Identification of Natural Products As Antidiabetic Agents Using Computer-Aided Drug Design Methods

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Identification of Natural Products As Antidiabetic Agents Using Computer-Aided Drug Design Methods IDENTIFICATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS AS ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS USING COMPUTER-AIDED DRUG DESIGN METHODS Laura Guasch Pàmies Dipòsit Legal: T. 609-2013 ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral. No se autoriza su reproducción u otras formas de explotación efectuadas con fines lucrativos ni su comunicación pública desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. Tampoco se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al contenido de la tesis como a sus resúmenes e índices. WARNING. Access to the contents of this doctoral thesis and its use must respect the rights of the author. It can be used for reference or private study, as well as research and learning activities or materials in the terms established by the 32nd article of the Spanish Consolidated Copyright Act (RDL 1/1996). Express and previous authorization of the author is required for any other uses. In any case, when using its content, full name of the author and title of the thesis must be clearly indicated. Reproduction or other forms of for profit use or public communication from outside TDX service is not allowed. Presentation of its content in a window or frame external to TDX (framing) is not authorized either. These rights affect both the content of the thesis and its abstracts and indexes. UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI IDENTIFICATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS AS ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS USING COMPUTER-AIDED DRUG DESIGN METHODS Laura Guasch Pàmies DL: T. 609-2013 Laura Guasch Pàmies Identification of Natural Products as Antidiabetic Agents Using Computer-Aided Drug Design Methods DOCTORAL THESIS Directed by Dr. Santiago Garcia Vallvé, Dr. Gerard Pujadas Anguiano and Dr. Miquel Mulero Abellán Deparment of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Tarragona 2011 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI IDENTIFICATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS AS ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS USING COMPUTER-AIDED DRUG DESIGN METHODS Laura Guasch Pàmies DL: T. 609-2013 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI IDENTIFICATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS AS ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS USING COMPUTER-AIDED DRUG DESIGN METHODS Laura Guasch Pàmies DL: T. 609-2013 Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n Campus Sescelades 43007 Tarragona Tel. : +34 977 559 521 Fax : +34 977 558 232 Dr.Santiago Garcia Vallvé, professor titular del Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Dr. Gerard Pujadas Anguiano, professor titular del Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili; i Dr. Miquel Mulero Abellán, professor lector del Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili. CERTIFIQUEM Que aquest treball, titulat “Identification of natural products as antidiabetic agents using computer-aided drug design methods”, que presenta Laura Guasch Pàmies per a l‟obtenció del títol de Doctora, ha estat realitzat sota la nostra direcció al Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia d‟aquesta universitat i que acompleix els requeriments per poder optar a Menció Europea. Tarragona, 4 de novembre del 2011 Dr. Santiago Garcia Dr. Gerard Pujadas Dr. Miquel Mulero Vallvé Anguiano Abellán UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI IDENTIFICATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS AS ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS USING COMPUTER-AIDED DRUG DESIGN METHODS Laura Guasch Pàmies DL: T. 609-2013 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI IDENTIFICATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS AS ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS USING COMPUTER-AIDED DRUG DESIGN METHODS Laura Guasch Pàmies DL: T. 609-2013 AGRAÏMENTS Aquests quatre anys han estat per mi com el camí cap a Ítaca, ric en experiències i en coneixement, i sobretot amb molts bons records. Vull agrair a tota la gent que ha compartit amb mi