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South Sudan: Conflict Mapping, Ontological Security and Institutionalised Conflict

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South Sudan: Conflict Mapping, Ontological Security and Institutionalised Conflict Conflict Generations For Peace Institute Research Analysis June – December 2014 2 South Sudan: Conflict Mapping, Ontological Security and Institutionalised Conflict Rachel Morrow 2014 Summer Field Research Intern The University of Oxford Supervised, reviewed, and edited by Generations For Peace Institute: Sairah Yusuf, Nabila Hussein, Jadranka Stikovac Clark /generationsforpeace @Gens_For_Peace /generationsforpeace /in/generationsforpeace/in/generationsforpeace www.generationsforpeace.org Disclaimer: I, Frances Rachel Morrow, hereby confirm that the enclosed document is entirely my own work. I confirm that this written submission has, in no part, been copied from a book, article, encyclopaedia or any other source, including the Internet, except where such sections are clearly identified by the use of quotations. I confirm that all sources utilised have been correctly identified within the body of the text or in the final list of references. About Generations For Peace Institute About Generations For Peace enerations For Peace Institute (GFPI) enerations For Peace (GFP) is a Jordan- conducts, invests in, and disseminates based leading global non-profit peace- applied interdisciplinary research and building organisation founded by HRH Gbest practices in partnership with leading GPrince Feisal Al-Hussein and Sarah universities such as the Georgetown University, Kabbani in 2007. Dedicated to sustainable conflict the University of Oxford, the University of Western transformation at the grassroots, Generations Cape, as well as other institutes, research centres, For Peace empowers volunteer leaders of youth individual academics and researchers. As well to promote active tolerance and responsible as research on Generations For Peace’s own citizenship in communities experiencing different programmes, the Institute’s research projects forms of conflict and violence. also examine peace-building interventions by other organisations, therefore making broader In the last five years, Generations For Peace has contributions to the fields of peace building and trained and mentored more than 8,700 volunteer conflict transformation in general. leaders of youth in 50 countries in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Europe. With our support, The overall objectives of the Institute reflect the their ongoing programmes address local issues of aspirations of Generations For Peace to make conflict and violence, and have touched the lives a practical difference to programme work on of more than 200,000 children, youth and adults. the ground, supporting a growing community of practice by demonstrating the impact of and advocating for increased use of sport, art, advocacy, dialogue and empowerment activities for sustainable peace building. Table of Contents 1. List of Abbreviations 6 2. List of Tables and Charts 7 3. Introduction 9 4. Literature Review 13 4.1 Conflict Mapping 14 4.2 Ontological Security 17 4.3 Institutionalised Violence 18 5. Research Questions, Methodology and Limitations 21 5.1 Research Questions 22 5.2 Methodology 24 5.2.1 Approach and Justification 24 5.2.2 Method of Analysis 25 5.3 Limitations 26 6. Key Actors 29 6.1 The SPLM 30 6.2 Salva Kiir 32 6.3 Dr. Riek Machar 33 7. Root Causes 37 7.1 The Political Conflict 38 7.2 The Violence 41 8. Findings 45 8.1 Identity: Perceptions of the Self and the Other 47 8.2 Who Are the Main Contributors to Conflict in Juba? 54 8.3 Would You Ever Fight/Partake in Violence in Juba? Why or Why Not? 56 8.4 What Would You Fight For? 57 8.5 Why Do You Think People Fight in Juba? 59 8.6 If You Had Started Fighting What or Who Would be Able to Stop You? 61 8.7 Who Has the Most Power in Juba? 63 8.8 Who Are the Main Seekers of Peace or Contributors to Peace in Juba? 64 9. How Did the Politics Become Ethnic? 67 9.1 Ontological Security 69 10. Dynamics, Influencing Factors and Context 75 10.1 Institutionalisation of Violence 76 10.2 Regional and International Players 79 Table of Contents 11. Options 83 11.1 Truth and Reconciliation 84 11.2 Ontological (In)Security 85 11.3 The Generations For Peace Options 86 11.3.1 Advocacy For Peace 86 11.3.2 Sport For Peace 86 11.3.3 Art For Peace 88 11.3.4 Dialogue For Peace 88 11.3.5 Empowerment For Peace 89 12. Conclusion 91 13. Bibliography & Appendices 95 13.1 Bibliography 96 13.2 Appendix A: Questionnaire 100 13.3 Appendix B: Semi-structured Interview 102 13.3 Appendix C: Interview Guide 103 1. List of Abbreviations CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement GFP Generations For Peace GOSS Government of South Sudan IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development LRA Lord’s Resistance Army NLC National Liberation Army 6 SPLA Sudan People’s Liberation Army South Sudan: Conflict Mapping, Ontological Security and Institutionalised SPLM Sudan People’s Liberation Movement SSD South Sudan TGONU Transitional Government of National Unity UN United Nations UNMISS United Nations Mission In South Sudan 2. List of Tables and Charts Chart 1.1 How do you see the Other? 