Pilot Study on the Use of LNG As a Fuel for a High Speed Passenger Ship from the Port of Spain Ferry Terminal in Trinidad and Tobago TRINIDAD and TOBAGO
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Pilot study on the use of LNG as a fuel for a high speed passenger ship from the Port of Spain ferry terminal in Trinidad and Tobago TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO LNG_combined.indb 85 2/2/2016 12:29:13 PM TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO LNG_combined.indb 86 2/2/2016 12:29:13 PM Contents Page List of abbreviations and acronyms............................................ 91 Conversion factors ........................................................ 93 List of figures ............................................................ 95 List of tables ............................................................. 97 Summary . 99 Acknowledgements........................................................ 101 1 Introduction ........................................................... 103 1.1 Background ......................................................... 103 1.2 Objectives of the pilot study............................................. 103 1.3 Scope and methodology contribute ....................................... 103 2 Current traffic and future requirements .................................. 105 2.1 Ports and marine infrastructure in Trinidad and Tobago ....................... 105 2.2 Trinidad and Tobago inter-island ferry services, TTIT .......................... 106 2.2.1 Present fleet of vessels............................................ 107 2.2.2 Port infrastructure . 111 2.2.3 Route and schedule.............................................. 114 2.2.4 Passenger statistics . 115 2.3 Water taxi services operating from the Port of Spain water taxi terminal .......... 115 2.3.1 Present fleet and terminals......................................... 115 2.3.2 Routes and timetables ............................................ 116 2.3.3 Fuel consumption and possibilities for future use of LNG as ship fuel ......... 116 2.4 Environmental performance and exhaust emissions ........................... 117 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 2.4.1 Fuel oil consumption and emissions from current ferry services ............. 117 2.4.2 Possible reduction of emissions by the introduction of LNG fuel ............ 117 3 LNG supply chain and bunkering infrastructure ........................... 119 3.1 General requirements of a supply chain for LNG as marine fuel ................. 119 3.2 Supply chains ........................................................ 119 3.3 Possible bunkering solutions............................................. 120 3.3.1 Truck to ship (TTS) .............................................. 121 3.3.2 Intermediate tank via pipeline to ship (ITPS)............................ 122 3.3.3 Ship to Ship (STS) ............................................... 122 3.3.4 Container to ship (CTS) ........................................... 123 3.4 Demand estimation for TTIT’s high speed ferry services........................ 123 3.5 Supply chain 1 – Truck delivery .......................................... 124 3.5.1 Source ....................................................... 125 3.5.2 Required equipage and staff ....................................... 125 3.5.3 Scheduling .................................................... 125 3.5.4 Other consideration ............................................. 126 LNG_combined.indb 87 2/2/2016 12:29:14 PM 88 Trinidad and Tobago Page 3.6 Supply chain 2 – Local production ........................................ 127 3.6.1 Source ....................................................... 127 3.6.2 Required equipage and staff ....................................... 128 3.6.3 Scheduling .................................................... 129 3.6.4 Other consideration ............................................. 129 3.7 Supply chain 3 – Bunker barge ........................................... 129 3.7.1 Source ....................................................... 129 3.7.2 Required equipage and staff ....................................... 129 3.7.3 Scheduling .................................................... 130 3.7.4 Other consideration ............................................. 130 4 Regulatory design requirements.......................................... 131 4.1 Regulatory gaps and development of new frameworks......................... 131 4.2 High speed vessels .................................................... 131 4.2.1 Resolution MSC.285(86) .......................................... 131 4.2.2 Class rules..................................................... 132 4.2.3 The forthcoming IGF code ........................................ 132 4.2.4 International Code of Safety for High-Speed Craft, HSC Code .............. 132 4.2.5 Education of crew ............................................... 132 4.2.6 HSC FRANCISCO............................................... 132 4.2.7 Defining applicable design requirements for LNG fuelled HSC.............. 133 4.3 Bunkering and local distribution facilities .................................. 133 4.3.1 Trucks ........................................................ 133 4.3.2 Other LNG bunkering modes and operations........................... 133 5 Safety issues and risk assessment......................................... 135 5.1 Risk assessment methodology for LNG bunkering of ferries ..................... 135 5.2 Experience of risks and risk control for LNG bunkering ........................ 137 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 5.2.1 Safety records from LNG bunkering operations ......................... 137 5.3 Environmental and climatological conditions ................................ 137 5.3.1 Prevailing wind conditions......................................... 137 5.3.2 Prevailing sea conditions .......................................... 138 5.3.3 Extreme weather phenomena and natural disaster risks ................... 138 5.3.4 Other extreme conditions and phenomena ............................ 139 5.4 Identified hazards associated with the proposed activities and facilities ........... 139 5.4.1 Supply chain 1 – Truck delivery..................................... 139 5.4.2 Supply chain 2a – Local production close to ferry terminal ................ 140 5.4.3 Supply chain 2b – Small-scale local production and trucking to PoS ......... 141 5.4.4 Supply chain 3 – Bunker barge ..................................... 141 5.4.5 Maximum spill in case of guillotine hose rupture ........................ 142 5.4.6 Ranking of identified hazard ....................................... 142 5.5 Risk assessment ...................................................... 143 5.5.1 Hazards associated with road accidents with LNG truck .................. 143 5.5.2 Hazards associated with leakage from LNG hoses or loading arms .......... 144 LNG_combined.indb 88 2/2/2016 12:29:14 PM Contents 89 Page 5.6 Risk control ......................................................... 145 5.6.1 Operational procedures........................................... 146 5.6.2 Technical measures and devices .................................... 146 5.6.3 Training and education ........................................... 147 5.6.4 Emergency preparedness and contingency plans . 147 5.6.5 Public participation and hearing .................................... 147 5.7 Risk evaluation ....................................................... 147 5.8 Comparison of the LNG supply chains from a safety perspective................. 147 5.8.1 LNG bunkering in Port of Spain ferry terminal .......................... 148 5.8.2 LNG bunkering in Scarborough ferry terminal in Tobago .................. 149 6 Cost estimations for newbuildings, retrofit and LNG infrastructure.......... 151 6.1 Newbuilding ......................................................... 151 6.1.1 FRANCISCO................................................... 151 6.1.2 Replacement vessels ............................................. 151 6.2 Conversion of T&T SPIRIT............................................... 151 6.2.1 Main engines .................................................. 151 6.2.2 Fuel system .................................................... 152 6.2.3 Total cost ..................................................... 152 6.3 Operational costs for LNG fuelled high speed vessels ......................... 152 6.3.1 Crew and education ............................................. 152 6.3.2 Maintenance ................................................... 152 6.4 LNG bunkering infrastructure ........................................... 153 6.4.1 Supply chain 1; Direct truck supply .................................. 153 6.4.2 Supply chain 2; Local production ................................... 154 6.4.3 Supply chain 3; Bunker barge ...................................... 156 6.5 Fuel cost estimations and comparison of identified supply chains ................ 157 7 Results and recommendations ........................................... 159 7.1 Cost for reconstruction or newbuilding .................................... 159 7.2 Supply chain cost and fuel price comparison ................................ 159 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 7.3 Safety considerations .................................................. 160 7.4 Further studies and other pilot applications ................................. 161 8 Bibliography ........................................................... 163 Appendix 1 Pilot study on the use of LNG as a fuel for a high speed passenger ship from the Port of Spain ferry terminal in Trinidad and Tobago – Site visits and project meetings conducted by the consultant team .............. 167 Appendix 2 Pilot study on the use of LNG as a fuel for a high speed passenger ship from the Port