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1.Herramientas Paliativas-Ernestomp Seguridad y Alta Disponibilidad Herramientas paliativas. Antimalware 1-Instala en GNU/Linux el antivirus ClamAV, y su versión gráfica Clamtk Clamav Instalamos con “sudo aptitude install clamav”. Ya lo tengo instalado, ahora voy a abrirlo y a escanear: Ernesto Martín Pintado SAD Página 1 Seguridad y Alta Disponibilidad Clamtk Instalamos el programa “sudo aptitude install clamtk” Le damos a analizar carpeta y seleccionamos el directorio “Descargas” Ernesto Martín Pintado SAD Página 2 Seguridad y Alta Disponibilidad No se han encontrado amenazas. 2-Spyware En el mundo de la informática el software espía (spyware) se instala en nuestro sistema con la finalidad de robar nuestros datos y espiar nuestros movimientos por la red. Luego envían esa información a empresas de publicidad de internet para comercializar con nuestros datos. Trabajan en modo ‘background’ (segundo plano) para que no nos percatemos de que están hasta que empiecen a aparecer los primeros síntomas. Un spyware típico se auto instala en el sistema afectado de forma que se ejecuta cada vez que se pone en marcha el ordenador (utilizando CPU y memoria RAM, reduciendo la estabilidad del ordenador), y funciona todo el tiempo, controlando el uso que se hace de Internet y mostrando anuncios relacionados. Sin embargo, a diferencia de los virus, no se intenta replicar en otros ordenadores, por lo que funciona como un parásito. Las consecuencias de una infección de spyware moderada o severa (aparte de las cuestiones de privacidad) generalmente incluyen una pérdida considerable del rendimiento del sistema (hasta un 50 % en casos extremos), y problemas de estabilidad graves (el ordenador se queda "colgado"). También causan dificultad a la hora de conectar a Internet. Algunos ejemplos de programas espía conocidos son Gator o Bonzi Buddy. Ernesto Martín Pintado SAD Página 3 Seguridad y Alta Disponibilidad Determinar si el ordenador realmente está infectado por spyware: Para determinar si el ordenador está infectado o no, necesitamos un software especializado en detectar e identificar virus. Antispyware software es un software especializado en detectar spyware. Para detectar y eliminar spyware en Windows podemos usar software Spyhunter: - Su uso es muy fácil, detecta el spyware de forma correcta y rápida. - Es muy eficaz, detecta y elimina de manera segura. - En caso que haya problemas, crean una solución adaptada a tus necesidades. Para detectar y eliminar malware en Mac recomiendo el software Mackeeper: - Su uso es fácil y sencillo, busca y encuentra el spyware con seguridad. - Es muy eficaz, lo hace de forma rápida. - Es mucho más que un antivirus, MacKeeper es capaz de limpiar, reparar e acelerar el Mac. 3-Adware Adware viene de la palabra “ad” que en inglés se utiliza para decir publicidad. Y ese es justamente el objetivo de este malware, mostrar anuncios. Adware a veces puede ser fácil o difícil de detectar e eliminar. Para explicar qué es un adware es importante saber cuál es su objetivo. Los creadores de adware lo que quieren es ganar dinero, por lo tanto, el dinero es su objetivo principal. Ese dinero lo ganan mostrando anuncios de muchas formas, las más conocidas son: - Pop-up mensajes con anuncios cuando navegas en internet. - Office ads: Cuando en un documento escribes una palabra el malware la puede utilizar para mostrar un anuncio y te marca la palabra en un formato diferente. Cada vez que pases el ratón por encima de la palabra, te saldrá el anuncio. - Redirecciones a páginas webs que el usuario no quiere, por ejemplo: el usuario quiere ir a la página web de google, pero el navegador en vez de ir a google, carga una página web a la cual quiere ir el adware. ¿Cómo puedes saber que tu sistema está contagiado? - Sistema funciona más lento de lo normal - Internet va lento - Anuncios no deseados Si tu sistema tiene uno de estos síntomas, es recomendable que verifiques si hay un malware presente. Para determinar la presencia de malware, necesitas un programa especial. Antismalware es un software especializado en detectar y eliminar spyware, adware y otros tipos de malignos software. El uso de antimalware es muy fácil, es solo cuestión de descargarlo e instalarlo. Una vez instalado, tienes la opción de que el programa te ha un escaneo del sistema. El software antispyware analiza el sistema buscando procesos o actividades sospechosos. Ernesto Martín Pintado SAD Página 4 Seguridad y Alta Disponibilidad 4-Hijacking El hijacking (traducido como "secuestro"), en el ámbito informático hace referencia a toda técnica ilegal que lleve consigo el adueñarse o robar algo por parte de un atacante. Es un concepto muy abierto, que se puede aplicar a varios ámbitos; así se encuentra el robo de información, el secuestro de una conexión de red, de sesiones de terminal, servicios, módems, etcétera. Browser hijacking: ("Secuestro del navegador"). Se llama así a la apropiación que realizan algunos spyware sobre el buscador, lanzando popups, modificando la página de inicio o de búsqueda predeterminada, etcétera. El término "secuestro" hace