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Coastal Zone Management COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT There is not enough water in the whole of earth’s oceans to swallow all the pollutants generated by us human beings. -Anonymous 21 STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT REPORT - 2003 COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT Current Status Problems Causes Trends and Projections Hotspots Impacts Action Plan 22 COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT CURRENT STATUS Karnataka Coastal Zone Management Authority Karnataka’s coastline extends over a length of 320 The Karnataka Coastal Zone Management Authority kilometers. It is one of the most indented shoreline with constituted in the year 2000 by the Government of India is numerous river mouths, lagoons, bays, creeks, promontories, responsible for monitoring and implementing Coastal Regulation Zone Rules, bench marking of high tide line/low cliffs, spits, sand dunes and long beaches. Unlike the east tide line, preparation of local level Coastal Regulation Zone coast of India the coastal stretch of Karnataka has no major maps, identification of ecologically fragile zones and delta formations. The shelf off Karnataka has an average preparation of area specific coastal zone management plans. width of 80 kilometers and the depth of shelf break is Karnataka Coastal Zone Management Authority functions in liaison with the National Coastal Zone Management between 90 and 120 meters. There are a few islands off Authority in the Ministry of Environment and Forests, the coast, the major group being St. Mary’s Island, 4 Government of India. The State authority has specific powers kilometers off the coast near Malpe. for protecting and improving the quality of coastal environment and preventing, abating and controlling environmental pollution in the coastal areas. The authority Fourteen rivers drain their waters into the shore waters of is also to ensure compliance of all specific conditions laid Karnataka. The important estuaries include the Netravati- down in the approved coastal zone management plans. Gurpur, Gangolli, Hangarkatta, Sharavthi, Aganashini, Gangavali and Kalinadi. Sand bars have developed in most The Department of Ecology and Environment functions as the secretariat of the Karnataka Coastal Zone Management of the estuaries. There are a number of barrier spits at Authority. In accordance with the provisions of the Coastal Tannirbavi, Sasithitlu, Udyavara, Hoode, Hangarkatta and Regulation Zone notification, 1991, the department has Kirimanjeswara formed due to migration of coastal rivers. prepared the Coastal Zone Management Plan for Karnataka There are also 90 beaches with varying aesthetic potential. which was approved by the Ministry of Environment and Forests in 1996. This was prepared based on remote Among these, the beaches at Someshwar-Ullal, Malpe, St. sensing data, wherein the landward stretches of seas, Mary’s Island, Belekeri and Karwar are excellent with a potential estuaries and rivers, which are influenced by tidal action, for international tourism. Twenty-two beaches are classified as are classified into three categories Coastal Regulation Zone- unfit for use due to coastal erosion, human settlements and I, Coastal Regulation Zone-II and Coastal Regulation Zone- III for regulating developmental activities. In order to activities linked to ports/harbors, industries and fisheries. implement the provisions laid down in the Coastal Regulation Zone notifications, the department has established three PROBLEMS regional offices of the Deputy Conservator of Forest (Coastal Regulation Zone) in 2002 for the coastal districts. District Coastal Zone Management Committees have also been The coastal zone of Karnataka is one of the better- established in each of the coastal districts under the developed geographical areas of the State with high chairmanship of Deputy Commissioner to examine the cases degree of economic development and density of of violations of the provisions of the Coastal Regulation Zone population. notification and take appropriate measures to protect the coastal environment. However, in the absence of detailed Coastal Regulation Zone maps, large number of Coastal Occupational pressures Regulation Zone violations is reported from most part of the coast and the enforcement officials are handicapped for The settlements in the coastal region consist of 22 urban ensuring compliance. The Department of Ecology and Environment, in 2002, has initiated preparation of detailed agglomerations and 1044 villages. The occupational CRZ maps by demarcating high tide line/low tide line and pressures of the region can be attributed to agricultural different categories of Coastal Regulation Zone in cadastral activities, aquaculture, fish landing and processing, port scale to overcome certain practical difficulties at the local maintenance, mining for