cadascun d‟aquests moments, a tots i totes moltes gràcies. La realització d‟aquesta tesi no hauria estat possible sense els consells, el coneixement i la motivació per part del Dr. Santi Garcia Vallvé i del Dr. Gerard Pujadas Anguiano. Santi i Gerard, gràcies per la confiança i la llibertat que m‟heu donat durant aquests anys. També vull agrair als membres del Grup de Recerca de Nutrigenòmica que d‟alguna manera o altra han estat partíceps en l‟elaboració d‟aquesta tesi: Prof. Lluís Arola, Prof. Cinta Bladé, Dra. Josepa Salvadó, Dr. Antón Romeu, Dra. Anna Ardèvol, Dra. Mayte Blay, Dr. Juan Fernández, Dr. Miquel Mulero, Dra. Begoña Muguerza, i especialment a la Dra. Montse Pinent. També agrair als tècnics i personal de secretaria del departament per la seva ajuda. I would also like to thank Prof. Klaus Liedl for giving me the opportunity to stay in his group and all the members of the group for the warm welcome I received in Innsbruck. Many thanks to Dr. Gerhard Wolber for your implication in the project. I would like to specially thank Simo, Hannes and Patrick for funny moments. Laura y Leire, tampoco me puedo olvidar de vosotras, que bien nos lo pasamos en Innsbruck, cuántos recuerdos tengo, gracias por vuestra compañía y amistad. Aquesta tesi no hagués estat la mateixa sense els cursos, seminaris, congressos en què he participat durant la meva trajectòria del doctorat. Ells m‟han fet créixer, m‟han donat l‟oportunitat d‟aprendre, de conèixer nous grups i per descomptat de descobrir nous indrets. Tinc un bon record de les persones que he anat coneixent i que plegades hem disfrutat d‟aquestes reunions no només científiques. Els companys de laboratori són un pilar fonamental per un becari pre-doctoral ja que amb ells comparteixes moltes hores tant amb maldecaps com amb alegries i són els que més et comprenen, a tots ells moltes gràcies. Pere, amb tu vaig començar amb arbres filogenètics i sempre has estat un exemple a seguir. Montserrat, gràcies per la teva ajuda en els meus primers farmacòfors i els ànims en tot moment. Albert, com enyoro els jocs de pilota al despatx i els entrenaments del Recre. Lídia, encara que no siguis de l‟àmbit computacional també hi estàs benvinguda, m‟han dit que fas la competència a la Sirenita. Marina, sembla ser que després de donar tants tombs has trobat el teu lloc a Barcelona, molta sort. Esther, sols dir-te que estic molt contenta d‟haver-te conegut i d‟haver viscut tants i tants moments plegades. Gràcies per la teva amistat, alegria i complicitat, i sobretot per donam suport en tot moment. UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI IDENTIFICATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS AS ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS USING COMPUTER-AIDED DRUG DESIGN METHODS Laura Guasch Pàmies DL: T. 609-2013 El temps passa, els companys es doctoren, i el despatx es va renovant amb aires de CTNS. Al Toni i al Josep que feu una parella científica fantàstica. A les Annes, Isa, Manuel i Mar, tots vosaltres m‟heu acompanyat a la recta final de la tesi, us desitjo molta sort amb els vostres experiments. Tampoc em puc oblidar dels doctorants que treballeu amb cèl·lules i rates. Anabelooo, gràcies per les teves visites al despatx i les nostres conyes, m‟ho he passat genial amb tu. A la Cris, Ligia i Aleix, gràcies per haver compartit tantes converses al Soteras i haver fet els dinars més amens. A la Lídia i al Víctor, ànims amb les vostres tesis, ja us queda menys. I també a la Neus, Noe, Laura, Ester, Raquel, Husam i Mario. També tinc agraïments pels que ara ja són doctors i ja fan de les seves; a la Gemma, Ximena, Isa, Sabina i David. Als amics de la carrera, que encara que passi el temps sempre trobem algun forat per reunir-nos i posar-nos al dia. Vane, moltes gràcies per ser una gran amiga, i per tots els moments que hem disfrutat. Tessa, gràcies per compartir amb mi descobertes musicals i viatges. Anna, gràcies per haver confiat en mi, i molt ànims que això ja ho tens. Núria, et desitjo molta sort en la teva nova etapa com a professora. Antonio, Xavi i Mike, encara recorodo l‟habitació 101 i lo bé que ens ho vam passar tots plegats. També vull agrair aquesta tesi a Tarragona i a tota la gent que hi he conegut, han estat uns anys genials que mai oblidaré. Idoia i Gis, segur que ens esperen molts festivals i concerts amb o sense ukelele.
