansaji (Tae-an-sa site). Aseamunhwasa (1984) 49. Xian Qing & Yun (compiled), Kim Wolun (translated): Jodangjip (祖堂集, Chi: Zutangji, Record of the Ancestral Hall). Dongguk Yeoggyeongwon (2001) 50. Xiaomo: Dunhuang jianzhu yanjiu (敦惶建築硏究, Study on Dunhuang Architecture). 机械工業出版社 (2002) 51. Zhang Shiqing (compiled): Wushan shichatu yu nansongjiang nanchansi (五山十刹圖與南宋江南禪寺, Diagram of the Ten Temples on Five Mountains). 東南大學出版社 (2000) 52. Zhang Shiqing (authored), Gao Jiehua (annotated): Zhonggui jiangnan chanzongsiyuan jianzhu (中國江南禪宗寺院建築, Seon Temple Architecture in China’s Jiangnan Region). 湖北敎育出版社 (2002)

Report

1. Mosaku Ishida: The Excavation Survey of Gunsu-ri Temple Site in Buyeo (夫餘軍守里廢寺址發掘調査). The Report of Historical Remains Survey Conducted in the 11th Year of the Era Name Showa (昭和十一年度古蹟調査報告). Kyoto: Society of Joseon Historical Remains (朝鮮古蹟硏究會) 2. Okawa Kiyoshi (ed.): Historical Remains of the Baekje Era Temples in Buyeo (夫餘の百濟時代寺院跡). Archeology of Baekje Kingdom (百濟の考古學). Yuuzankaku, Tokyo (1972) 3. Miyoji Yoneda: Report on the Cheongun-ri temple site in Gyeongju and Three-Story Stone Pagoda (慶州千軍里寺址及び三層石塔調査報告). The Report of Historical Remains Survey Conducted in the 13th Year of the Era Name Showa (昭和十三年度古蹟調査報告). Kyoto: Society of Joseon Historical Remains (朝鮮古蹟硏究會) (1940) 4. Gangwon Cultural Heritage Institute. Yeongwol heungnyeong seonwon 1·2cha siguljosa bogoseo (1st and 2nd Trial Excavation Report on Heungnyeong Seon Monastery in Yeongwol) (2008) 5. Gangwon Cultural Heritage Institute & Gangneung City. Gangneung gulsansaji balguljosa bogoseo (Excavation Survey Report on Gulsan-sa Site in Gangneung) (2006) 6. Gangwon Cultural Heritage Institute & Sinheung-sa. Jinjeon (2004) 7. Gangwon Cultural Heritage Institute & Wonju city. Wonju Beopcheon-sa I (2009) 8. Gyeonggi-do Museum & Gijeon Cultural Heritage Institute. Hoe-am-sa II (2003) 9. Gyeonggi-do Museum & Gijeon Cultural Heritage Institute. Hoe-am-sa III (2009) 10. Buyeo National Museum. Neung-sa (2000) 11. Buyeo National Cultural Heritage Institute. Mireuksa yujeok balgul josabogoseo II (Excavation Survey Report on Mireuk-sa Remains II) (1996) 12. Buyeo National Cultural Heritage Institute. Buyeo gunsu-ri saji I (Temple Site at Gunsu-ri, Buyeo I) (2010) 13. Buyeo National Cultural Heritage Institute. Silsang-sa II (2006) 14. Buyeo National Cultural Heritage Institute. Wangheung-sa III (2009) 104 References

15. Buyeo National Cultural Heritage Institute. Buyeo wangheungsaji 10cha balguljosa (The 10th Excavation of the Wangheung-sa Site in Buyeo). 2009 Baekje munhwareul chajaseo (In Search of Baekje Culture in 2009) (2010) 16. The Report of the Advisory Commission for the 10th Excavation of the Wangheung- sa Site in Buyeo 17. Gijeon Cultural Heritage Institute & Yeoju-gun. Godalsaji I (Godal-sa Site I) (2002) 18. Gijeon Cultural Heritage Institute & Yeoju-gun. Godalsaji II (Godal-sa Site II) (2007) 19. Gijeon Cultural Heritage Institute & Korea Expressway Corporation. Wonhyang-sa (2003) 20. Danguk University Museum. Jinjeonsaji balgulbogo (Excavation Report on Jinjeon-sa Site) (1989) 21. Dongguk University Museum. Seollim wonji balgul josabogo (Excavation Survey Report on Seollim-won Site) (1993) 22. Dong-a University Museum. Hapcheon yeongamsaji I (Yeong-amsa Site in Hapcheon I) (1985) 23. Dong-a University Museum. Hapcheon yeongamsaji II (Yeong-amsa Site in Hapcheon II) (2005) 24. Cultural Heritage Institute at Cultural Heritage Administration. Mireuksa yujeok balgul josa bogoseo I (Excavation Survey Report on Mireuk-sa Remains I) (1989) 25. Bokcheon Museum. Busan Mandeoksaji III (Mandeok-sa Site in Busan III) (2007) 26. Joseon Government General (朝鮮總督府). 昭和十一年度古蹟調査報告 (Historic Places Survey Report Conducted in the 11th Year of the Era Name Showa). Kyoto: 朝鮮古蹟硏究會 (1937) 27. Joseon Government General (朝鮮總督府). 昭和十三年度古蹟調査報告 (Historic Places Survey Report Conducted in the 13th Year of the Era Name Showa). Kyoto: 朝鮮古蹟硏究會 (1940) 28. Busan Metropolitan City Museum. Busan Mandeoksaji (Mandeok-sa Site in Busan) (1993) 29. Busan Metropolitan City Museum. Busan Mandeoksaji II (Mandeok-sa Site in Busan II) (1998) 30. Suncheon University Museum. Suncheon geumdun saji (Geumdun-sa Site in Suncheon) (2004) 31. Suncheon University Museum & Gwangyang City. Gwangyang ongnyong saji II (Ongnyong-sa Site in Gwangyang II) (2006) 32. Changwon National Cultural Heritage Institute. Changwon bongnim-sa ji (Bongnim- sa Site in Changwon) (2000) 33. Cheongju University Museum. Cheongju heungdeoksaji haksulhoeui bogoseo (Scholastic Conference Report on Heungdeok-sa Site in Cheongju) (1986) 34. Cheongju University Museum. Cheongju heungdeoksaji balguljosa bogoseo (Excavation Survey Report on Heungdeok-sa Site in Cheongju) (1986) 35. Chungnam University Museum. Seongju-sa (1998) 36. Hanul Reaseach Institute of Cultural Heritage. Anyangsi (gu)yuyubujinae yujeok balguljosa yakbogoseo (Informal Report on Ruins Excavation Survey at the Former Yuyu Site in Anyang City) (October 2009) 37. Hanul Reaseach Institute of Cultural Heritage. Anyangsi (gu)yuyubujinae yujeok chuga balguljosa yakbogoseo (Informal Report on Additional Remains Excavation Survey at the Former Yuyu Site in Anyang City) (August 2010) References 105

