Preserving the Humboldt Tradition of Scholarship in Australasia (2012)
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Preserving the Humboldt Tradition of Scholarship in Australasia Proceedings of the Fourteenth Biennial Conference of the Australian Association of von Humboldt Fellows Trevor R. Finlayson (Editor) Published by the Australian Association of von Humboldt Fellows c/- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010. (http://www.humboldtaustralia.org.au) 2012 Copyright Australian Association of von Humboldt Fellows, 2012 This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced under any process without the written permission of the publisher. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-publication entry: Title: Preserving the Humboldt Tradition of Scholarship in Australasia: Proceedings of the Fourteenth Biennial Conference of the Australian Association of von Humboldt Fellows / edited by Trevor R. Finlayson ISBN: 9780958814928 (pbk.) Subjects: Australian Association of von Humboldt Fellows – Congresses. Scholarships – Australasia – Congresses. Other Authors/Cointributors: Finlayson, Trevor R., 1943- Australian Association of von Humboldt Fellows. Dewey Number: 378.3 Printed by Snap Printing Carlton, 652 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000. Cover: Image of Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Opera House (Reproduced with acknowledgement to Virtual Australia virtualaustralia.com) ii Preface Preserving the Humboldt Tradition of Scholarship in Australasia is a collection of papers presented at the Fourteenth Biennial Conference of the Australian Association of von Humboldt Fellows (AAvHF), held at Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, N.S.W., from Friday, 30th September to Sunday, 2nd October, 2011. The AAvHF is the national professional Association of von Humboldt Fellows in Australia. Membership is open to any Australian resident previously awarded a Fellowship or Award by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AvHF) and to any visiting Lynen Fellow from Germany, researching at an Australian Institution. The AAvHF facilitates professional and social contact amongst Humboldtians in Australia, as well as encouraging new and existing links between members and German researchers. It also provides a focus to reciprocate the most generous hospitality afforded Australian scholars visiting Germany under the auspices of the AvHF. While functions involving Humboldtians are held from time to time at the State level, the AAvHF Biennial Conference provides a unique opportunity for researchers from many disciplines to gather together to present the results of their research which may represent their own individual work within Australia, or from periods spent overseas and, in particular, from research in collaboration with their German colleagues. For the Fourteenth Conference, it was pleasing to be able to welcome a number of New Zealand Humboldtians, several of whom presented papers from their recent research. In an age when research projects are often shrinking in their overall perspective of a particular discipline, it remains an ongoing challenge, in the true spirit of Alexander von Humboldt, to present a paper to an AAvHF Biennial Conference at which ones audience will be representative of the physical and biological sciences, the humanities, the arts, etc. The collection of papers presented in this book, which have been prepared from 11 of the 19 presentations at the Conference, attest to this multidisciplinary scholarship. All papers published have been peer-reviewed by two professional researchers and modifications/corrections carried out by authors in response to these two reviewers’ reports. The conference was officially opened by the German Ambassador, Dr. Christoph Müller, and the text of his opening remarks provides the Introduction to this book. In addition, two invited papers followed on the opening night of the conference by Professor Dr. Steffen Lehmann, University of South Australia and a DAAD Alumnus, and Professor Ian Frazer, University of Queensland. Several DAAD Alumni were able to attend these invited lectures. A most enjoyable dinner cruise on Sydney Harbour had been organised for the Saturday evening together with pleasant and appropriate Tafelmusik from the Carinya Strings Ensemble. A feature of this evening was an after-dinner presentation entitled, “Could Alexander von Humboldt have Played Cricket?” A paper with this title, resulting from the research undertaken in preparing this presentation, has also been included in this booklet, following its peer-review. The financial support afforded to the Conference by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Neuroscience Research Australia, The University of Western Sydney, the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD), is gratefully acknowledged. Sincere thanks must also be recorded to the local Committee, Associate Professor Kay Double (Neuroscience Research Australia), Dr. Maria Nowotny (Solar Energy Technology Research Group, University of Western Sydney) and Professor Rob Robson (School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, James Cook University), for the organisation of a most successful Conference. Trevor R. Finlayson Editor iii iv Introduction It is with great pleasure that I take the opportunity to address this distinguished forum at your Biennial Meeting. Having arrived to Australia only three weeks ago I am still overwhelmed by all the new impressions, certainly at a place like Sydney! I regard it as a lucky coincidence to meet with members of one of Germany’s most prestigious science organizations at such an early stage of my new posting. The Alexander von Humboldt Community in Australia and New Zealand presents itself as a strong and thriving alliance, with a great number of current and former scholarship- holders working at the forefront of academic cooperation and progress. Intercultural exchange in science was triggered by Humboldt himself, starting already in the late 18th century. We are right at the core of one the most decisive developments in international science: enhancement of international scientific cooperation. What is the German Government doing about it these days? Occasions like this weekend conference provide the perfect setting for researchers to interact and to receive new impulses for future projects. These networking opportunities are of growing significance since the educational and research sector worldwide has undergone major changes. The allocations of responsibilities between public and private research are in a state of flux, opening up a broad range of study and research possibilities for students and scientists worldwide. Despite Germany`s excellent reputation as an educational stronghold, it is becoming increasingly difficult for German universities to compete in the globalized education market. The only way to conquer these challenges is to realize that there cannot be excellence in education without international relations at its core. If Germany, as one of the world’s most innovative and export-oriented nations, wants to stay at the forefront of research developments, it is of paramount importance to promote cooperation with universities and other educational providers worldwide. In order to support the German education sector, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research has launched its strategy for the Internationalization of Science and Research in February, 2008. The initiative aims at supporting the international exchange of students and researchers, while discouraging the loss of top-class scientists, i.e., permanent emigration. Moreover, the accessibility of innovative potential worldwide to German enterprises shall be ensured through the program. With the project, “German educational offers abroad” for example, Germany is entering a market that was formerly dominated by American and British education investments. With 27 projects so far, the German Academic Exchange Service has encouraged German educational institutions to create German universities and other tertiary education centres in foreign countries, for example, in Singapore, Ho-Chi-Minh City and Cairo. Furthermore, the GAIN (German Academic International Network) project also plays an important role in encouraging scientists to return to Germany, for example, by organizing conferences such as the most recent one this month in San Francisco. The initiative, founded in 2003, has become a well established organization with over 3,000 registered researchers building sustainable relationships, especially in North America. Besides projects abroad, also the creation of attractive offers inside of Germany is an important tool. For example, a number of academic prizes serve as further impulses for the influx of high-class researchers. Among them are the Sofja-Kovalevskaja Prize and the Alexander von Humboldt Professorship. Alongside improved university-marketing such as the “Hi!-Potentials” campaign and extended partnerships with universities worldwide, Germany`s university landscape is becoming increasingly international. v However, it is not only Germany that is facing the problem of increasing competitiveness in the education sector. The Australian education landscape is also undergoing drastic structural changes. Within the framework of the innovative agenda, “Powering ideas – an Innovation Strategy for the 21st Century”, the government raised the research budget to A$8.58m, meaning an increase of 25% compared to the previous years. With the establishment