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PRRAC POVERTY & RACE RESEARCH ACTION COUNCIL March/April 2007 Volume 16: Number 2

The Memphis Strike: Martin Luther King’s Last Campaign by Michael Honey

Located in the heart of the Mis- trical wires. He pulled the truck over financed life insurance policy cover- sissippi River delta, Memphis often to the curb at 4:20 pm, but the ram ing death benefits up to $2,000, but drips with humidity so heavy that already was jamming Cole and Walker Walker and Cole could not afford it. merely walking outside is the equiva- back into the compactor. Because the City listed them as unclas- lent of taking a shower. When the skies One of the men lurched forward and sified, hourly employees (they could finally burst open, rain falls so hard nearly escaped, but the ram snagged be fired on a moment’s notice), the that people scurry for shelter. his raincoat and dragged him back. “He state’s workmen’s compensation On February 1, 1968, Echol Cole, was standing there on the end of the didn’t cover them. The two men’s 36, and Robert Walker, 30, rode out truck, and suddenly it looked like the deaths left their wives and children a driving Memphis rainstorm by big thing just swallowed him,” said a destitute. A funeral home held the climbing inside one of the sanitation horrified woman. men’s bodies until the families found division’s old “wiener barrel” trucks. T.O. Jones, a union organizer, a way to pay for their caskets. The City The walls inside the packer were caked knew both of the men. He called their gave their families one month’s salary with putrefying garbage of all sorts— deaths “a disgrace and a sin.” Two men and $500 for each man, but burial ex- yard waste, dead chickens, moldy had already been killed in 1964 due to penses of $900 for each worker used food. Any port in a storm, they say. a faulty garbage packer that rolled a that up. At the end of a miserable, cold truck over. And Jones had already These avoidable deaths rubbed raw workday, Cole’s and Walker’s soiled, taken a grievance to the commissioner some long-existing frustrations. Work- worn-out clothes smelled of garbage. of the Department of Public Works ers had sparred with the administra- The City did not provide them with (DPW), asking that this particular truck tion of the Department of Public gloves, uniforms or a place to shower. no longer be used. Instead of junking Works about many issues, including They did hard, heavy work, lifting the old garbage packer, the sanitation (Please turn to page 2) garbage tubs and carrying them on division of DPW had tried to extend their shoulders or heads or pushcarts its life by putting in a second motor to to dump their contents into outmoded run the compactor after the first one CONTENTS: trucks. On this particular day, Cole wore out. Workers jump-started it in MLK’s Memphis and Walker rode in a precarious, stink- the morning and let the motor run all Campaign ...... 1 ing perch between a hydraulic ram used day long, pouring in fuel periodically. CERD ...... 3 to mash garbage into a small wad and It was an accident just waiting to hap- CERD in Berkeley ...... 4 the wall of the truck’s cavernous con- pen. tainer. The two dead men were black. Memphis Congressman As crew chief Willie Crain drove Jones was black. Almost everyone Steve Cohen ...... 8 the loaded garbage packer along Co- working in sanitation was black, ex- Apologies/ lonial Street to the Shelby Drive dump, cept the bosses. Hauling garbage was Reparations ...... 10 he heard the hydraulic ram go into the kind of work the City assigned to 2006 Witt Internship 12 action, perhaps set off by a shovel that blacks only. Resources ...... 13 had jarred loose and crossed some elec- The City provided a voluntary, self-

Poverty & Race Research Action Council • 1015 15th Street NW • Suite 400 • Washington, DC 20005 202/906-8023 • FAX: 202/842-2885 • E-mail: [email protected] • www.prrac.org Recycled Paper (MEMPHIS: Continued from page 1) denied them adequate education, train- Rights Act of 1965. But King’s sec- ing and promotion ladders to better ond phase required a more radical de- the use of faulty equipment. The city jobs. They routinely endured police mand: to resolve centuries of inter- had no facilities for black workers to brutality and unjust incarceration. twined racial and economic injustice wash up, to change clothes or to get Many sanitation workers made so by overhauling American capitalism. out of the rain. little that they qualified for welfare As if that were not enough, King even after working a 40-hour week. had opened yet another front. In a And they couldn’t even count on those stunning speech at Riverside Church The Context hours—white supervisors sent them in New York City on April 4—one home without pay or fired them on the year to the day before his death—King African Americans constituted slightest pretext. Like most whites in offered the most severe moral indict- nearly 40% of a Memphis population Memphis, many of these supervisors ment of imperialism of his generation. of 500,000 in the mid-1960s, and 58% thought of blacks as their personal ser- He boldly condemned America’s Viet- of the city’s black families lived in nam War