Thesis

1. Han Gi-mun: Goryeosidae sawonui unyeonggibangwa wondangui jonjaeyangsang (Operational Foundation of Goryeo Era Temples and the Pattern of Wondang, Temples for the Deceased Royalty). A doctoral thesis presented to Gyeongbuk National University (1995) 2. Han Gi-mun: Silla hadae heungnyunsawa geumdangsipseongui seonggyeok (Heungnyun- sa and the Ten Great Venerables Enshrined in Its Main Buddha Hall during the Late Silla Era). Silla Munhwa 20 (2002) 3. Han Ji-man: The Introduction and Development of Seon Temples during Korea’s Goryeo Era. A doctoral thesis presented to the University of Tokyo Graduate School (2009) 4. Han Uk: Yugureul tonghan 6~7segi baekjegaram geonmurui bogwonjeok yeongu (A Restorative Study on 6~7 Century Baekje Era Temple Buildings Based on Architectural Remains). A doctoral thesis presented to the Graduate School of Hongik University (2008) 5. Hong Byeong-hwa: Urinara sachalgeonchugeseo bongbulgwa gangseolgongganui byeonhwagwajeong (The Transition Process of the Space for Buddha Worship and Dharma Teaching in Korean Temple Architecture). Geonchugyeoksayeongu (Architectural History Research) 19(4) (August 2010) 6. Jang Gyeong-ho: Goryeogaramui yeongu (Study on Goryeo Temples). Gogo misul (Archeological Arts), vol. 175, 176. Hanguk Misulsa Hakhoe (1987) 7. Jeon Ik-jeong: Hanguk sachal nae gangdangui geonchuk hyeongsige gwanhan yeongu (A Study on Architectural Style of Gangdang in Korean Temples). A master’s degree thesis presented to the Graduate School of Yonsei University (2003) 8. Jeong Ja-yeong: 6~7segi baekje sachal nae gangdang jwau geonmuljiui byeoncheongwajeonggwa gochal (An Examination of the Transition Process of the Building Sites on the Left and Right of Gangdang in 6th and 7th Century Baekje Era Temples). Geonchugyeoksayeongu (Architectural History Research) 19(6) (December 2010) 9. Jeong Yeong-ho: Yangyang seollimwonjie daehayeo (On Seollim-won Site in Yangyang). Gogomisul (Archeological Arts) (September 1974) 10. Gwon Deok-yeong: Honggakseonsa tapbimuneul tonghae bon silla eokseongsajiui chujeong (Estimation of Eokseong-sa Site of Silla Era Based on the Stele Inscription of Seon Master Honggak). Sahag yeongu (Historical Research). Combined Edition of vol. 55 & 56 (1998) 11. Kim Bok-sun: 9~10 segi silla yuhakseung deurui jungguk yuhakgwa hwaldong bangyeong (9~10 Centuries Silla Monks’ Study in China and Their Scope of Activities). Yeoksawa hyeonsil (History and Reality) 56 (June 2005) 12. Kim Bong-ryeol, Park Jong-jin: Goryeo garamui guseong hyeongsige gwanhan gichojeok yeongu (Basic Study on the Structural Style of Goryeo Temples). Daehan geonchuk hakhoe nonmunjip (Thesis Collection of Korea Architectural Society) 5(6) (December 1989) 13. Kim Dong-uk: Gokseong daeansawa suncheon songgwangsa geonmul guseonge daehan goryeosidae munseo (Goryeo Era Documents on the Building Complex of Dae-an-sa in Gokseong and Songgwang-sa in Suncheon). Geonchuk yeoksa yeongu (Architectural History Research) 2(1) (June 1993) 106 References