Recommended publications
  • Phylogenetic Placement of Ivodea and Biogeographic Affinities Of
    Plant Systematics and Evolution (2020) 306:7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01633-3 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Phylogenetic placement of Ivodea and biogeographic afnities of Malagasy Rutaceae Marc S. Appelhans1,2 · Jun Wen2 Received: 6 December 2018 / Accepted: 8 January 2020 / Published online: 1 February 2020 © The Author(s) 2020 Abstract The genus Ivodea is endemic to Madagascar and the Comoros and consists of 30 species. This study is the frst to include the genus in a molecular phylogenetic analysis. We sequenced the plastid trnL–trnF and the nuclear ITS regions for three Ivodea species and revealed that the genus is monophyletic and most closely related to the African and Malagasy Vepris, refuting earlier suggestions of a close relationship between Ivodea and the Asian, Malesian, Australasian and Pacifc genera Euodia and Melicope. Ivodea and Vepris provide another example of closely related pairs of Rutaceous groups that have drupaceous and capsular/follicular fruits, respectively, thus further confrming that fruit types are not suited to delimit sub- families in Rutaceae, as has often been done in the past. Ivodea was the last of the seven Malagasy genera to be included in the Rutaceae phylogeny, making it possible to conduct an assessment of biogeographic afnities of the genera that occur on the island. Our assessments based on sister-group relationships suggest that the eight lineages (representing seven genera) of Malagasy Rutaceae either have African or have Asian afnities. Two lineages have an African origin, and one lineage has an Asian origin. Taxon sampling is insufcient to interpret the directionality of dispersal events in the remaining lineages.
    [Show full text]
  • Appelhans Et Al Zanthoxylum
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 126 (2018) 31–44 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical genus Zanthoxylum and its T closest relatives in the proto-Rutaceae group (Rutaceae) ⁎ Marc S. Appelhansa,b, , Niklas Reichelta, Milton Groppoc, Claudia Paetzolda, Jun Wenb a Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Untere Karspuele 2, 37073 Goettingen, Germany b Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, MRC 166, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA c Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Zanthoxylum L. (prickly ash) is the only genus in the Citrus L. family (Rutaceae) with a pantropical distribution. Bering Land Bridge We present the first detailed phylogenetic and biogeographic study of the genus and its close relatives in the Fagara proto-Rutaceae group. Our phylogenetic analyses based on two plastid and two nuclear markers show that the North Atlantic Land Bridge genus Toddalia Juss. is nested within Zanthoxylum, that earlier generic and intrageneric classifications need Toddalia revision, and that the homochlamydeous flowers of the temperate species of Zanthoxylum are the result of a Transatlantic Disjunction reduction from heterochlamydeous flowers. The biogeographic analyses reveal a Eurasian origin of Zanthoxylum in the Paleocene or Eocene with successive intercontinental or long-range migrations. Zanthoxylum likely crossed the North Atlantic Land Bridges to colonize the Americas in the Eocene, and migrated back to the Old World probably via the Bering Land Bridge in the Oligocene or Miocene.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rare Plants of Samoa JANUARY 2011
    The Rare Plants of Samoa JANUARY 2011 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION LESSONS LEARNED TECHNICAL SERIES 2 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION LESSONS LEARNED TECHNICAL SERIES 2 The Rare Plants of Samoa Biodiversity Conservation Lessons Learned Technical Series is published by: Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) and Conservation International Pacific Islands Program (CI-Pacific) PO Box 2035, Apia, Samoa T: + 685 21593 E: [email protected] W: www.conservation.org Conservation International Pacific Islands Program. 2011. Biodiversity Conservation Lessons Learned Technical Series 2: The Rare Plants of Samoa. Conservation International, Apia, Samoa Author: Art Whistler, Isle Botanica, Honolulu, Hawai’i Design/Production: Joanne Aitken, The Little Design Company, www.thelittledesigncompany.com Series Editors: James Atherton and Leilani Duffy, Conservation International Pacific Islands Program Conservation International is a private, non-profit organization exempt from federal income tax under section 501c(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. ISBN 978-982-9130-02-0 © 2011 Conservation International All rights reserved. OUR MISSION Building upon a strong foundation of science, partnership and field demonstration, CI empowers societies to responsibly and sustainably care for nature for the well-being of humanity This publication is available electronically from Conservation International’s website: www.conservation.org ABOUT THE BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION LESSONS LEARNED TECHNICAL SERIES This document is part of a technical report series on conservation projects funded by the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) and the Conservation International Pacific Islands Program (CI-Pacific). The main purpose of this series is to disseminate project findings and successes to a broader audience of conservation professionals in the Pacific, along with interested members of the public and students.