lime shell, bauxite and silica sand level and for transparent implementation of the regulation. In fact, Karnataka is the first state in the country, which has and coir retting. The coastline is dotted with one major initiated the preparation of the maps in cadastral scale for port at Mangalore, nine minor ports at Karwar, Belikund, the entire coastal stretch. The preparations of these maps Tadri, Honavar, Bhatkal, Kundapur, Hangarkatta, Malpe is in the final stage. and Old Mangalore. Besides, there are 110 fish landing 23 STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT REPORT - 2003 General geomorphological map of coastal Karnataka 24 COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT centres and 150 fishing villages. A single major intervention in the coastal zone is the project Sea Bird, where an area of around 32 square kilometers is being converted into an area with several structures. Many coastal depressions in the vicinity of mangrove habitats are filled up with mud scooped from lagoons to cultivate coconut plantations. The coir retting carried out mainly in mangrove cleared areas, is a microbial process and causes pollution of water, air and soil, which in turn, affects the marine Coastal erosion in Dakshina Kannada district resources, quality of estuarine banks and nearby beaches. The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification Coastal erosion Government of India issued the coastal zone regulation on 19 February 1991 under Section 3(1) and Section 3(2)(v) of The coastal zone is relatively poor with respect to mineral the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. wealth. The organized mining activity is limited to bauxite, Coastal zone includes the coastal stretches of seas, bays, lime shell and silica sand. The fresh deposits of lime shell estuaries, creeks, rivers and backwaters which are influenced in the estuaries and backwaters of Kali, Gangavali, by tidal action (in the landward side) up to 500 meters from the High Tide Line and the land between the low tide line and Aghanashini (Tadri), Sharavathi, Gurpur, Pavenje and the High Tide Line. Mulki are declining as 90 percent of the clams are High Tide Line is the line on the land up to which the highest harvested every year. About 50 percent of the area under water line reaches during the spring tide and low tide line is coastal zone (4,90,000 hectares) is subjected to moderate the line on the land up to which the lowest water line reaches soil erosion and 6 percent of the area (56,000 hectares) during the neap tide. to severe soil erosion. The annual rates of soil erosion Activities prohibited within the Coastal Regulation Zone, vary from 5-15 tons/hectare to 15-40 tons/hectare in include setting of industries, storage or disposal of hazardous substances, setting up of units dealing with fish processing moderate to severe soil erosion areas. and waste disposal, construction activity, discharge of untreated wastes and effluents from industries and cities, The Karnataka coast is subjected to three types of erosion; mining of sands, rocks except those rare minerals not available outside the Coastal Regulation Zone areas and facilities occurring along the open beaches, mouths of rivers/ designed to carry treated effluents and waste water discharges estuaries and the tidal reaches of rivers causing into the sea. considerable loss of land, vegetation and revenue. However, government of India may permit storage of petroleum products, modernization of existing fish processing About 60 kilometers of beach (19 percent of the total length units and drawal of ground water in certain places. of shoreline) is confronted with appreciable or severe All other activities are fully regulated either by the State erosion. The problem is relatively more severe in Dakshina Government or by the Government of India. Kannada and Udupi coasts, where about 28 percent of Coastal Regulation Zone I : This category includes ecologically the total stretch is critical. In Uttara Kannada region, only sensitive and important areas like national parks/marine parks, about 8 percent of the coast is subjected to severe erosion. sanctuaries, reserve forests, wildlife habitats, mangroves, corals/coral reefs. It also includes the area between low tide In many river mouths, the sand pit erodes causing shift in line and the high tide line. river course or inlet migration. Coastal Regulation Zone-II: This includes areas that have already been developed up to or close to the shoreline. The erosion becomes severe due to the synchronisation of high flood in the river with strong wave activity during Coastal Regulation Zone III: Includes areas that are relatively undisturbed and those which do not belong to either Category- southwest monsoon. The most affected locations are I or II and coastal zone in the rural areas (developed and Gangavali river mouth and areas near
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