as an unjustified, cynical and poverty—10% above the national av- T.O Jones, a union hopeless slaughter of poor people of erage and almost four times the rate color. He critiqued the origins and ef- of poverty among Memphis’ white organizer, called the fects of the war, in which a million families. Many black families shat- workers’ deaths “a Vietnamese had already died, but he tered under the pressure; the unem- disgrace and a sin.” went further, saying, “The war in Viet- ployed and people with marginal jobs nam is but a symptom of a far deeper suffered disproportionately from dia- malady within the American spirit.” betes, sickle-cell anemia, high blood vants. They called people like Ed He spoke of corporate investments pressure and cancer. More than 80% Gillis—72 years old in 1968—“boy.” abroad and American support for mili- of employed black men worked as la- On February 12—Lincoln’s Birth- tary dictatorships, and of greed. “We borers, while most black women with day—Gillis and others on the sewer and must rapidly begin the shift from a paid jobs worked in the homes of drainage crew had had enough. They ‘thing-oriented’ society to a ‘person- whites or in the service economy. and nearly 1,300 black men in the oriented’ society. When machines and Industrial unions had organized Memphis Department of Public computers, profit motives and prop- some of the manufacturing industries, Works, giving no notice to anyone, erty rights are considered more impor- but most had not reached out to work- went on strike. Little did they imag- tant than people, the giant triplets of ers in what economists called the sec- ine that their decision would challenge racism, materialism and militarism are ondary labor market. White employ- generations of white supremacy in incapable of being conquered.” ers and craft union members alike for Memphis and have staggering conse- But rather than making the war his many years had barred African Ameri- quences for the nation. Six weeks later, top priority, as James Bevel urged, cans from entry into skilled jobs. The Martin Luther King, Jr. came to Mem- King thought the Movement should ready prospect of getting fired forced phis, prepared to defy an injunction merge its issues—linking racism, pov- many black workers to take what the and lead a community-wide mass erty and war as parts of an oppressive white man dished out. Segregation march on behalf of the strikers. system that needed to be changed. He tried to move from an “inadequate pro- test phase to a stage of massive, ac- Poverty and Race (ISSN 1075-3591) tive, nonviolent resistance to the evils is published six times a year by the Building a Movement Poverty & Race Research Action Coun- of the modern system.” Rather than cil, 1015 15th Street NW, Suite 400, For King, the Movement had al- seeking to integrate into existing val- Washington, DC 20005, 202/906- ready reached a turning point. Too ues, he said, blacks had to change those 8023, fax: 202/842-2885, E-mail: many crises erupted at the same time, values and the system that produced [email protected]. Chester Hartman, so that whenever he tried to address them. The black freedom movement, Editor. Subscriptions are $25/year, one set of circumstances, another set he said, “is forcing America to face $45/two years. Foreign postage extra. would quickly arise. To counter the all its interrelated flaws of racism, pov- Articles, article suggestions, letters and general comments are welcome, as are Movement’s fragmentation, he in- erty, militarism and materialism. It is notices of publications, conferences, creasingly tried to find a unifying exposing evils that are deeply rooted job openings, etc. for our Resources theme and strategy in a “second phase” in the whole structure of our society.” Section. Articles generally may be re- that would lead to the realization of Life itself, not theory, had revealed printed, providing PRRAC gives ad- economic and social justice as well as “that radical reconstruction of society vance permission. civil rights. King still pushed for the itself is the real issue to be faced.” © Copyright 2007 by the Poverty coalition between labor and civil rights King made numerous speeches to & Race Research Action Council. All rights reserved. that had triumphed in passing the Civil unions throughout the 1960s, and in Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting (Please turn to page 7)

2• Poverty & Race • Vol. 16, No. 2• March/April 2007 The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination — 2007 by Philip Tegeler