14. Lee Na-yeong: Hangukgodaebulgyosawonui gangdanggeonchuge gwanhan yeongu (A Study on Lecture Hall Architecture of Korean Ancient Temples). A master’s degree presented to Gyeongju University (2002) 15. Lee Jeong-guk: Goryeosidae sachal geonchugui gonggan guseonge gwanhan yeongu - munheonyeongureul jungsimeuro (On Spatial Composition of the Goryeo Era Temple Architecture -Focused on Literature Research). A doctoral thesis presented to Hanyang University Graduate School (1997) 16. Lee Jeong-guk, Lee Gang-eop: Goryeosidae sacharui yeonggeon teukseonge gwanhan yeongu (Study on Construction Characteristics of Goryeo Era Temples). Daehan geonchuk hakhoe nonmunjip (Thesis Collection of Korea Architectural Society) 14(6) (June 1988) 17. Lee Jeong-guk, Lee Gang-eop: Goryeosidae gigeoyangsige gwanhan yeongu (A Study on the Housing Life Style of Goryeo Era). Daehan geonchuk hakhoe nonmunjip (Thesis Collection of Korea Architectural Society) 13(6) (June 1997) 18. Lim Chang-sun: Songgwangsaui goryeomunseo (Goryeo Documents of Songgwang- sa). Baeksan hakbo (Baeksan School Journal) 11 (December 1971) 19. Cultural Heritage Institute at Cultural Heritage Administration. Hwangnyongsa yujeok balgul josa bogoseo I (Excavation Survey Report on Hwangnyong-sa Remains I) (1984) 20. Chae Sang-sik: Ungjanghaetdeon bulgyoui huimihan gieok mandeoksaji (Blurred Memories of Once Magnificent Buddhism, Mandeok-sa Site), Busan, yeoksa hyanggireul chajaseo (Busan, In Search of Historical Fragrance). Busan Bank (2005) Glossary

bangjang / 방장 / 方丈 / abbot’s quarters; the building wherein the abbot resides, teaches students, passes away and receives visitors. In Korea it also refers to the abbot, head Seon master or spiritual patriarch of a Seon monastery beop / 법 / 法 / Dharma beopdang / 법당 / 法堂 / Dharma hall; the most symbolic building of a Seon temple wherein the abbot gave teachings on behalf of the Buddha beopjwa / 법좌 / 法座 / Dharma seat bigak / 비각 / 碑閣 / stele pavilion Bohoe gangdang / 보회강당 / 普會講堂 / Puhui Hall; Universal Assembly Hall Bokseonwonsa so / 복선원사소 / 復禪源寺疏 / essay on the restoration of Seonwon-sa Bongnim sanmun / 봉림산문 / 鳳林山門 / Bongnimsan School budo / 부도 / 浮屠 / monk’s stupas budong sawon / 부동사원 / 不動寺院 / temple whose abbotship can be succeeded by the Dharma descendants of the then abbot Bulbon haenggyeong / 불본행경 / 佛本行經 / Sutra on the Past Activities of the Buddha buljeon / 불전 / 佛殿 / Buddha hall buyeonwa / 부연와 / 浮椽瓦 / flying rafter-end ornament tile byeorwon / 별원 / 別院 / detached area cheonggyu / 청규 / 淸規 / Pure Rules; rules for daily life and Buddhist practice to be observed by Seon monks in Seon monasteries Cheontaejong / 천태종 / 天台宗 / Cheontae Order; Korean Tiantai chimi / 치미 / 鴟尾 / ridge-end tile choseok / 초석 / 礎石 / pillar foundation stone chukdae / 축대 / 築臺 /stone retaining walls Daebeopgeo darani gyeong / 대법거다라니경 / 大法炬陀羅尼經 / Dharani of the Lamp of Dharma damjang / 담장 / 墻 / stone wall danggan jiju / 당간지주 / 幢竿支柱 stone flagpole props dawon / 다원 / 多院 / multiple functional areas Dogam / 도감 / 都監 / A temporary office of the Goryeo and Joseon Dynasties established to administer the important affairs of the country like state funerals, state weddings and construction of palaces and capital cities. Dongguk isang gukjip / 동국이상국집 / 東國李相國集 / Collected Works of Minister Lee Gyu-bo Dongguk yeoji seungnam / 동국여지승람 / 東國輿地勝覽 / Survey of the Geography of Korea 108 Glossary

