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XXVIII. Bericht Uč Ber Die Wettbewerbspolitik 1998

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XXVIII. Bericht Uč Ber Die Wettbewerbspolitik 1998 EuropaÈ ische Kommission XXVIII. Bericht uÈ ber die Wettbewerbspolitik 1998 (In Zusammenhang mit dem ¹Gesamtbericht uÈ ber die TaÈ tigkeit der EuropaÈ ischen Union 1998ª veroÈ ffentlichter Bericht) BruÈ ssel ð Luxemburg, 1999 Zahlreiche weitere Informationen zur EuropaÈ ischen Union sind verfuÈ gbar uÈ ber Internet, Server Europa (http://europa.eu.int). Bibliographische Daten befinden sich am Ende der VeroÈ ffentlichung. Luxemburg: Amt fuÈ r amtliche VeroÈ ffentlichungen der EuropaÈ ischen Gemeinschaften, 1999 ISBN 92-828-7196-7 EuropaÈ ische Gemeinschaften, 1999 Nachdruck mit Quellenangabe gestattet. Printed in Belgium GEDRUCKT AUF CHLORFREI GEBLEICHTEM PAPIER Inhalt HINWEIS FUÈ R DEN LESER 6 VORWORT VON KAREL VAN MIERT 7 Erstel Teil Ð XXVIII. Bericht uÈ ber die Wettbewerbspolitik (1998) 13 EINLEITUNG 19 I Ð Kartellverbot: Artikel 81 und 82 Staatliche Monopole und Monopolrechte: Artikel 31 und 86 27 A Ð Die Modernisierung des Rechts- und Auslegungsrahmens 27 B Ð Die Konsolidierung des Binnenmarkts 36 C Ð Die Wettbewerbspolitik in einzelnen Wirtschaftszweigen# 43 D Ð Statistischer UÈ berblick 64 II Ð Fusionskontrolle 67 A Ð Einleitung 67 B Ð Neue Entwicklungen 70 C Ð Statistischer UÈ berblick 88 III Ð Staatliche Beihilfen 91 A Ð Allgemeine Politik 91 B Ð Der Begriff der staatlichen Beihilfe 94 C Ð Vereinbarkeit staatlicher Beihilfen mit dem Gemeinsamen Markt 100 D Ð Verfahren 117 E Ð Statistischer UÈ berblick 121 IV Ð Internationale Zusammenarbeit 123 A Ð Erweiterung 123 B Ð Bilaterale Zusammenarbeit 126 C Ð Multilaterale Zusammenarbeit 131 V Ð Vorausschau 1999 135 ANHANG Ð BEHANDELTE FAÈ LLE 139 BER. WETTB. 1998 4 INHALT Zweiter Teil Ð Bericht uÈ ber die Anwendung der Wettbewerbsregelnin der EuropaÈ ischen Union 145 I Ð Kartellverbot: Artikel 81 und 82 EG-Vertrag Ð Artikel 65 und 66 EGKS-Vertrag 151 A Ð Zusammenfassung wichtiger EinzelfaÈ lle 151 B Ð Von der Kommission vorgeschlagene oder angenommene neue Rechtsvorschriften und Mitteilungen bzw. Bekanntmachungen 189 CÐFoÈ rmliche Entscheidungen gemaÈ û Artikel 81, 82 und 86 EG-Vertrag 189 D Ð Verfahrenseinstellungen durch Verwaltungsschreiben 1998 191 E Ð Bekanntmachungen gemaÈ û Artikel 81 und 82 EG-Vertrag 196 F Ð Pressemitteilungen 197 G Ð Urteile und Anordnungen der Gemeinschaftsgerichte 199 II Ð Fusionskontrolle: Verordnung (EWG) Nr. 4064/89 des Rates und Artikel 66 EGKS- Vertrag 203 A Ð Zusammenfassung von Entscheidungen nach Artikel 6 Absatz 1 Buchstabe b) der Ver- ordnung (EWG) Nr. 4064/89 des Rates 203 B Ð Zusammenfassung von Entscheidungen nach Artikel 8 der Verordnung (EWG) Nr. 4064/89 des Rates 209 C Ð Entscheidungen nach Artikel 2 Absatz 4 der Verordnung (EWG) Nr. 4064/89 des Rates uÈ ber Gemeinschaftsunternehmen 216 D Ð Entscheidungen der Kommission 218 E Ð Pressemitteilungen 225 F Ð Urteile der Gemeinschaftsgerichte 234 III Ð Staatliche Beihilfen 235 A Ð Zusammenfassung von EinzelfaÈ llen 235 B Ð Von der Kommission vorgeschlagene oder angenommene neue Rechtsvorschriften und Mitteilungen bzw. Bekanntmachungen 297 C Ð Staatliche Beihilfen in anderen Bereichen als