This spring, the State Department monitor and take affirmative steps to enforceable in court. Also unclear is is in the process of preparing its long- address general societal discrimination the role of state and local governments overdue report to the U.N. on the and segregation, including the continu- in the CERD reporting process—and United States’ compliance with the ing legacy of historical discrimination. although the treaty makes clear, and International Convention on the Elimi- The CERD compliance review the U.S. has accepted, that CERD ap- nation of All Forms of Racial Discrimi- comes at an awkward time for the U.S. plies to all levels of local, state and nation (CERD). This occasion presents government: The treaty essentially re- federal government, the U.S. report a unique opportunity for domestic civil quires race-conscious remedies (or “af- is unlikely to include more than a rights and anti-poverty groups to ques- firmative action”) in order to respond handful of states. (See accompanying tion the federal government’s commit- to societal discrimination and segre- article by Ann Fagan Ginger.) ment to civil rights on an international gation, but the Administration is si- A great many domestic advocacy stage. multaneously arguing in the U.S. Su- organizations (known as non-govern- Originally approved by the U.N. in preme Court (in the Louisville and mental organizations or “NGOs” in in- 1965 as an international response to ternational human rights parlance) are South African Apartheid, CERD has expected to participate in the upcom- now been ratified by 173 countries. The U.S. Human Rights ing CERD process by reviewing and It was ratified by the U.S. Senate in Network supports the responding to the upcoming U.S. re- 1994, and it is one of only three inter- use of international port in so-called “shadow reports” to national human rights treaties the U.S. human rights law in be submitted to the U.N.’s Commit- has ratified (the other two are the Con- domestic advocacy. tee on the Elimination of Racial Dis- vention Against Torture and the In- crimination. After receiving the U.S. ternational Covenant on Civil and report and receiving shadow reports Political Rights). The CERD treaty is Seattle school cases) that race-con- from U.S. NGOs, the U.N. Commit- remarkable in its scope—it addresses scious remedies are barred by the U.S. tee will be able to question the U.S. not just “intentional” discrimination Constitution (see Nov./Dec. Poverty on the record, and can make conclud- (an increasingly dubious concept) but & Race for an extended discussion). ing observations that, while not di- also policies and practices that have the The treaty also bars government poli- rectly enforceable, are expected to effect of discriminating against or seg- cies that have the effect of discrimi- have significant impact on U.S. regating racial and ethnic minorities. nating—but a few years after the U.S. policy. CERD requires state parties to exam- ratified CERD, the U.S. Supreme The U.S. Human Rights Network ine and reform their own policies that Court ruled that this domestic law ob- (USHRN), a relatively new national create racial disparities and segrega- ligation, under Title VI of the Civil coalition of organizations that supports tion—and it also requires states to Rights Act of 1964, was no longer the use of international human rights law in domestic advocacy, will be play- For more information, or contact information on specific working groups, ing a coordinating role in the CERD contact the U.S. Human Rights Network (www.ushrnetwork.org) or see the process, to try to consolidate the sub- helpful links below: missions of domestic NGOs so that the U.N. Committee receives a coherent CERD Shadow Reporting Website, with more information and guides: set of recommendations and analysis http://www.ushrnetwork.org/page227.cfm from the progressive movement. CERD Shadow Reporting Listserv: At present, the following working http://groups.yahoo.com/group/cerdshadow/ groups are in formation, and more may follow. Each of these groups will in- CERD – Official UN website: clude multiple organizations, and in http://www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/index.htm some cases will also include academic The address of the U.N. Committee is: Chair, Committee on Elimination researchers who have published in the of Racial Discrimination, c/o U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights, field: Criminal justice system issues; UNOG-OHCHR, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. Educational disparities and segrega- (Please turn to page 13) March/April 2007 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 16, No. 2 • 3 New Paths for Action Against Racism and Poverty in the United States and All Its Territories by Ann Fagan Ginger

There is a little known law on the “race, color, descent, or national or What about CERD? books in the U.S. today that a few ethnic origin,” just as the U.S. requires people are starting to use successfully every nation seeking funding from the This reporting process opens up new against acts of discrimination based on World Bank or the International Mon- opportunities for everyone concerned race and poverty. etary Fund to make periodic reports about official and unofficial forms of When I ask activists and journal- or lose such funding. And the Con- discrimination based on race (and pov- ists, lawyers and city officials, students gress requires the State Department to erty and gender), at the local as well and professors whether the U.S. ever make a report every year on the hu- as the national levels, because the ratified the U.N. Convention on man rights situation in every nation in CERD Committee has specifically rec- Elimination of All Forms of Racial the world, which they must use in de- ommended that the next U.S. “peri- Discrimination (CERD), almost ev- ciding