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Variations in Tidal Constituents Along the Nearshore Waters of Karnataka, West Coast of India

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Variations in Tidal Constituents Along the Nearshore Waters of Karnataka, West Coast of India Journal of Coastal Research Manuscript Draft Manuscript Number: JCOASTRES-D-09-00114 Title: Variations in tidal constituents along the nearshore waters of Karnataka, west coast of India Short Title: Tidal constituents along nearshore of Karnataka, west coast of India Article Type: Research Article (Professional Paper) Keywords: Harmonic constants; tidal heights; sea level; atmospheric forcing; Karnataka coast; Arabian Sea Abstract: Based on the sea level data measured using the Valeport wave and tide gauge during the pre- summer monsoon period at 3 locations along the nearshore waters of Karnataka, west coast of India, the characteristics of tidal constituents are described. The objective of the study is to identify the tidal and non-tidal variations along the coast. Analysis shows that the astronomical tides are responsible for most of the observed sea level variability along the Karnataka coast with 97% of the variation in measured sea level at Honnavar and Malpe due to tide and 96% of the sea level variation at Kundapur due to tide. The observed non-tidal sea levels were related with the local wind forcing. The study shows that when the wind from south was strong, a rise in sea level was observed and when the wind from north was strong, a fall in sea level was observed. Correlation between alongshore component of wind and non-tidal sea level was 0.54 at Malpe and 0.48 at Honnavar. The non-tidal sea level variation was found to vary according to the significant wave height with high residuals of sea level found during high waves. Shallow water constituents are found to amplify more compared to other constituents from south to north along the study area. Manuscript Click here to download Manuscript: tides-nk-pap.doc Click here to view linked References 1 Variations in tidal constituents along the nearshore waters of Karnataka, west 2 3 coast of India 4 5 V.Sanil Kumar, G. Udhaba Dora, Sajive Philip, P.Pednekar and JaiSingh 6 7 8 Ocean Engineering, National Institute of Oceanography (Council of Scientific & Industrial 9 Research), Dona Paula, Goa - 403 004 India 10 11 12 13 Abstract 14 15 16 Based on the sea level data measured using the Valeport wave and tide gauge during the 17 18 pre-summer monsoon period at 3 locations along the nearshore waters of Karnataka, west 19 20 coast of India, the characteristics of tidal constituents are described. The objective of the 21 22 study is to identify the tidal and non-tidal variations along the coast. Analysis shows that 23 the astronomical tides are responsible for most of the observed sea level variability along 24 25 the Karnataka coast with 97% of the variation in measured sea level at Honnavar and 26 27 Malpe due to tide and 96% of the sea level variation at Kundapur due to tide. The 28 29 observed non-tidal sea levels were related with the local wind forcing. The study shows 30 31 that when the wind from south was strong, a rise in sea level was observed and when the 32 33 wind from north was strong, a fall in sea level was observed. Correlation between 34 alongshore component of wind and non-tidal sea level was 0.54 at Malpe and 0.48 at 35 36 Honnavar. The non-tidal sea level variation was found to vary according to the significant 37 38 wave height with high residuals of sea level found during high waves. Shallow water 39 40 constituents are found to amplify more compared to other constituents from south to north 41 42 along the study area. 43 44 45 Key Words: Harmonic constants, tidal heights, sea level, atmospheric forcing, Karnataka 46 47 coast, Arabian Sea 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 1 61 62 63 64 65 1 2 1. Introduction 3 4 5 Information on tides along the coast is important for estimating the tide induced currents 6 7 and planning the shoreline management plans. The tide gauges record water level that is 8 the sum of astronomical tides and fluctuations due to currents and meteorological events. 