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Bombay Blood Group Pdf Download Bombay blood group pdf download Continue This article needs additional quotes to verify. Please help improve this article by adding quotes to reliable sources. Non-sources of materials can be challenged and removed. Find sources: Hh Blood Groups - News Newspaper Book Scientist JSTOR (October 2019) (Learn how and when to delete this pattern message) hh, or Bombay's blood group, is a rare blood group. This blood phenotype was first discovered in Bombay, now known as Mumbai, in India by Dr. J. M. Bhande in 1952. We mainly inhabit the Indian subcontinent (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan) and parts of the Middle East, such as Iran. The first person's blood transfusion problems found that Bombay Phenotype had blood groups that reacted to other types of blood in a way never seen before. The serum contained antibodies that attacked all red blood cells of normal ABO phenotypes. Red blood cells appear to be missing all ABO blood group antigens and have an additional antigen that was previously unknown. Individuals with the rare bombage phenotype (hh) do not express H antigen (also called substance H), an antigen that is present in the blood group O. As a result, they cannot make an antigen (also called substance A) or B antigen (substance B) on their red blood cells, regardless of alleles they may have from the A and B blood group genes, because the antigen and B are made of H. For this reason, people who bombay phenotype can donate red blood cells to any member of the ABO blood group system (if some other blood factor genes, such as Rh, are incompatible), but they cannot receive blood from any member of the ABO blood group (which always contains one or more A, B or H antigens), but only from other people who bomb the phenotype. Getting blood that contains an antigen that has never been in a patient's own blood triggers an immune response due to the immune system of a hypothetical receiver producing immunoglobulins not only against antigen A and B, but also against H antigen. The most common immunoglobulins synthesized are IgM and IgG. This seems to play a very important role in the low incidence of neonatal hemolytic diseases among non-Bombay offspring of Bombay mothers. It is very important, in order to avoid any complications during blood transfusions, to detect Bombay phenotype of individuals, because routine tests for the ABO blood group system will show them how group O. Since anti-H immunoglobulins can activate a cascade of supplementation, it will result in the lysing of red blood cells while they are still in circulation, provoking an acute hemolytic transfusion. This, of course, cannot be prevented if the laboratory technologist who is involved is aware of the existence of the Bombay blood group and means to check for it. Incidence This very rare phenotype is usually present at about 0.0004% (about per million) population, although in some places such as Mumbai (formerly Bombay) locals can have cases in as much as 0.01% (1 out of 10,000) inhabitants. Given that this condition is very rare, anyone with this blood group who needs an urgent blood transfusion will probably not be able to get it, since no blood bank will have any in stock. Those who expect blood transfusions may receive blood for their own use, but of course this option is not available in case of accidental damage. For example, by 2017, only one Colombian is known to have this phenotype, and blood had to be imported from Brazil for transfusion. Biochemical biosynthesis of antigens H, A and B includes a number of enzymes (glycosil-transferase) that transmit monosaccharides. The resulting antigens are oligosaccharide chains that are attached to lipids and proteins that are anchored in the membrane of red blood cells. The function of antigen H, in addition to being an intermediate substrate in the synthesis of ABO blood group antigens, is not known, although it may be involved in cell division. People who do not have H antigen do not suffer from harmful effects, and being H-deficit only matter if they need blood transfusions because they need blood without the H antigen present on red blood cells. The specificity of antigen H is determined by the sequence of oligosaccharides. Specifically, the minimum requirement for H antigenicity is the terminal dysacharid fucozo-galactose, where fucose has an alpha (1-2) link. This antigen is produced by a specific fucosiltransase (Galactoside 2-alpha-L-fucosiltransferase 2), which catalyzees the last step in the synthesis of the molecule. Depending on a person's ABO blood type, H antigen is converted into antigen A, B antigen, or both. If a person has a blood O group, H antigen