whether any U.S. aid should go odic report contain comprehensive in- eryone says they doubt it. to that country (Foreign Assistance formation on its implementation at the When I advise that the Senate did Act, 22 U.S.C. 2151p-2151D). state and local levels and in all territo- quietly ratify this treaty in 1994 (140 We recently saw another example ries under United States jurisdiction, Cong. Rec.S7634, 660 U.N.T.S. of the value of a nation making a re- including Puerto Rico, the Virgin Is- 1959), which includes the duty to file port to one of the U.N. Human Rights lands, American Samoa, Guam and reports with the CERD Committee Committees. It is not a page-one head- the Northern Mariana Islands.” This every two years, and ask whether the line story, but the fact is that the U.S. obviously includes all Native Ameri- U.S. has ever filed these reports, most can reservations and should include all assume no reports have been filed. other territories under U.S. jurisdic- When I advise that the U.S. did file A treaty is “the supreme tion. (The U.S. is contesting its duty its first report just before the U.N. law of the land” under to report on CERD enforcement/vio- World Conference Against Racism in the U.S. Constitution. lations at Guantanamo and Abu Durban in 2001, they are surprised, Ghraib.) The Committee also recom- but not when I advise that the second mended that the U.S. “undertake the report has yet to be filed. Government was sufficiently shamed necessary measures to ensure the con- And they often say that ratifying such by the comments of members of the sistent application of the provisions of a treaty doesn’t make any difference U.N. Human Rights Committee con- the Convention at all levels of gov- in the discriminatory practices of cit- cerning alleged racism in dealing with ernment.” ies, counties, states or the federal gov- Katrina victims (“internally displaced ernment in the United States and its persons”) that the U.S. took several territories, or the actions of corpora- steps. It said more money was being Will Berkeley Be the First? tions that do business with the gov- sent to aid the victims. And it said an ernment, because the U.S. has a long investigation was under way as to what It is useful to describe the series of history of breaking treaties. happened on the bridge when people events that are moving Berkeley, Cali- I reply that “Nelson Mandela of color and people with little money fornia into becoming the first U.S. city wouldn’t agree with you. That is, the tried to flee to higher ground. And for to actually file a report with the state heroic people of South Africa found a the first time it agreed to a series of Attorney General for inclusion in what way to cause the United Nations Gen- off-the-record meetings with a network should be his first state report for in- eral Assembly to declare that apartheid of Non-Governmental Organizations to clusion in the U.S. State Department’s is a crime, and isolated the South Af- discuss how to improve compliance Second Report to a U.N. human rights rican government, which did help with the suggestions the U.N. Com- committee. The path to compliance in shorten the time until apartheid was mittees made in their Concluding Ob- Berkeley turns out to be about the same ended.” servations after hearing and discussing as it would be in any other city, once A treaty is “the supreme law of the the U.S. Reports to the U.N. Human the officials acknowledge the treaty and land” under the U.S. Constitution, Rights Committee and the U.N. Com- reporting requirements. Article VI, clause 2. And when the mittee Against Torture (UN DocA/56/ The reason Berkeley can be moved U.S. ratified this treaty, it made a com- 18, ¶¶ 380-407 [2001]). faster today is that in 1990, the City mitment to make the required periodic Council adopted Articles 55 and 56 of reports on discrimination based on the U.N. Charter as Berkeley Human

4 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 16, No. 2• March/April 2007 Rights Ordinance No. 5985 N.S. And for a resolution proposed to the Ber- in 1993, the Berkeley Commission on keley City Council on any subject of City, state and even federal Peace and Justice (which I then global as well as local significance to government reports to U.N. chaired) convinced the Berkeley City include a requirement that a copy be Committees must be kept short! Council to request that its Youth, La- sent to the U.N. Committee chair in The U.N. must translate every bor, and Status of Women Commis- care of the U.N. High Commissioner report into six languages, which sions and its Police Review Board pre- for Human Rights. takes much staff time and money pare reports on their actions covered In January 2007, the Berkeley the U.N. does not have. by the International Covenant on Civil Commission on Peace and Justice NGOs making unofficial and Political Rights, derived from the adopted a resolution asking the City “shadow” reports are also Universal Declaration of Human Council to take several steps to enforce strongly advised to keep this in Rights. These reports were submitted CERD: mind. to the U.S. State Department for in- 1) Agree to make a City report, re- clusion in its First Report to the U.N. quiring