Dongmunseon / 동문선 / 東文選 / Anthology of Eastern Literature Dongni sanmun / 동리산문 / 桐裏山門 / Dongnisan School eokan / 어칸 / 御間 / central bay in the façade Eumgun gyeong / 음근경 / 陰根經 / Ingen Sutra gaesanjo / 개산조 / 開山祖 / founding patriarch gagusik gidan / 가구식 기단 / 架構式基壇 / post-and-lintel construction Gajeongjip / 가정집 / 稼亭集 / Literary Collections of Lee Gok Gaji sanmun / 가지산문 / 迦智山門 / Gajisan School gangdang / 강당 / 講堂 / lecture hall gangdang hyang / 강당향 / 講堂向 / faces the lecture hall gangwon / 강원 / 講院 / lecture center geumjeon / 금전 / 金殿 / golden hall geumseok-mun / 금석문 / 金石文 / inscriptions on stone monuments gomagi seok / 고막이석 / 庫莫石 / filler stone gomagi seokjwa / 고막이석좌 / 庫莫石座 / filler stone seat Goryeopan jungcheom jokbon seonwon cheonggyu / 고려판중첨족본선원청규 / 高麗板重添足本禪院淸規 / the oldest and rare edition of Pure Rules of Seon Temples Goryeosa / 고려사 / 高麗史 / History of the Goryeo Dynasty Goryeosa jeoryo / 고려사절요 / 高麗史節要 / Essentials of Goryeo History gowon / 고원 / 庫院 / storage rooms guksa / 국사 / 國師 / national preceptor Gusan Seonmun / 구산선문 / 九山禪門 / Nine Seon Schools Gu sanmun / 구산문 / 九山門 / Nine Seon Schools Gwangjaseonsa jungchangdangsi bulsanggangak / 광자선사중창당시불상간각 / 廣慈禪師重創當時佛像間閣 gyeongnu / 경루 / 經樓 / the sutra pavilion Gyojong / 교종 / 敎宗 / Doctrinal schools hakpa / 학파 / 學派 / scholastic schools hoerang / 회랑 / 回廊 /corridors hojok / 호족 / 豪族 / powerful clans; Based in regional areas these clans played leading roles in bringing about social change from the late Silla to the early Goryeo eras Hongming jip / 홍명집 / 弘明集 / A book compiled by Sengyou (僧祐) during the Liang Dynasty of China. In response to the criticism of Buddhism presented by Confucianism and Daoism, Sengyou collected some elucidations and defenses for Buddhism. Houhanshu / 후한서 / 後漢書 / history of the latter Han Hui-yang sanmun / 희양산문 / 曦陽山門 / Hui-yangsan School hwalju / 활주 / 活柱 / pillars supporting the corners of hipped and gabled roofs hwasang / 화상 / 和尙 / preceptor hyeopkan / 협칸 / 夾間 / the bays to the left and right of the central bay Ikjae nango / 익재난고 / 益齋亂藁 / Literary Collection of Ikjae iksil / 익실 / 翼室 / wing rooms ildong ilsilhyeong / 일동일실형 / 一棟一室型 / “one room in one building” style ildong isilhyeong / 일동이실형 / 一棟二室型 / “two rooms in one building” style; this division was either a “functional division” using screens or panels or an actual “physical division” with a wall Glossary 109

ingnang / 익랑 / 翼廊 / wing corridors Jabaham gyeong / 잡아함경 / 雜阿含經 / Saṁyuktagama Sutra jangseang-pyo / 장생표 / 長生標 / A stone marker erected to designate a temple’s status or to mark the boundary of the temple in the four cardinal directions Jeoksan-won / 적산원 / 赤山院 / Chi. Chishanyuan; Red Mountain Monastery jeoksim / 적심 / 積心 / gravel-reinforced foundation jeonmyeon hyang / 전면향 / 前面向 / faces toward the front Jeungil aham gyeong / 증일아함경 / 增一阿含經 / Ekottaragama Sutra jindang / 진당 / 眞堂 / ancestral hall jindangu / 진단구 / 鎭壇具 / offerings buried to pray for the safety of a newly-constructed structure jocham / 조참 / 早參 / early morning assembly Jogyejong / 조계종 / 曹溪宗 / Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism jonggak / 종각 / 림閣 / bell pavilion jongpa / 종파 / 宗派 / buddhist order; religious schools josadang / 조사당 / 祖師堂 / patriach’s hall josan / 조산 / 造山 / manmade mountain; artificial mountain Joseon wangjo sillok / 조선왕조실록 / 朝鮮王朝實錄 / Annals of the Joseon Dynasty juji / 주지 / 住持 / abbot jujwa / 주좌/ 柱座 / pillar seat jungmun / 중문 / 中門 / inner gate jungnu / 중루 / 重樓 / two-storied building jungnyo / 중료 / 衆寮 / common areas where monks may read and write Jungsa-seong / 중사성 / 中使省 / An administrative body that served the king and was under his direct control Liezi / 열자 / 列子 / A classical book of China containing Daoist thought maru / 마루 / wooden floor Kong-jo / 공조 / 工曹 / Ministry of Public Works; As one of the six ministries that made up the executive body of the Goryeo Dynasty, it controlled the forests, factories and architecture Mogeun mungo / 목은문고 / 牧隱文藁 / Collected Writings of Mogeun mun / 문 / 門 / gate namjong seon / 남종선 / 南宗禪 / Southern Seon School Nitto kyuho junreigyoki / 입당구법순례행기 / 入唐求法巡禮行記 / record of travels in the Tang while seeking the dharma Nokjamo gangdang / 녹자모강당 / 鹿子母講堂 / Migāramātupāsāda Hall Ogyo gusan / 오교구산 / 五敎九山 / five doctrinal orders and nine Seon schools Ogyo yangjong / 오교양종 / 五敎兩宗 / five doctrinal orders and the two Seon Schools of Jogye and Cheontae ondol / 온돌 / 溫堗 / underfloor heating system Paguna gyeong / 파구나경 / 巴求那經 / Baquina Sutra Pahanjip / 파한집 / 破閑集 / Collected Poems and Paintings of Lee In-ro Sagul sanmun / 사굴산문 / 闍崛山門 / Sagulsan School Saja sanmun / 사자산문 / 師子山門 / Sajasan School 110 Glossary