9 10 Tidal propagation in the Gulf of Khambhat and surrounding areas was studied by 11 12 Unnikrishnan et al. (1999) and Nayak and Shetye (2003). The amplification of semidiurnal 13 14 constituents of tides in the Gulf of Kutch was studied by Shetye (1999). Srinivas et al. 15 16 (2003) studied the propagation of tides in the Cochin estuary. Sundar and Shetye (2005) 17 18 studied the tides in the Mandovi and Zuari estuaries. Tides off Karnataka coast are not 19 studied in detail. Hence we have examined the variations of the tidal constituents covering 20 21 100 km distance along the Karnataka coast, west coast of India based on simultaneously 22 23 measured sea level data at 3 locations for 30 days period during March-April 2008. The 24 25 objective of the study is to identify the tidal and non-tidal variations in sea level along the 26 27 Karnataka coast and study the influence of atmospheric forcing on sea level. 28 29 30 1.1 Study area 31 32 33 34 The continental shelf off Karnataka has an average width of 80 kilometers. The coastline 35 36 at Honnavar and Malpe are inclined 17º to the west from the true north with the depth 37 38 contours aligned approximately parallel to the coastline. The depth contours of 20, 50, 100 39 and 200 m occurs at 10, 30, 75 and 100 km off Karwar and 12, 48, 90 and 108 km off 40 41 Malpe (Figure 1). There are a few islands off the coast, the major group being St. Mary’s 42 43 Island, 4 kilometers off the coast near Malpe. The rivers joining the Arabian Sea along the 44 45 Karnataka coast are Kali, Gangavali, Aganashini, Sharavathi, Hangarkatta and Gangolli. 46 47 Sand bars are seen in most of the estuaries. The coast is exposed to seasonally reversing 48 49 monsoon winds, with winds from the southwest direction during the southwest (summer) 50 monsoon period and from the northeast during the northeast (winter) monsoon period. 51 52 The southwest monsoon winds are strong and the annual rainfall is around 300 cm along 53 54 the coast. Tides in the region are mixed and are predominantly semidiurnal and the range 55 56 of which slightly increases to north. The average monthly sea level at Karwar varies from 57 58 59 60 2 61 62 63 64 65 1 1.06 m in September to 1.3 m in January. Based on the Indian Tide Table, the average 2 3 tidal range at Karwar is 1.58 m during spring tide and 0.72 m during neap tide. 4 5 6 7 8 2. Materials and methods 9 10 11 12 Valeport Tide gauge (Valeport Limited, UK) was deployed to collect the hourly sea level 13 14 data at locations C1, C2, C3 and C4. The Valeport tide gauge at location C4 was towed 15 16 away from the moored location by fishing vessels and could not be traced at the moored 17 18 location and hence the data could not be recovered. 19 20 21 The measured sea level data was subjected to harmonic analysis to determine the 22 23 amplitudes and phases of the tidal constituents (Emery and Thomson, 1998; Pugh, 1987). 24 25 Tidal analysis was carried out using standard harmonic method, where a finite set of 26 27 cosine functions with frequencies at the known astronomical forcing frequencies were 28 29 fitted to the data using the least square method. Tidal Analysis Software Kit, TASK (Bell 30 et. al., 2000) developed by the Proudman oceanographic laboratory, UK was used for the 31 32 analysis. Analysis was done with 24 independent constituents and 8 related constituents 33 34 recommended for one month data of tides and currents. Removal of tidal component from 35 36 the sea level data leaves residuals of sea level that include contributions from direct wind 37 38 forcing, indirect wind forcing and surface waves (Prandle, 1997). 39 40 41 Reanalysis data of zonal and meridional components of wind speed at 10 m height at 6 42 43 hourly intervals from NCEP / NCAR (Kalney et.al., 1996) was obtained for the point (12.5º 44 45 N; 72.5 º E) close to the study area to know the influence of wind on sea level. These data 46 47 are provided by the NOAA-CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center, Boulder, Colarado at 48 49 http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/. Relationship between wind forcing and residuals of sea level 50 51 was studied by linear regression analysis. All directions use the oceanographic convention 52 and show the direction towards which the wind is moving. 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 3 61 62 63 64 65 1 3. Results and discussion 2 3 4 5 The maximum tidal range during the measurement period was 1.8, 1.9 and 2.1 m at 6 7 Malpe, Kundapur and Honnavar (Figure 2). As expected an increase in tidal amplitude 8 9 from South to North along the coast was observed. Predominant tidal constituents were 10 M2, S2, N2, K1, O1, Q1, J1 and M4 with constituent M2 (0.0805 cph) having the highest 11 12 magnitude followed by K1 (0.0418 cph) constituent (Table 1). The form number, which is 13 14 the ratio of the sums of the amplitudes of the diurnal constituents (K1 and O1) to that of 15 16 the semidiurnal constituents (M2 and S2) is 0.71, 0.69 and 0.65 at Malpe (stn.
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