every City department to hold Human Rights Committee, which en- training sessions on the provisions of entation, marital status, political af- forces that treaty. While the State De- CERD. filiation, physical or mental disability partment never acknowledged receipt 2) Send the report to the state At- or medical condition? Please provide of this report, the City also sent the torney General for use in making his copies of written policies and proce- report directly to the Committee. state report. dures. I was one of two representatives of 3) Notify the County Board of Su- 2. How many allegations from citi- Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Institute pervisors about the report. zens did your Department receive in who attended Committee meetings in 4) Urge the state Attorney General FY 2006 & FY 2005? New York in 1995 when this first U.S. 3. What was the outcome from these report was discussed. I learned several The reporting process cases? things from this experience: 4. Provide a summary of your 1) Committee members can all be opens up new Department’s current programs and/ invited to informal social events or opportunities for or services that address racial discrimi- teach-ins, before their formal U.N. everyone concerned nation and its effects (e.g., economic sessions with U.S. Government offi- about official and and social disparities) in the Berkeley cials, where NGOs can discuss infor- unofficial forms of community. For each program/ser- mally the issues raised in their unoffi- discrimination based vice, briefly describe the problem and cial “shadow” reports. how your Department addresses it. If 2) Committee members from all on race. data are readily available, please pro- over the world welcome the chance to vide highlights. (Examples might in- learn more about a nation from NGOs, to contact all cities and counties to clude number of people of color served since many are professors and active make reports to him for inclusion in versus total number of people served; community leaders in their nations. his state report. data describing the problem, such as This can lead them to ask very perti- The Berkeley Senior Management data on economic disparities in the nent questions of State Department, Analyst of the Department of Health community; or data illustrating change Justice, Labor, Environmental Protec- and Human Services soon prepared the in the effects of discrimination or in tion Agency, etc. officials attending required preliminary template—i.e., service levels over time.) the Committee sessions, questions that Department questionnaire: “The city 5. Briefly describe any new pro- would not have arisen from simply of Berkeley has a long history of sup- grams or services under development reading the official report with few porting efforts to promote human or that may be needed to meet emerg- examples of actual events. rights and the elimination of barriers ing or underserved needs.” 3) The fact that a City official must to those human rights. To honor the A problem: The City Council and prepare and send a report to a U.N. local reporting requirements under the City Manager have no authority over Committee in Geneva brings the whole Convention, each City Department is the City Superintendent of Schools or U.N. process into the thinking of that asked to respond to the following ques- the District Attorney of the County. official and everyone who works on tions: It remains to be seen who will ask these the report. Since 1993, it is common 1. What are your Department’s bodies to submit reports to the City policies and procedures to address al- Manager to include in his report. And Visit PRRAC’s legations of discrimination by citizens will the City government assume au- who feel they were denied access to a thority over corporations doing busi- website at: City program or service based upon ness in the city to require them to www.prrac.org race, color, religion, ancestry, na- change their policies based on an in- tional origin, age, gender, sexual ori- (Please turn to page 6)

March/April 2007 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 16, No. 2 • 5 (NEW PATHS: Continued from page 5) defendant and the victim, including prepare the required reports and sub- capital punishment cases. mit them to the State Department, ternational treaty they also never heard Did the city/county/state act when which can include them in the updated of? the disparity was brought to their at- report to the Committee will file shortly tention? before the Committee considers the 3. Describe examples of government U.S. report in August 2008. Beyond Berkeley acting to stop discrimination based on race or national origin in employment At its February 2007 meeting, the practices: hiring, pay, compulsory One Report Can Lead Bay Area United Nations Association overtime, firing for organizing unions, to Three or Even Six passed a resolution to participate in this etc. work by: encouraging the County 4. Describe steps the government The first reports by city agencies Board of Supervisors to follow the City has taken to deal with racial discrimi- under CERD can also serve as the ba- Council in filing a report; contacting nation in housing, and