samcheon buljeon / 삼천불전 / 三千佛殿 / Three-Thousand Buddha Hall; a hall wherein 3,000 Buddha statues are enshrined. Samgugyusa / 삼국유사 / 三國遺事 / Legends and History of Korea's Three Kingdoms Samguk sagi / 삼국사기 / 三國史記 / The Chronicles of Korea's Three Kingdoms sangbang / 상방 / 上房, 上方 / Originally referred to a “Buddhist temple on a mountain,” but at present, it refers to the “abbot.” When it refers to a residence, it is that “which is highest and deepest in a temple.” sangjeon / 상전 / 像殿 / Buddha hall Sanguozhi / 삼국지 / 三國志 / Record of the Three Kingdoms sangwon jucheong / 상원주청 / 上院主廳 / main building of the upper monastic area sangwon yeongyeok / 상원영역 / 上院領域 / upper monastic area; consisting of the beopdang, abbot’s quarters and ancestral hall, the upper monastic area has the highest status in Seon temples Sayu gyeong / 사유경 / 四維經 / the Four Intermediate Directions seoktap / 석탑 / 石塔 / stone pagoda Seon-gong-si / 선공시 / 繕工寺 / An office of the Goryeo Dynasty that administered civil works as well as construction and repairs of palaces and public buildings. Seon-gyo-seong / 선교성 / 宣敎省 / An administrative body that served the king and was under his direct control seongjong sawon / 선종사원 / 禪宗寺院 / Seon temple; Seon Buddhist temple seongjong sawon jedo / 선종사원제도 / 禪宗寺院制度 / Seon temple system Seongju sanmun / 성주산문 / 聖住山門/ Seongjusan School Seonjong / 선종 / 禪宗 / Seon School; Seon Buddhism seonjwa / 선좌 / 禪座 / Seon seat Seonmun josa yecham uimun / 선문조사예참의문 / 禪門祖師禮懺儀文 / Anthology of Veneration on and Repentance to the Seon Patriarchs seonna byeolgwan / 선나별관 / 禪那別觀 / Some Seon monasteries were specially designated by kings as Seonna Byeolgwan but their form and style are not known. Seonwon cheonggyu (Chi. Chanyuan qinggui) / 선원청규 / 禪院淸規 / A publication by Cijue Jongze during Song China in the 2nd year of the era known as Chongning (1103), which organized the rules to abide by for Seon monks and operational guidelines for Seon monasteries based on Baizhang Huaihai’s Pure Rules. seungbang / 승방 / 僧房 / monastic room seungdang / 승당 / 僧堂 / monastic room seungsang / 승상 / 繩床 / Seon platform Silsang sanmun / 실상산문 / 實相山門 / Silsangsan School sudang / 수당 / 壽堂 / ancestral hall sujwaryo / 수좌료 / 首座寮 / the elders’ residence Sumi sanmun / 수미산문 / 須彌山門 / Sumisan School toetkan / 툇칸/ 退間 / outer bay, extra space with added columns, created outside a building Weishu / 위서 / 魏書 / A history book compiled by Wei Shou (魏收) of the Northern Dynasty during China’s Southern and Northern Dynasties Xian Qing & Yun. Zutangji / 조당집 / 祖堂集 / Record of the Ancestral Hall Xuanhefengshi gaolitujing / 선화봉사 고려도경 / 宣和奉使高麗圖經 / travelogue of the Glossary 111

Song China envoy, Xu Jing (徐兢), who visited Goryeo in 1123 and recorded what he had seen and heard in Songdo Shishi Yaolan / 석씨요람 / 釋氏要覽 / manual of Buddhist Practices yeongdang / 영당 / 影堂 / ancestral hall; the shrine hall in a Seon temple wherein the portraits of the Sixth Patriarch Huineng, the founding patriarch of the temple, and deceased eminent monks are hung yeonhwamun maksae / 연화문 막새 / 蓮花文瓦當 / roof-end tile with lotus flower yeonmogwa / 연목와 / 椽木瓦 / rafter-end ornament yaosa / 요사/ 寮舍 / monastic living quarters yulsa / 율사 / 律寺 / vinaya temple

Index

A budo / 부도 / 浮屠 13, 17, 59 Budong Sawon / 부동사원 / 不動寺院 Allak-sa / 안락사 / 安樂寺 16, 19 17, 80 Anyang-sa / 안양사 / 安養寺 30 Bulbon haenggyeong / 불본행경 / Anyang / 안양 / 安養 30 佛本行經 24 buljeon / 불전 / 佛殿 2, 23, 44, 45, 58, 69, 98 B Busan / 부산 / 釜山 72

Buyeo / 부여 / 扶餘 33, 39, 41 Baegeom-sa / 백엄사 / 伯嚴寺 12 buyeonwa / 부연와 / 浮椽瓦 85 Baima-si / 백마사 / 白馬寺 22 byeorwon / 별원 / 別院 86, 98 Baizhang Huaihai / 백장회해 /