47 Chart 1.2 You feel safer with the Other as your... 48 Chart 1.3 Does your answer regarding safety change when in danger? 48 Chart 1.4 Are you less of your ethnicity if you have many friends from the Other? 49 Chart 1.5 How important is it to you to belong to your ethnicity? 50 Chart 2.1 Main contributors to conflict - Nuer perceptions 55 7 Chart 2.2 Main contributors to conflict - Dinka perceptions 56 South Sudan: Conflict Mapping, Ontological Security and Institutionalised Chart 3.1 Would you ever take part in violence in Juba? – Nuer 57 Chart 3.2 Would you ever take part in violence in Juba? – Dinka 57 Chart 4.1 What would you fight for? - Nuer 58 Chart 4.2 What would you fight for? - Dinka 58 Chart 4.3 What would you fight for? - Combined 59 Chart 5.1 Why do you think people fight in Juba? – Dinka 60 Chart 5.2 Why do you think people fight in Juba? – Nuer 60 Chart 6.1 If you had started fighting, what or who would be able to stop you? – Dinka 61 Chart 6.2 If you had started fighting, what or who would be able to stop you? - Nuer 62 Chart 7.1 Who has the most power in Juba? - Nuer 63 Chart 7.2 Who has the most power in Juba? - Dinka 63 Chart 8.1 Who are the main contributors to peace in Juba? – Nuer 64 Chart 8.2 Who are the main contributors to peace in Juba? – Dinka 65 Table 1 Interviewee details 24 Table 2 Respondent details 24 Table 3 Comparative data: ontological security 49 Table 4 How important is your ethnicity? 50 Table 5 Nuer self-description 51 Table 6 Nuer: describing Dinka 52 Table 7 Dinka self-description 52 Table 8 Dinka: describing Nuer 52 3. Introduction © GFP, 2014 | Juba, South Sudan | Photo by Richard Juilliart by Richard South Sudan | Photo 2014 | Juba, © GFP, Learn more about what Generations For Peace does in South Sudan and 49 other countries in Africa, Asia and Europe: 10 http://bit.ly/1EmMQ55 South Sudan: Conflict Mapping, Ontological Security and Institutionalised This report will unpack the violence [in Juba], attempt Juilliart by Richard South Sudan | Photo 2014 | Juba, © GFP, to explain what created it and n 15 and 16 December 2013, violence broke out in Juba, South Sudan, perhaps most importantly, with many thousands killed. The finer details of how it started are how Generations unclear and accounts of the violence are often conflicting. What is For Peace almost unanimously clear however, is that the conflict started in the (GFP) should Opolitical sphere and on 15 December that dispute became violent conflict as it move forward in creating spilled into the military barracks and soon after, into the streets. Bodies “littered” meaningful work the streets in certain parts of Juba and by 18 December two United Nations Mission in South Sudan. In South Sudan (UNMISS) compounds were housing close to 20,000 citizens who had fled their homes in the wake of the violence.1 This report will unpack this violence, attempt to explain what created it and perhaps most importantly, how Generations For Peace (GFP) should move forward in creating meaningful work in South Sudan. GFP is a peace-building non-governmental organisation based in Jordan. It aims to empower, mentor and support volunteers to become change-makers to create a better future in their own communities.2 It trains volunteers from conflict or post-conflict regions to implement grassroots peace-building programmes in the communities. Having a firm grip on the context in which they will work is considered important to GFP. Since South Sudan is a country in which GFP has recently registered locally and established an office, it commissioned a report to investigate the facts, perceptions, intricacies, causes and dynamics of the recent crisis in South Sudan. From this knowledge, recommendations and options should be developed so that GFP can implement a context-specific and relevant peace- building programme that tackles the issues pointed out in this paper. 1 Ban Ki-moon. “Secretary-General’s remarks to press on the situation in South Sudan.” Last modified 1 8 December 2013, United Nations, http://www.un.org/sg/offthecuff/index.asp?nid=3210 2 Generations For Peace. “Who are we.” Last modified 2014. Accessed 2 October 2014.http://www. generationsforpeace.org/ In order to provide this information the paper will proceed in the following way: • It will begin with a brief description of the key actors: essentially a character and organisation list. This will assist to make sense of the mapping of the conflict that is to follow.
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