current prob- sis for later reports to CERD by the the state Attorney General to file a state lems re cuts in Section 8 housing, and city, county or state after studying the report; and encouraging Berkeley resi- steps proposed but not acted on. 2007 U.S. report to CERD and reports dents to compile facts on the issues (The NYC CERD Working Group due under the other two human rights highlighted by the CERD Committee: held an initial Shadow Report meeting reporting treaties the U.S. has ratified: racial profiling, treatment of immi- on March 15 at the Urban Justice Cen- the International Covenant on Civil and grant workers, medical care coverage Political Rights (reports due every five of people of color and the poor, Board years) and the Convention Against of Education policies to defeat racism, Berkeley will become the first U.S. city to file Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or treatment of Muslims/Arabs, Native Degrading Treatment or Punishment Americans and other minority group a city report. (reports due ever three years). members, and problems of race/gen- And there are campaigns in a num- der/sexual orientation discrimination— ber of cities and states to make the and to submit them for inclusion in the ter; information about follow-up meet- Convention on Elimination of Dis- City report. The Association also ings from [email protected]) crimination Against Women, which agreed to raise this with the media and The first deadline for the first city, also has reporting requirements, part with its national office. county and state reports is fast ap- of local law. President Carter signed County and state reports should in- proaching, because the State Depart- this treaty in 1980, but the Senate has clude questions not asked by Berkeley ment recently told the U.N. Human yet to ratify it. city officials: Rights Committee meeting in Geneva The same is true of the Convention 1. Examples and statistics on that it will file its second CERD Re- on the Rights of the Child, a treaty whether heavier sentences were im- port in late April, 2007. Other cities, ratified by every other nation in the posed in the jurisdiction for defendants counties and states may follow U.N. (192), except the U.S. and So- from non-White racial, ethnic or na- Berkeley’s example and ask agencies malia. tional origins since 2001. to file a short, preliminary report that Pres. Carter also signed the Inter- 2. Examples and statistics on will not take too long to prepare, and national Covenant on Economic, So- whether sentences for felonies were file a more complete report later. Any cial and Cultural Rights, the other half heavier depending on the race of the city report must be sent to the state of the Universal Declaration of Human Attorney General for inclusion in his Rights. This treaty also requires report- report. However, the State Department 20% Book Discount ing every five years, at the federal, state had not informed states that they have and local levels. It spells out in detail Lexington an obligation to file such a report by types of illegal activities that result in Books is provid- March 15, 2007. denial of human rights based on eco- ing P&R readers The California and national nomic status and lead to economic, with a 20% dis- NAACP, People’s Institute West, Na- social and cultural discrimination. count on our new tional Lawyers Guild, Bay Area La- Ann Fagan Ginger ([email protected]) “best of P&R” bor for Peace and Justice, Women’s is Executive Director of Meiklejohn collection, Pov- International League for Peace and Civil Liberties Institute. She is a law- erty & Race in Freedom, and two California county yer, retired professor and editor of America: The Emerging Agendas. Democratic Party clubs joined this “Landmark Cases Left Out of Your Use code 8S6POVRA when order- work in February. Textbooks” (MCLI 2006) and 170 re- ing (800/462-6420), and you will The Meiklejohn Civil Liberties In- ports in Challenging U.S. Human receive this discount. stitute is continuing to urge activists to Rights Violations Since 9/11 convince local government officials to (Prometheus Books 2005). o 6 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 16, No. 2• March/April 2007 (MEMPHIS: Continued from page 2) Thank$ them he pointed out that the United States had reached a crossroads. Many We are grateful to the following readers for their recent contribu- people who experienced the Move- tions to PRRAC: ment of the 1960s felt tremendous bit- terness at its shallow gains and at the Frances Ansley Betsy L. Krieger/David A. Kandel ongoing crisis afflicting the black ur- Joan Apt/David Barton Smith Thomas Lank/Gretchen Boger ban poor. King therefore planned to Thomas A. Arcury/ Kay Martin/Dennis Keating create a nonviolent campaign to attack Sara A. Quandt Mchael A. & Heli Meltsner war, poverty and racial oppression as William C. Ayers S.M. Miller interrelated parts of the same problem. William & Brenda G. Barnes James N. Perlstein He projected sit-ins and camp-outs in Howell Baum/Madelyn Siegel Suzanne K. Post the nation’s capital, combined with Susan D. Bennett Yale & Barbara Rabin massive economic boycotts and calcu- Richard A. Bieder Florence Roisman lated disruption to