百丈懷海 44 C bangjang / 방장 / 方丈 1 Baquina gyeong/ 파구나경 / 巴求那經 Changwon / 창원 / 昌原 13, 46, 47, 61, 21 72 beop / 법 / 法 1, 7, 21, 43, 68, 97, 101 Chejeung / 체증 / 體澄 7 beopdang / 법당 / 法堂 1, 5 Cheon-gun-ri / 천군리 / 千軍里 40 beopjwa / 법좌 / 法座 11, 91 cheonggyu / 청규 / 淸規 6, 44--46, 49, bigak / 비각 / 碑閣 58 99 Bogwang-jeon / 보광전 / 普光殿 77, Cheongju / 청주 / 淸州 41 78 Cheontaejong / 천태종 / 天台宗 80, Boheon-san-sa / 보현산사 / 普賢山寺 98 13 Cheonwang-sa / 천왕사 / 天王寺 14 Bohoe gangdang / 보회강당 / 普會講堂 chimi / 치미 / 鴟尾 74 21 choseok / 초석/ 礎石 27, 58 복선원사소 Bokseonwonsa so / / chukdae / 축대 / 築臺 65, 83 復禪源寺疏 48 Cijue Jong / 자각종색 / 慈覺宗賾 44, Bong-am-sa / 봉암사 / 鳳巖寺 9, 10, 49 11, 18, 60 복림사 福林寺 Bongnim-sa / / 9, 13, D 15, 18, 46, 47, 61 Bongnim sanmun / 봉림산문 / Dae-an-sa / 대안사 / 大安寺 4, 12, 15, 鳳林山門 9 19, 53 Bori-sa / 보리사 / 菩提寺 15 Daebeopgeo darani gyeong / Borim-sa / 보림사 / 寶林寺 8, 14, 대법거다라니경 / 大法炬陀羅尼經 17–19, 53 24 Boryeong / 보령 / 保寧 68 damjang / 담장 / 墻 65 114 Index

danggan jiju / 幢竿支柱 / 당간지주 gomagi seok / 고막이석 / 庫莫石 35, 13, 30 77 Dansok-sa / 단속사 / 斷俗寺 51, 57, gomagi seokjwa / 고막이석좌 / 61 庫莫石座 89 dawon / 다원 / 多院 2, 4, 23, 61, 99 Goryeo / 고려 / 高麗, 1–9, 14, 15, 18, Do-ui / 도의 / 道義 7, 52, 59, 60, 65 19, 26, 28, 31, 35, 47–53, 57, 60, 61, Dogam / 도감 / 都監 19 65, 67, 71, 77 ,81–83, 85, 90, 95, 98, Dongguk isang gukjip / 동국이상국집 / 99 東國李相國集 3 Goryeopan jungcheom jokbon seonwon Dongguk yeoji seungnam / cheonggyu / 고려판중첨족본선원청규 동국여지승람 / 東國輿地勝覽 3 / 高麗板重添足本禪院淸規 Dongnim-sa / 동림사 / 桐林寺 74 45, 46 고려사 高麗史 Dongmunseon / 동문선 / 東文選 3, 48, Goryeosa / / 3 77 Goryeosajeoryo / 고려사절요 / Dongni sanmun / 동리산문 / 桐裏山門高麗史節要 3 8 gowon / 고원 / 庫院 99 Gulsan-sa / 굴산사 / 闍崛寺 8, 12, 13, E 53, 76 Gunsu-ri / 군수리 / 軍守里 35, 37 Ennin / 원인 / 圓仁 29 Gusan Seonmun / 구산선문 / 九山禪門 어칸 御間 eokan / / 74 8, 72 Eokjeong-sa / 억정사 / 億政寺 18, 52, Gusanseon-sa / 구산선사 / 龜山禪寺 53 15 Eokseong-sa / 억성사 / 億聖寺 58 Gwang-eom-sa / 광엄사 / 光巖寺 18 Eumgun gyeong / 음근경 / 陰根經 21 Gwangjaseonsa jungchangdangsi bulsanggangak / F 광자선사중창당시불상간각 / Futu-si / 부도사 / 浮屠寺 22 廣慈禪師重創當時佛像間閣 4, 47, 54, 90 G Gwangjo-sa / 광조사 / 廣照寺 10, 11, 13 gaesanjo / 개산조 / 開山祖 51 Gwangmyeong-sa / 광명사 / 廣明寺 gagusik gidan / 가구식 기단 / 架構式 50, 53 基壇 33 Gwangtong-boje-sa / 광통보제사 / Gajeongjip / 가정집 / 稼亭集 3 廣通普濟寺 47 Gaji sanmun / 가지산문 / 迦智山門 7 Gyeongju / 경주 / 慶州 7, 15, 17, 18, gangdang / 강당 / 講堂 1, 5, 21, 37, 40 43, 58, 97 gyeongnu / 경루 / 經樓 27 gangdang hyang / 강당향 / 講堂向 38 Gyojong / 교종 / 敎宗 2, 7, 43 Gangneung / 강릉 / 江陵 53, 76 gangwon / 강원 / 講院 47 H Geumdun-sa / 금둔사 / 金芚寺 74 geumjeon / 금전 / 金殿 58, 74 Hae-in-sa / 해인사 / 海印寺 10 geumseok-mun / 금석문 / 金石文 2, 9 hakpa / 학파 / 學派 7 Gibi-sa / 기비사 / 祇毗寺 74 Hapcheon / 합천 / 陜川 2, 15, 85 Gok-sa / 곡사 / 鵠寺 14, 37, 50 Heungdeok-sa / 흥덕사 / 興德寺 41 Goksan-sa / 곡산사 / 谷山寺 14 Heungnyeong-sa / 흥령사 / 興寧寺 8 Index 115

