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Human Rights In Series Reports 4 Series Reports HUMAN RIGHTS IN YUGOSLAVIA 2000 LEGAL PROVISIONS, PRACTICE AND LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA COMPARED TO INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS Editor Vojin Dimitrijevi} Assistant Editor Tatjana Papi} Publisher The Belgrade Centre for Human Rights Mlati{umina 26, Belgrade, FRY (http://www.bgcentar.org.yu) For the publisher Vladan Joksimovi} Proof-reading Kristina Lillico Photograph Milan Aleksi} Layout Mirko Mili}evi} ISBN 86--7202--040--5 Printed by Dosije, Belgrade HUMAN RIGHTS IN YUGOSLAVIA 2000 LEGAL PROVISIONS, PRACTICE AND LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA COMPARED TO INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS Belgrade Centre for Human Rights Belgrade, 2001 Contents Abbreviations . 15 Preface . 19 Introduction . 21 I LEGAL PROVISIONS RELATED TO HUMAN RIGHTS . 31 1. Human Rights in the Legal System of the FR Yugoslavia . 31 1.1 Introduction . 31 1.2. Constitutional Provisions on Human Rights . 32 1.3. International Human Rights and the FR Yugoslavia . 33 2. The Right to Effective Remedy for Human Rights Violations . 36 2.1. Ordinary Legal Remedies . 36 2.2. Constitutional Appeal . 38 3. Restrictions and Derogation . 41 3.1. Restrictions . 42 3.1.1. General Restrictions . 42 3.1.2. Optional Restrictions . 44 3.2. Derogation in ‘‘Time of Public Emergency’’ . 44 3.2.1. General . 44 3.2.2. Derogation during a State of War . 45 3.2.3. State of Emergency . 48 4. INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS . 50 5 Human Rights in Yugoslavia 2000 4.1. Prohibition of Discrimination . 50 4.1.1. General . 50 4.1.2. Examples of Discrimination in Yugoslav Legislation . 54 4.1.2.1. Real estate transactions . 54 4.1.2.2. Some criminal offences against the dignity of person and morals . 54 4.1.2.3. Refugees and citizenship . 55 4.2. The Right to Life . 57 4.2.1. General . 57 4.2.2. Criminal Legislation . 59 4.2.3. Abortion . 59 4.2.4. Capital Punishment . 60 4.2.5. Use of Force by State Authorities . 61 4.3. Prohibition of Torture, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment . 63 4.3.1. General . 63 4.3.2. Criminal Legislation . 65 4.3.3. Criminal Proceedings and the Enforcement of Sanctions . 68 4.3.4. Use of Force by the Police . 69 4.4. The Right to Freedom and Security of Person and Treatment of Persons in Custody . 70 4.4.1. Right to Liberty and Security of Person . 70 4.4.1.1. Prohibition of arbitrary arrest and detention . 71 4.4.1.2. The right to be informed of the reasons for arrest and of charges . 73 4.4.1.3. Prompt appearance before a judge and right to trial or release within reasonable time . 75 4.4.1.4. The right to complain to the court against arrest or detention 77 4.4.1.5. The right to compensation for unlawful arrest or detention . 77 4.4.2. Treatment of Persons Deprived of Their Liberty . 79 4.4.2.1. Humane treatment and respect of dignity . 79 4.4.2.2. The segregation of accused and convicted persons, juveniles and adults . 82 4.4.2.3. The penitentiary system . 83 4.5. Right to Fair Trial . 84 6 Contents 4.5.1. Independence and Impartiality of Courts . 86 4.5.2. Fairness and Transparency of Trials . 88 4.5.2.1. Fair trial . 88 4.5.2.2. The transparency of the hearing and judgement . 90 4.5.3. Guarantees to Defendants in Criminal Cases . 92 4.5.3.1. Presumption of innocence . 92 4.5.3.2. Prompt notice of charge, in language understood by the defendant . 93 4.5.3.3. Adequate time and facilities for the preparation of the defence and the right to communicate with counsel . 93 4.5.3.4. The right to be tried without undue delay . 95 4.5.3.5. Prohibition of trial in absentia and right to defence . 95 4.5.3.6. The right to examine witnesses . 97 4.5.3.7. Right to the assistance of an interpreter . 97 4.5.3.8. The prohibition of self-incrimination . 97 4.5.3.9. Special treatment of minors . 