der Landwirtschaft, der Fischerei, dem Verkehr und dem Kohlenbergbau 298 D Ð Staatliche Beihilfen in anderen Bereichen 320 E Ð Urteile der Gemeinschaftsgerichte 333 F Ð Vollzug von Entscheidungen der Kommission uÈ ber die RuÈ ckerstattung von Beihilfen 334 IV Ð Internationale Beziehungen 341 V Ð Die Anwendung des Wettbewerbsrechts in den Mitgliedstaaten 359 A Ð Gesetzgeberische Entwicklungen 359 B Ð Anwendung der Wettbewerbsregeln der Gemeinschaft durch die nationalen BehoÈ rden 368 C Ð Anwendung der Wettbewerbsregeln der Gemeinschaft durch die Gerichte der Mit- gliedstaaten 382 BER. WETTB. 1998 INHALT 5 D Ð DurchfuÈ hrung der Bekanntmachung von 1993 uÈ ber die Zusammenarbeit zwischen der Kommission und den Gerichten der Mitgliedstaaten 392 Anhang: Stand der Umsetzung der Bestimmungen der Artikel 81 und 82 durch die nationa- len WettbewerbsbehoÈ rden 396 VI Ð Statistik 399 A Ð Artikel 81, 82 und 86 EG-Vertrag + Artikel 65 EGKS-Vertrag 399 B Ð Fusionskontrollverordnung 400 C Ð Staatliche Beihilfen 401 VII Ð Studien 405 VIII Ð Die Reaktionen auf den XXVII. Bericht 409 A Ð EuropaÈ isches Parlament 409 B Ð Wirtschafts- und Sozialausschuû 429 BER. WETTB. 1998 Hinweis fuÈ r den Leser Der Amsterdamer Vertrag ist am 1. Mai 1999 in Kraft getreten. GemaÈû dieses Vertrages werden der Vertrag uÈ ber die EuropaÈische Union sowie der Vertrag zur GruÈ ndung der EuropaÈischen Gemeinschaft neu numeriert. Auch wenn sich der vorliegende Bericht hauptsaÈchlich auf das Jahr 1998 bezieht, wird die neue Numerierung verwendet. Allerdings wird die alte Numerierung noch in den FaÈllen erwaÈhnt, in denen im Text ausdruÈ cklich ein Rechtsakt zitiert wird, der vor der Umnumerierung angenommen worden ist. Dasselbe gilt wenn Inhalte von Dokumenten zitiert werden, die vor dem 1. Mai 1999 abgefaût worden sind. Um den Leser hierauf aufmerksam zu machen, wird der auf der alten Numerierung basierende Artikel in kursiv gedruckt. Um das Lesen des XXVIII Berichts zu erleichtern, wird hinsichtlich der zitierten Artikel folgende Vergleichstabelle beigefuÈ gt: Alte Numerierung Neue Numerierung Artikel 37 Artikel 31 Artikel 85 Artikel 81 Artikel 86 Artikel 82 Artikel 89 Artikel 85 Artikel 90 Artikel 86 Artikel 92 Artikel 87 Artikel 93 Artikel 88 Artikel 100A Artikel 95 Artikel 173 Artikel 230 Artikel 175 Artikel 232 Artikel 177 Artikel 234 Artikel 190 Artikel 253 BER. WETTB. 1998 VORWORT VON KAREL VAN MIERT, fuÈ r Wettbewerbspolitik zustaÈ ndiges Kommissionsmitglied Mit dem Bericht des vergangenen Jahres wurde eine neue Art des Vorworts eingefuÈ hrt, die mir Gelegenheit gab, uÈ ber die reine AktualitaÈt hinausgehende Fragen anzusprechen und die Wettbe- werbspolitik vor einem groÈ ûeren Hintergrund darzustellen. Da diese Neuerung Anklang gefunden hat, habe ich beschlossen, in derselben Weise fortzufahren. Um einem vom EuropaÈischen Parlament sowie vom Wirtschafts- und Sozialausschuû wiederholt bekundeten Anliegen nachzukommen, moÈ chte ich in diesem Jahr wegen der wachsenden internationalen Tragweite der von der Kommission durch- zusetzenden Wettbewerbsregeln vor allem von unserer internationalen TaÈtigkeit sprechen. In diesem Zusammenhang moÈ chte ich insbesondere darauf hinweisen, wie wuÈ nschenswert eine staÈrkere internationale Zusammenarbeit zwischen den WettbewerbsbehoÈ rden ist. Diese Zusammen- arbeit stuÈ tzt sich bisher weitgehend auf bilaterale Vereinbarungen, von denen viele aÈuûerst effizient sind. Langfristig aber wird man generell erkennen muÈ ssen, daû es nicht nur wuÈ nschenswert, sondern sogar notwendig ist, auch einen multilateralen Rahmen zu schaffen, um zu gewaÈhrleisten, daû bestimmte wesentliche WettbewerbsgrundsaÈtze befolgt werden. Auf diese Weise wuÈ rden die beeindruckenden Fortschritte, die in den letzten Jahrzehnten im Bereich der Liberalisierung des Handels erzielt worden sind, nicht dadurch untergraben, daû wettbewerbswidrigen Verhaltensweisen von auf weltweiter Ebene konkurrierenden Unternehmen nicht wirksam begegenet werden kann. Die Globalisierung und die Gefahr wettbewerbsbeschraÈnkender Praktiken Durch die staÈndig wachsende Integration der WeltmaÈrkte erreicht die Verflechtung zwischen den LaÈndern ein noch nie dagewesenes Ausmaû. Nach dem erfolgreichen Abschluû der Uruguay-Runde sind die Handelsschranken in den letzten zehn Jahren immer schneller abgebaut worden. Die Unternehmen profitieren von dieser OÈ ffnung, was sich daran zeigt, daû das Handelsvolumen enorm gestiegen ist. In vielen Wirtschaftszweigen konkurrieren die Unternehmen in weltweiten MaÈrkten, wodurch sie groÈ ûer werden und sich zu multinationalen Unternehmen entwickeln. In den vergangenen Jahren haben mehrere sogenannte ¹Megafusionenª zwischen Unternehmen aus verschiedenen Kontinenten stattgefunden, die die Entstehung global operierender Gesellschaften zur Folge hatten. Unternehmen, die nicht bereits in mehreren LaÈndern praÈsent sind, schlieûen haÈufig strategische Allianzen, durch die sie zusammen mit internationalen Partnern in auslaÈndische MaÈrkte vorstoûen koÈ nnen. Dies ist insbesondere in Bereichen der Spitzentechnologie der Fall, wie Telekommunikation, Informationstechnologie, Unterhaltungelektronik, Luftverkehr und Pharmazeutik. Die Kommission muûte mit der zunehmenden Globalisierung der MaÈrkte schritthalten und bei der Untersuchung von Wettbewerbsproblemen in immer staÈrkerem Maûe den Marktdaten auûerhalb der EuropaÈischen Union Rechnung tragen. Unter diesen UmstaÈnden ist es keineswegs uÈ berraschend, daû Wettbewerbsprobleme ein globales Ausmaû annehmen. Wettbewerbswidrige Verhaltensweisen, einschlieûlich wettbewerbswidriger Vereinbarungen zwischen Unternehmen und MiûbraÈuchen marktbeherrschender Stellungen, werden BER. WETTB. 1998 8 VORWORT VON KAREL VAN MIERT nicht durch geographische Grenzen aufgehalten. Die Entstehung staÈndig groÈ ûerer multinationaler Unternehmen, die uÈ ber die notwendigen technischen und finanziellen Mittel verfuÈ gen, um global taÈtig zu sein, bringt die Gefahr mit sich, daû diese Unternehmen entweder einseitig oder im Einvernehmen mit anderen Unternehmen Maûnahmen ergreifen, um auf diesen globalen MaÈrkten den Wettbewerb einzuschraÈnken oder ihre Marktmacht auszunutzen. Kann sich derartiges wettbewerbswidriges Verhalten unkontrolliert entfalten, so darf ohne UÈ bertreibung behauptet werden, daû viele der weltweiten MarktoÈ ffnung zu verdankende Vorteile zunichte gemacht werden koÈ nnten. TatsaÈchlich koÈ nnten die mit der Liberalisierung des Handels einhergehenden vermehrten MoÈ glichkeiten zur weltweiten
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