heungnyun-sa / 흥륜사 / 興輪寺 15, Jijang Seonwon / 지장선원 / 地藏禪院 16, 18 13 Hoe-am-sa / 회암사 / 檜巖寺 48, 53, Jin-gong / 진공 / 眞空 10, 12, 14, 52 68, 77–79 jindang / 진당 / 眞堂 51, 52, 55, 65 hojok / 호족 / 豪族 4, 10 jindangu / 진단구 / 鎭壇具 65 Honggak / 홍각 / 弘覺 10, 12, 46, 52, Jinjeon-sa / 진전사 / 陳田寺 7, 59, 60, 58, 59, 80, 85 64, 68, 69,72 Hongming jip / 홍명집 / 弘明集 22 jocham / 조참 / 早參 45 Houhanshu / 후한서 / 後漢書 22 Jogyejong / 조계종 / 曹溪宗 7, 77 Hui-yang sanmun / 희양산문 / jonggak / 종각 / 림閣 58 曦陽山門 9 jongpa / 종파 / 宗派 2, 3, 7 Hunam / 호남 / 湖南 11 josadang / 조사당 / 祖師堂 58 hwalju / 활주 / 活柱 85 josan / 조산 / 造山 65 hyeopkan / 협칸 / 夾間 74 Joseon wangjo sillok / 조선왕조실록 / hyesil / 혜실 / 慧室 45, 47, 54, 98 朝鮮王朝實錄 3 hyewon / 혜원 / 慧菀 45, 47, 54, 98 juji / 주지 / 住持 1, 12, 43, 57, 97 jujwa / 주좌/ 柱座 77 I Jungcho-sa / 중초사 / 中初寺 30, 31

jungmun / 중문 / 中門 30, 62 Ikjae nango / 익재난고 / 益齋亂藁 3 jungnu / 중루 / 重樓 22 Iksan / 익산 / 益山 33 jungnyo / 중료 / 衆寮 99 iksil / 익실 / 翼室 69 Jungsa-seong / 중사성 / 中使省 18 ildong isil hyeong / 일동이실형 /

一棟二室型 25, 97 L Ingak-sa / 인각사 / 麟角寺 48–50 ingnang / 익랑 / 翼廊 37, 54, 62 Liezi / 열자 / 列子 22

J M

Jabaham gyeong / 잡아함경 / Mandeok-sa / 만덕사 / 萬德寺 68, 76 雜阿含經 21 maru / 마루 35, 78 Jangbaek-sa / 장백사 / 長柏寺 14, 50 Ministry of Public Works / 공조 / 工曹 jangseang-pyo / 장생표 / 長生標 19 19 Jeoksan-won / 적산원 / 赤山院 29 Mireuk-sa / 미륵사 / 彌勒寺 35 jeoksim / 적심 / 積心 27, 65 Mogeun mungo / 목은문고 / 牧隱文藁 Jeongcheong / 정청 / 正廳 77–78 3 Jeongguk-anhwa-sa / 정국안화사 / mun / 문 / 門 2, 35 靖國安和寺 47 Muryang-sa / 무량사 / 無量寺 15 Jeongneung-sa / 정릉사 / 定陵寺 25 Muwigap-sa / 무위갑사 / 無爲岬寺 14 Jeongto-sa / 정토사 / 淨土寺 14, 47 Myojeok-am / 묘적암 / 妙寂菴 51 jeonmyeon hyang / 전면향 / 前面向 37 N Jeungil aham gyeong / 증일아함경 / 增一阿含經 21 namjong seon / 남종선 / 南宗禪 7 Jiangxi / 강서 / 江西 11 Namwon / 남원 / 南原 2, 62 Jigok-sa / 지곡사 / 智谷寺 14, 46 Neung-sa / 능사 / 陵寺 25, 26, 33, 39 116 Index