    [Show full text]
  • A Molecular Phylogeny of Acronychia, Euodia, Melicope and Relatives (Rutaceae) Reveals Polyphyletic Genera and Key Innovations for Species Richness ⇑ Marc S
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 79 (2014) 54–68 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev A molecular phylogeny of Acronychia, Euodia, Melicope and relatives (Rutaceae) reveals polyphyletic genera and key innovations for species richness ⇑ Marc S. Appelhans a,b, , Jun Wen a, Warren L. Wagner a a Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA b Department of Systematic Botany, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany article info abstract Article history: We present the first detailed phylogenetic study of the genus Melicope, the largest genus of the Citrus Received 12 November 2013 family (Rutaceae). The phylogenetic analysis sampled about 50% of the 235 accepted species of Melicope Revised 2 June 2014 as well as representatives of 26 related genera, most notably Acronychia and Euodia. The results based on Accepted 16 June 2014 five plastid and nuclear markers have revealed that Acronychia, Euodia and Melicope are each not mono- Available online 24 June 2014 phyletic in their current circumscriptions and that several small genera mainly from Australia and New Caledonia need to be merged with one of the three genera to ensure monophyly at the generic level. The Keywords: phylogenetic position of the drupaceous Acronychia in relation to Melicope, which has capsular or follic- Acronychia ular fruits, remains unclear and Acronychia might be a separate genus or a part of Melicope. The seed coats Euodia Fruit types of Melicope, Acronychia and related genera show adaptations to bird-dispersal, which might be regarded Melicope as key innovations for species radiations.
    [Show full text]
  • Rutaceae), Kaua‘I, Hawai‘I
    Vol. 14: 61–68, 2011 ENDANGERED SPECIES RESEARCH Published online May 6 doi: 10.3354/esr00345 Endang Species Res OPENPEN ACCESSCCESS Rediscovery, conservation status and taxonomic assessment of Melicope degeneri (Rutaceae), Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i Kenneth R. Wood* National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kala–heo, Hawai‘i 96741, USA ABSTRACT: Melicope degeneri (B. Stone) T. Hartley & B. Stone is endemic to the island of Kaua‘i and is one of Hawai‘i’s rare members of the Rutaceae. Rediscovered in 1993 after not being documented for 67 yr, it is currently known from only 22 individuals. Data concerning its morphology, distribution, and ecological preferences are presented in this paper in order to contribute to the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) goals and to assist biologists and land managers in monitoring and protecting this species from extinction. A formal IUCN assessment of the species has been completed and is reported here as Critically Endangered (CR B2ab(iii,v); D). KEY WORDS: Melicope degeneri · Rutaceae · Hawaiian Islands · Prevention of extinction · Distribution · Ecological preferences · IUCN Red List Category · Critically Endangered Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher INTRODUCTION Melicope degeneri (B. Stone) T. Hartley & B. Stone is restricted to the island of Kaua‘i and for many years The genus Melicope Forst. & Forst. (Rutaceae) com- was known only from a single collection made by Otto prises about 233 species which range from the Mala- Degener in 1926 ‘along Kokee stream, Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i, gasy and Indo-Himalaya regions east to the Hawaiian in rain forest’ (Degener 8531, Holotype [BISH], Iso- and Marquesas Islands and south to New Zealand types [NY, SDC]).