referencia a que estas modificaciones se hacen sin el permiso ni el conocimiento del usuario. Algunos de estos spyware son fáciles de borrar del sistema operativo, mientras que otros son extremadamente complicados de eliminar y revertir sus cambios. Dependiendo del navegador que usemos y esté infectado podremos eliminarlo: Internet Explorer - Si utiliza Windows 7 o Windows Vista, clic en Inicio. Escriba lo siguiente: "inetcpl.cpl" - Haga clic en el Opciones avanzadas - Restablecer configuración de Internet Explorer, clic en Restablecer en la ventana abierta. - Seleccionar la casilla “Eliminar configuración personal para eliminar el historial de navegación, los proveedores de búsquedas y página principal” Mozilla Firefox - Abra Firefox - Ir a Ayuda > Información para solucionar problemas en menú. - Clic en Restablecer Firefox. - Una vez que finalice Firefox, se mostrara una ventana para crear una carpeta en el escritorio. Clic Terminar. Google Chrome - Vaya a la carpeta de instalación de Google Chrome: C:\Users\"su nombre de usuario"\AppData\Local\Google\Chrome\Application\User Data. - En la carpeta de User Data, buscar un archivador llamado Default y cambie su nombre por DefaultBackup. - Se creara un nuevo archivador Default. 5-Keyloggers y Stealers Como su nombre lo indica un Keylogger es un programa que registra y graba la pulsación de teclas (y algunos también clics del mouse). La información recolectada será utilizada luego por la persona que lo haya instalado. Actualmente existen dispositivos de hardware o bien aplicaciones (software) que realizan estas tareas. Ernesto Martín Pintado SAD Página 5 Seguridad y Alta Disponibilidad Los Keyloggers físicos son pequeños dispositivos que se instalan entre nuestra computadora y el teclado. Son difíciles de identificar para un usuario inexperto pero si se presta atención es posible reconocerlos a simple vista. Cabe aclarar que esta forma de actuar puede traer problemas legales a quien lo instala ya que registrar a un usuario mediante este accionar puede interpretarse como una violación a su privacidad. Es aquí donde cobra relevancia una política de seguridad clara, puesta por escrito y firmada por el usuario. Para eliminar por completo Keyloggers se deberá hacer usando un programa anti-spyware de confianza. Con el fin de evitar la pérdida de programas legítimos que son importantes para la funcionalidad y estabilidad del PC. Se recomienda usar estos programas: Reimage, Malwarebytes Anti Malware. 6-Botnets, Rogue, y Criptovirus Botnets Botnet es el nombre genérico que denomina a cualquier grupo de PC infectados y controlados por un atacante de forma remota. Generalmente, un hacker o un grupo de ellos crean un botnet usando un malware que infecta a una gran cantidad de máquinas. Los ordenadores son parte del botnet, llamados “bots” o “zombies”. No existe un número mínimo de equipos para crear un botnet. Los botnets pequeños pueden incluir cientos de PCs infectados, mientras que los mayores utilizan millones de equipos. El uso más común de los botnets son lo ataques DDoS. Estos ataques utilizan la potencia del ordenador y el ancho de banda de cientos o miles de equipos para enviar gran cantidad de tráfico a una página web específica y sobrecargar dicho site. Existen diferentes tipos de ataques DDoS, pero el objetivo siempre es el mismo: colapsar una web. Los atacantes usaban esta táctica para derribar las páginas de sus enemigos. - Defensa: Existen diferentes formas de defensa frente a los ataques DDoS, pero casi todas ellas operan a nivel de servidor o ISP. Para los usuarios, la defensa frente a un botnet empieza actualizando todo el software de su equipo y evitando pinchar en enlaces sospechosos. Los hackers se aprovechan de la ingenuidad de los usuarios a la hora de abrir archivos maliciosos o hacer click en enlaces que esconden un malware. Si eliminamos esa parte de la ecuación, les será más difícil a los cibercriminales infectar nuestro equipo y construir un botnet. Rogue Rogue software (en español conocido como software bandido o también falso antivirus) es un tipo de programa informático malicioso cuya principal finalidad es la de hacer creer que una computadora está infectada por algún tipo de virus, induciendo a pagar una determinada suma de dinero para eliminarlo. Ernesto Martín Pintado SAD Página 6 Seguridad y Alta Disponibilidad Este tipo de software suele descargarse e instalarse de forma oculta y en contra de la voluntad del usuario directamente desde Internet. Sin embargo, en ocasiones se presenta bajo la forma de la versión de prueba de un producto antimalware que el usuario descarga de buena fe. En el caso de aquellos que se manifiestan bajo la forma de una versión de prueba, actúan generando falsos positivos a propósito detectando malware inexistente. Al ser una versión de prueba, informa al usuario que para eliminarlos requerirá comprar la versión completa de la aplicación. A menos que el rogue software sea demasiado nuevo, los antivirus y antispyware de mayor renombre actualizados pueden evitar la instalación y la activación de los mismos.
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