remains unchanged. Thus, H antigen is present more in blood type O and less in blood type AB. Hh antigenic system - a diagram showing the molecular structure of the antigenic system ABO(H) Two regions of the genome encode two enzymes with very similar substrate specifics: locus H (FUT1), which encodes the transfera of Fukozil and locus Se (FUT2), which instead indirectly encodes the soluble form of the H antigen, which is located in bodily discharge. Both genes are on chromosome 19 at q.13.3. - FUT1 and FUT2 are closely related, being only 35 kb apart. Because they are very homologistic, they were probably the result of duplication of genes of the gene's common ancestor. Locus H contains four exons that cover more than 8 kb of genomic DNA. Bombay and Para-Bombay phenotypes are the result of point mutations in the FUT1 gene. At least one functioning copy of FUT1 must be present (H/H or H/h) in order for the H antigen to be produced on red blood cells. If FUT1 copies are inactive (h/h), the results of the Bombay phenotype. The classic Bombay phenotype is caused by the Tyr316Ter mutation in FUT1 coding. The mutation introduces a stop-codon, leading to a truncated enzyme that lacks 50 amino acids at the C-terminal end, making the enzyme inactive. In Caucasians, bombay phenotype can be caused by a number of mutations. Similarly, a number of mutations are reported to be at the heart of the para-Bombay phenotype. Locus Se contains the FUT2 gene, which is expressed in the secretory glands. Individuals who are secretors (Se/Se or Se/se) contain at least one copy of a functioning enzyme. They produce a soluble form of H antigen, which is found in saliva and other bodily fluids. Non-secretors (se/se) do not produce soluble antigen H. The enzyme encoded by FUT2 is also involved in the synthesis of Lewis blood group antigens. The genetics of Bombay's Phenotype occurs in people who have inherited two recessive alleles of the H gene (i.e.: their genotype hh). These people do not produce H carbohydrates, which is a precursor to antigens A and B, meaning that people can possess alleles for either or both alleles A and B without being able to express them. Because both parents have to carry this recessive allele to pass this blood group to their children, the condition mostly occurs in small gated communities where there is a good chance that both parents of the child are either bombish- type, or be heterozygous to h allele and so carrying Bombay characteristic as recessive. Other examples may include noble families that are inbred because of customs rather than local genetic diversity. Hemolytic disease of the newborn Theoretically, maternal production of anti-H during pregnancy can cause hemolytic disease in the fetus, which is not inherited by the Phenotype of Bombay mother. In practice, cases of HNN caused in this way have not been described. This may be possible due to the rarity of bombay's phenotype, but also because of igM production of the mother's immune system. Since IgMs are not transported through microscopic placental blood vessels (as IgG are), they cannot reach the fetal bloodstream to provoke an expected acute hemolytic reaction. References - Dean L. (2005). 6: Blood group Hh. Blood groups and antigens of red cells. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information (USA) ll. Received 2013-02-12. Colprens (2017-07-13). La primera importaci'n de sangre salve a una ni'a paisa (First blood import rescued a girl from Paisa (region) . El Columbiano (in Spanish). Received 2017-07-13. External references Hh to BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database in NCBI, NIH RMIT University of Bombay, Para Bombay and other flaws H BombayBloodGroup.Org initiative to connect individuals who donate and need Bombay's blood type. Geneticists bombay Phenotype Bombay blood group know more extracted from the harshal Ware, whose type of bomb group blood, donates a unit in Pune. (Source: Think Foundation) Over the past two weeks, Bombay Blood Group, a rare blood group, has been the focus of the Mumbai health scene. Demand for blood in hospitals accidentally increased sharply, but supply was scarce. Blood types, common and rare four most common blood groups are A, B, AB and O. A rare blood type Bombay was first discovered in Mumbai (then Bombay) in 1952 by Dr. Y M Bhende. Each red blood cell has an antigen above its surface, which helps determine which group it belongs to. Bombay's blood group, also called hh, is insufficient in the expression of antigen H, which means that RBC does not have antigen H. For example, both antigens A and B. A are detected in the blood group AB and will have antigens; B will have B antigens.
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