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Melicope Lunu-Ankenda
    Review Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Melicope lunu-ankenda Enas Mohamed Eliaser 1, Jun Hui Ho 2, Najihah Mohd. Hashim 3,4, Yaya Rukayadi 5, Gwendoline Cheng Lian Ee 6 and Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis 5,7,8,* 1 UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] 2 Unit of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Jalan Universiti, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; [email protected] 3 Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; [email protected] 4 Center of Natural Product Research and Drug Discovery (CENAR), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 5 Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] 6 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] 7 Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 8 Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +603-89472115. Received: 20 September 2018; Accepted: 18 October 2018; Published: 20 October 2018 Abstract: Natural products, either pure compounds or standardized plant extracts, have provided opportunities for the discovery of new drugs. Nowadays, most of the world’s population still relies on traditional medicines for healthcare purposes. Plants, in particular, are always used as traditional medicine, as they contain a diverse number of phytochemicals that can be used for the treatment of diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Chilean Pitavia More Closely Related to Oceania and Old World Rutaceae
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal PhytoKeys 19: 9–29Chilean (2012) Pitavia more closely related to Oceania and Old World Rutaceae... 9 doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.19.3912 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.phytokeys.com Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Chilean Pitavia more closely related to Oceania and Old World Rutaceae than to Neotropical groups: evidence from two cpDNA non-coding regions, with a new subfamilial classification of the family Milton Groppo1, Jacquelyn A. Kallunki2, José Rubens Pirani3, Alexandre Antonelli4 1 Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901 – Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil 2 The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, 10458-5126, USA 3 Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 4 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22B, PO Box 461, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden Corresponding author: Milton Groppo ([email protected]) Academic editor: P. Acevedo-Rodríguez | Received 29 August 2012 | Accepted 5 December 2012 | Published 18 December 2012 Citation: Groppo M, Kallunki JA, Pirani JR, Antonelli A (2012) Chilean Pitavia more closely related to Oceania and Old World Rutaceae than to Neotropical groups: evidence from two cpDNA non-coding regions, with a new subfamilial classification of the family. PhytoKeys 19: 9–29. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.19.3912 Abstract The position of the plant genus Pitavia within an infrafamilial phylogeny of Rutaceae (rue, or orange family) was investigated with the use of two non-coding regions from cpDNA, the trnL-trnF region and the rps16 intron. The only species of the genus, Pitavia punctata Molina, is restricted to the temperate forests of the Coastal Cordillera of Central-Southern Chile and threatened by loss of habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • Fl. China 11: 66–70. 2008. 3. TETRADIUM Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 1
    Fl. China 11: 66–70. 2008. 3. TETRADIUM Loureiro, Fl. Cochinch. 1: 91. 1790. 四数花属 si shu hua shu Zhang Dianxiang (张奠湘); Thomas G. Hartley Boymia A. Jussieu; Megabotrya Hance ex Walpers; Philagonia Blume. Shrubs or trees, evergreen or deciduous, dioecious or rarely polygamo-dioecious. Axillary buds exposed. Leaves opposite, odd- pinnate (occasional leaves even-pinnate); lateral leaflet blades often ± inequilateral, especially at base. Inflorescences terminal or terminal and axillary, thyrsiform. Sepals 4 or 5, basally connate. Petals 4 or 5, narrowly imbricate in bud. Stamens 4 or 5, distinct. Male flowers: stamens to 1.5 × as long as petals; disk conic to cylindric or occasionally barrel-shaped; gynoecium rudimentary, of 4 or 5 basally connate, divergent, and fingerlike carpels. Female flowers: stamens rudimentary, ligulate, much shorter than petals or sometimes lacking; disk pulvinate to barrel-shaped; gynoecium 4- or 5-carpelled; ovaries basally connate, otherwise contiguous, each with 1 or 2 ovules; style apical, of 4 or 5 ± contiguous stylar elements; stigma peltate. Fruit of 1–5 basally connate follicles with abortive carpels, if any, persistent; outer part of pericarp (exocarp and mesocarp) dry or ± fleshy; endocarp cartilaginous. Seeds remaining attached in dehisced fruit; seed coat (except in Tetradium daniellii and T. calcicola) with thick inner layer of dense black sclerenchyma and spongy outer layer bounded externally by a shiny black or reddish pellicle; endosperm copious; embryo straight; cotyledons broadly elliptic, ± flattened; hypocotyl superior. Nine species: E, S, and SE Asia; seven species (one endemic) in China. Euodia lyi H. Léveillé (Bull. Géogr. Bot. 24: 142. 1914) is a synonym of Miliusa sinensis Finett & Gagnepain in the Annonaceae (see Fl.