Nitto kyuho junreigyoki / Seollim-won / 선림원 / 禪林院 58, 입당구법순례행기 / 59, 94 入唐求法巡禮行記 29 Seon-gong-si / 선공시 / 繕工寺 19 Nokjamo gangdang / 녹자모강당 / Seon-gyo-seong / 선교성 / 宣敎省 / 18 鹿子母講堂 21 Seon platform / 선상 / 禪床 50, 53, 54, 91 O seonbeopdang / 선법당 / 禪法堂, 選法堂, 善法堂 45, 47, 50, 54, 55, O-hap-sa / 오합사 / 烏合寺 16 89, 90, 98 Ogyo gusan / 오교구산 / 五敎九山 80 seondang / 선당 / 禪堂 45, 98 Ogyo yangjong / 오교양종 / 五敎兩宗 seongjong sawon / 선종사원 / 80 禪宗寺院 1, 3, 8, 10, 24, 97 옥천사 玉泉寺 Okcheon-sa / / 10, 52 seongjong sawon jedo / 선종사원제도 / 온돌 溫堗 ondol / / 39, 77 禪宗寺院制度 1, 10, 97 Seongju-sa / 성주사 / 聖住寺 2, 8, 15, P 16, 17, 19, 49, 52, 69, 70, 71, 94 Seongju sanmun / 성주산문 / 聖住山門 Pahanjip / 파한집 / 破閑集 3 8 Pyeongyang / 평양 / 平壤 25 Seonjong / 선종 / 禪宗 1, 7, 43, 86 seonjwa / 선좌 / 禪座 54 S Seonmun josa yecham uimun / 선문조사예참의문 / Sagul sanmun / 사굴산문 / 闍崛山門禪門祖師禮懺儀文 8, 9 8 seonna byeolgwan / 선나별관 / Saja sanmun / 사자산문 / 師子山門 8 禪那別觀 16, 17, 80, 83, 85 samcheon buljeon / 삼천불전 / seonsil / 선실 / 禪室 45, 46, 49, 50, 54, 三千佛殿 69 55, 98 Samgugyusa / 삼국유사 / 三國遺事 3, seonwon / 선원 / 禪院 12–14, 18, 44, 27 49, 64, 67, 68, 74, 94 Samguk sagi / 삼국사기 / 三國史記 3, Seonwon cheonggyu (Chi. Chanyuan 38 qinggui) / 선원청규 / 禪院淸規 Sana Seonwon / 사나선원 / 舍那禪院 44–46, 49 15 seungbang / 승방 / 僧房 30, 58, 85, 98 sangbang / 상방 / 上房, 上方 50, 53, seungdang / 승당 / 僧堂 45, 99 54 seungsang / 승상 / 繩床 54 sangjeon / 상전 / 像殿 52 Shi lao zhi / 석로지 / 釋老志 22–24 Sanguozhi / 삼국지 / 三國志 22 Shishi Yaolan / 석씨요람 / 釋氏要覽 sangwon jucheong / 상원주청 / 24, 25 上院主廳 54, 89 Silje-sa / 실제사 / 實際寺 15 sangwon yeongyeok / 상원영역 / silla / 신라 / 新羅 1, 6–9, 11–16 上院領域 1, 21, 41, 57,97 Silsang-sa / 실상사 / 實相寺 2, 8, sanmun / 산문 / 山門 8, 9 62–64, 94 Sari-jeon / 사리전 / 舍利殿 77 Silsang sanmun / 실상산문 / 實相山門 Sayu gyeong / 사유경 / 四維經 21 8 Seo-un-sa / 서운사 / 瑞雲寺 13, 17, 68 Simmyo-sa / 심묘사 / 深妙寺 17 seolbeopjeon / 설법전 / 說法殿 45, 48, Songgwang-sa / 송광사 / 松廣寺 4, 89 54, 55, 93, 98 Songseon-sa / 송선사 / 松善寺 74 Index 117

Ssanggye-sa / 쌍계사 / 雙溪寺 10, 12, X 14, 50–52 sudang / 수당 / 壽堂 51, 53, 55 Xian Qing & Yun. Zutangji / 조당집 / sujwaryo / 수좌료 / 首座寮 78 祖堂集 / Record of the Ancestral Suksu Seonwon / 숙수선원 / 宿水禪院 Hall 12, 13 14 Xuanhefengshi gaolitujing / 선화봉사 Sumi sanmun / 수미산문 / 須彌山門 9 고려도경 / 宣和奉使高麗圖經 3, Suncheon / 순천 / 順川 75 47 Suseon-sa / 수선사 / 修禪寺 18, 48 Xu Jing / 서긍 / 徐兢 3, 47 Suseonsa hyeongjigi / 수선사형지기 / 修禪社形止記 4 Y

T Yangju / 양주 / 楊州 76

Yangyang / 양양 / 襄陽 58–60, 68, 80, Tae-an-sa / 태안사 / 泰安寺 8, 54, 80, 62, 72, 94 89 Yeoju / 여주 / 驪州 2, 17, 87, 94 toetkan / 퇴칸/ 退間 33, 39 Yeomgeo / 염거 / 廉居 7, 58, 59

Yeong-am-sa / 용암사 / 靈巖寺 15, U 80, 85, 86 영월 寧越 Uicheon / 의천 / 義天 9, 80, 82, 98 Yeong-wol / / 15, 67, 68 영당 影堂 yeongdang / / 1, 43, 51, 57, W 97 Yeongsin-sa / 영신사 / 靈神寺 15 yeonhwamun maksae / 연화문막새 / Wangheung-sa / 왕흥사 / 王興寺 39 蓮花文瓦當 60 Weishu / 위서 / 魏書 22, 24 yeonmogwa / 연목와 / 椽木瓦 74 Wolgwang-sa / 월광사 / 月光寺 12, yaosa / 요사/ 寮舍 60 14 Yong-eom-sa / 용엄사 / 龍嚴寺 17, Wonhyang-sa / 원향사 / 元香寺 16, 64, 68 17, 80, 84 yulsa / 율사 / 律寺 44