98 4.5.3.10. The right to appeal . 98 4.5.3.11. The right to compensation . 99 4.5.3.12. Ne bis in idem . 99 4.6. The Right to the Protection of Privacy, Family, Home and Correspondence . 100 4.6.1. Privacy . 101 4.6.1.1. Access to personal data . 101 4.6.1.2. Sexual autonomy . 102 4.6.1.3. Protection of privacy by criminal law . 102 4.6.2. The Home . 102 4.6.3. Correspondence . 104 4.6.4. Honour and Reputation . 106 4.7. The Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion . 107 4.8. Freedom of Expression . 111 4.8.1. General . 111 4.8.2. Restrictions on Media Freedom in Serbia Imposed by Legislation Passed in 1998 . 113 4.8.3. Establishment and Operation of Electronic Media . 115 4.8.4. Relevant Criminal Legislation . 116 7 Human Rights in Yugoslavia 2000 4.8.5. The Prohibition of Propaganda for War and of Advocacy of National, Racial or Religious Hatred . 119 4.9. The Right to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly . 122 4.9.1. General . 122 4.9.2. Prohibition of Public Meetings . 125 4.10. Freedom of Association . 127 4.10.1. General . 127 4.10.2. Registration and the Termination of Activities of an Association . 129 4.10.3. Associations of Aliens . 131 4.10.4. Restrictions . 132 4.10.4.1. Prohibition of an organisation . 132 4.10.4.2. Other restrictions . 134 4.10.5. Restrictions of Freedom of Association of Members of the Armed Forces and the Police . 135 4.10.6. The Right to Strike . 139 4.11. The Right to Peaceful Enjoyment of Property . 141 4.11.1. General . 141 4.11.2. Expropriation . 142 4.11.3. Real Property Transactions . 144 4.11.4. Inheritance . 145 4.11.5. Transformation of forms of ownership in favour of state ownership . 145 4.12. Minority Rights . 146 4.13. Political Rights . 151 4.13.1. General . 152 4.13.2. The Right to Vote and to be Voted For . 154 4.13.3. Electoral Procedure . 156 4.13.3.1. Electoral commissions . 156 4.13.3.2. Control of ballots and safekeeping of electoral documentation 157 4.13.3.3. Grounds for annulment . 157 4.13.3.4. Legal remedies . 158 4.14. Special Protection of the Family and of the Child . 159 8 Contents 4.14.1. Protection of the Family . 160 4.14.2. Marriage . 161 4.14.3. Special Protection of the Child . 163 4.14.3.1. General . 163 4.14.3.2. ‘‘The measures of protection ... required by the position of minors’’ . 163 4.14.3.3. Protection of Minors in Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure . 165 4.14.3.4. Birth and the personal name of the child . 166 4.15. Nationality . 167 4.15.1. General . 168 4.15.2. Responses to Problems Arising after the Dissolution of the Former SFRY Yugoslavia . 169 4.15.3. Acquisition of Yugoslav Nationality . 170 4.16. Freedom of Movement . 171 4.16.1. General . 172 4.16.2. Restrictions . 172 4.17. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights . 173 4.17.1. Right to Work . 174 4.17.2. Right to Just and Favourable Conditions of Work . 176 4.17.3. Right to Social Welfare . 179 4.17.4. Right to the Protection of the Family . 185 4.17.5. Right to Health . 189 4.17.6. Housing . 193 4.17.7. Mentally and Physically Disabled Persons . 196 4.17.8. Nutrition . 196 4.17.9. Poverty . 196 4.17.10. Education . 197 5. Conclusions . 198 II HUMAN RIGHTS IN PRACTICE . 202 1. Introductory remarks . 202 1.1. Sources . 202 9 Human Rights in Yugoslavia 2000 1.2. Domestic press reports . 202 1.3. Reports of domestic non-governmental organisations . 205 1.4. Reports of international organisations . 205 2. Individual Rights . 206 2.1. Prohibition of discrimination . 206 2.1.1. Discrimination on ethnic grounds . 206 2.1.2. Discrimination on political grounds . 207 2.1.3. Discrimination on other grounds . 209 2.2. Right to life . 210 2.2.1. Situation in Pre{evo, Bujanovac and Medvedja Municipalities 210 2.2.2. Trials for violation of the right to life during the NATO intervention . 212 2.2.3. Politically motivated murders . ..
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