    [Show full text]
  • 2004 the Michigan Botanist 21
    2004 THE MICHIGAN BOTANIST 21 TETRADIUM DANIELLII (KOREAN EVODIA; RUTACEAE) AS AN ESCAPE IN NORTH AMERICA Michael A. Vincent W.S. Turrell Herbarium, Department of Botany, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 USA, 513. 529. 2755, [email protected] Tetradium daniellii (Benn.) T. G. Hartley (Korean evodia, Rutaceae) is native to Tibet and the Yunnan Province, China, northeast through China to North and South Korea (Hartley 1981). The species first came to the attention of western botanists in the mid-1800’s, and was first described as a species of the genus Zan- thoxylum by Bennett (in W.F. Daniell 1862). It was introduced into North America about 1905 (Rehder 1947). In the horticultural trade, the tree has been known as Evodia daniellii (Benn.) Hemsl. (Dirr 1997; Nelson 1997), though that generic name is apparently most correctly spelled “Euodia”, since Evodia is considered an orthographic variant of the original spelling Euodia (Bean 1978; Mabberley 1997). The genus Tetradium, containing 9 species (Flanagan 1988), is probably most closely related to Phellodendron Rupr. and Zanthoxylum L. (Hartley 1981). The genus Tetradium (as Evodia), especially fruit of T. ruticarpum (A.Juss.) T.G. Hartley (Evodiae Fructus), has been used medicinally in China to treat gas- tric and intestinal ailments for about 2000 years (Anonymous 2002a). It has also been used to treat headaches, to decrease blood clotting, and to reduce arthritis pain (Anonymous 2002b), and as a stimulant and antihelmintic (Mabberley 1997). Several bioactive alkaloids have recently been characterized from E. ruti- carpa, and these may have use in treatment of obesity or ulcers (Ko et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Rutaceae) Based on Rbcl and Atpb Sequences
    Major Clades of Australasian Rutoideae (Rutaceae) Based on rbcL and atpB Sequences Michael J. Bayly1*, Gareth D. Holmes1, Paul I. Forster2, David J. Cantrill3, Pauline Y. Ladiges1 1 School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 2 Queensland Herbarium, Department of Science, Information Technology, Innovation and the Arts, Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Toowong, Queensland, Australia, 3 National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, South Yarra, Victoria, Australia Abstract Background: Rutaceae subfamily Rutoideae (46 genera, c. 660 species) is diverse in both rainforests and sclerophyll vegetation of Australasia. Australia and New Caledonia are centres of endemism with a number of genera and species distributed disjunctly between the two regions. Our aim was to generate a high-level molecular phylogeny for the Australasian Rutoideae and identify major clades as a framework for assessing morphological and biogeographic patterns and taxonomy. Methodology/Principal Findings: Phylogenetic analyses were based on chloroplast genes, rbcL and atpB, for 108 samples (78 new here), including 38 of 46 Australasian genera. Results were integrated with those from other molecular studies to produce a supertree for Rutaceae worldwide, including 115 of 154 genera. Australasian clades are poorly matched with existing tribal classifications, and genera Philotheca and Boronia are not monophyletic. Major sclerophyll lineages in Australia belong to two separate clades, each with an early divergence between rainforest and sclerophyll taxa. Dehiscent fruits with seeds ejected at maturity (often associated with myrmecochory) are inferred as ancestral; derived states include woody capsules with winged seeds, samaras, fleshy drupes, and retention and display of seeds in dehisced fruits (the last two states adaptations to bird dispersal, with multiple origins among rainforest genera).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5 Age and Historical Biogeography of the Pan Tropically
    Phylogeny and biogeography of Spathelioideae (Rutaceae) Appelhans, M.S. Citation Appelhans, M. S. (2011, November 15). Phylogeny and biogeography of Spathelioideae (Rutaceae). Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/18076 Version: Corrected Publisher’s Version Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis License: in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/18076 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Chapter 5 Age and historical biogeography of the pan tropically distributed Spathelioideae (Rutaceae, Sapindales) Marc S. Appelhans, Paul J.A. Keßler, Erik Smets, Sylvain G. Raza!mandim- bison & Steven B. Janssens Resubmitted a"er revision to Journal of Biogeography Abstract #e main objective of this study is to present the !rst molecular dating and biogeographic analyses of the subfamily Spathelioideae (Rutaceae), which allow us to unravel the temporal and spatial origins of this group, ascertaining possible vicariant patterns and dispersal routes and determining diversi!cation rates through time. A dataset comprising a complete taxon sampling at generic level (83.3% at species level) of Spathelioideae was used for a Bayesian molecular dating analysis (BEAST). Four fossil cali- bration points and an age constraint for Sapindales were applied. An ancestral area recon- struction analysis utilising the dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis model and diversi!cation rate analyses were conducted. Rutaceae and Spathelioideae are probably of Late Cretaceous origin, wherea"er Spatheli- oideae split into a Neotropical and a Paleotropical lineage. #e Paleotropical taxa have their origin in Africa with dispersal events to the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands, Madagascar and South-East Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Inhibitability of Natural Products Isolated from Tetradium
    molecules Article On the Inhibitability of Natural Products Isolated from Tetradium ruticarpum towards Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and α-Glucosidase (3W37): An In Vitro and In Silico Study Dao-Cuong To 1,2,†, Thanh Q. Bui 3,† , Nguyen Thi Ai Nhung 3 , Quoc-Toan Tran 4 , Thi-Thuy Do 4, Manh-Hung Tran 5 , Phan-Phuoc Hien 6 , Truong-Nhan Ngu 7, Phan-Tu Quy 7, The-Hung Nguyen 8, Huu-Tho Nguyen 8, Tien-Dung Nguyen 8,9,* and Phi-Hung Nguyen 4,* 1 Nano Institute (PHENA), Phenikaa University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong District, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam; [email protected] 2 A&A Green Phoenix Group JSC, Phenikaa Research and Technology Institute (PRATI), 167 Hoang Ngan, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 11313, Vietnam 3 Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue City 530000, Vietnam; [email protected] (T.Q.B.); [email protected] (N.T.A.N.) 4 Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 122100, Vietnam; [email protected] (Q.-T.T.); [email protected] (T.-T.D.) 5 Faculty of Hi-Tech Agricultural and Food Sciences, Dong A University, Da Nang City 550000, Vietnam; Citation: To, D.-C.; Bui, T.Q.; Nhung, [email protected] 6 N.T.A.; Tran, Q.-T.; Do, T.-T.; Tran, Institute of Applied Science and Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; [email protected] M.-H.; Hien, P.-P.; Ngu, T.-N.; Quy, 7 Department of Natural Sciences & Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot, P.-T.; Nguyen, T.-H.; et al.
    [Show full text]