demand that the Gordon Bonnyman Michael & Laura Rosswurm nation reorder its priorities. He called Jamie M. Buss/ William Rubenstein/ it the Poor People’s Campaign. Ruby J. Steigerwald Judith Eisenberg As part of that campaign, King Mijha Butcher William & Juliet Saltman came to address the workers and their California Newsreel Peter & Catherine Dorn Schreiber allies in Memphis on March 18, 1968, David Casey/Nancy Newman Jay Siegel & Mona Sarfaty speaking to perhaps as many as 15,000 Sheila Crowley Stephen Siegel/Robin Drayer people at Mason Temple. It was the Nancy Denton Laura M. Siena largest indoor mass meeting of the James & Kathryn Gibson Susan A. Silverstein civil rights era. After many years of Joseph & Shelly Guggenheim William L. Taylor preaching before unions, King spoke Willis & Carolyn Hawley Gwen H. Urey to workers as a labor leader as well as Victor & Lorraine Honig Don & Barbara Watkins a Christian moral leader: “Let it be Henry Kahn/Mary Gillmor-Kahn James E. Wilkinson III known everywhere that along with Victoria Kaplan wages and all of the other securities that you are struggling for, you are also struggling for the right to orga- nize and be recognized [applause].” be thinking out loud. “You know in domestic service will go to any- Instead of Black Power, he spoke to what?” he asked the crowd. “You may body’s house or anybody’s kitchen. them about union power. have to escalate the struggle a bit.” When black students will not go to “All labor,” he exclaimed, “has anybody’s school and black teach- dignity,” and he called on the middle Black people could shut ers....” His voice got lost amid an- class and the community to join with down Memphis! other thunderous ovation from the the working class to win this strike. crowd. People stood, cheering and Memphis became, and should be seen yelling, clapping, dancing, singing, historically as, a great example of what Then he dropped a bombshell: “I tell celebrating the very audacity of his can be accomplished through an alli- you what you ought to do, and you idea: Black people could shut down ance of union and community forces. are together here enough to do it: In a Memphis! Merely by withholding their Workers, clergy, students, academics, few days you ought to get together and labor, in good, nonviolent fashion. black and white, joined together more just have a general work stoppage in It was one of King’s finest mo- successfully here than in any other the city of Memphis!” One man rose ments. But when he came back to lead place during the freedom movement from the audience, rhythmically shout- a mass strike on March 28, teenagers of the 1950s and 1960s. ing, “Yes! Yes! Yes!” broke out some of the windows along After making a high-powered, emo- Pandemonium broke loose. King the march route and police viciously tional speech, King realized the issue had invoked a latent power that black attacked every black person in sight, came down to, What should we do workers in the Deep South possessed killing 16-year old Larry Payne at a next? Amid cheering and applause, a because they did so much of the hard nearby housing project. King’s en- new level of energy had been created— work. Now King helped them to en- emies attacked him and questioned his so much so that King could not end vision what it might be like to use this ability to lead a nonviolent Poor simply with rhetoric. He needed to take power: “And you let that day come, People’s Campaign in the nation’s the Movement to a higher level. He and not a Negro in this city will go to capital, forcing him to come back to paused for a moment and seemed to any job downtown. When no Negro (Please turn to page 8)

March/April 2007 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 16, No. 2 • 7 (MEMPHIS: Continued from page 7) Looking Back a minister, remembered King almost as an emissary from God, a Moses fig- Memphis to prove he could do it. On What the nation mostly remembers ure who enabled the workers and their April 3, King gave another marvelous about Memphis is King’s death there allies to win. King broke the media speech, saying “I have been to the on April 4. But Memphis sanitation blackout of the strike, energized the mountaintop,” looking back to the time workers remember what King accom- community, and came into a new role of slavery and forward to a day of vic- plished by his sacrifice on their behalf. as a labor leader that he played to per- tory. Striker Willie Sain, who later became fection. Taylor Rogers, President of Ameri- can Federation of State, County and Municipal Workers (AFSCME) Lo- A Painful but Necessary Revisiting cal 1733 for nearly 20 years after the workers won their strike, said King We asked newly elected Memphis are to become the great nation we had merely followed the model of the Congressman Steve Cohen, a mem- aspire to be. Good Samaritan, just as he had urged ber of the 70-strong Congressional Michael Honey vividly describes others to do. “Even if it had been poor Progressive Caucus, to comment on a world of haves and have-nots, a white workers, King would have done Prof. Honey’s history. world where the unnecessary deaths the same thing. That’s just the kind of Rep. Cohen (reachable via his of two Memphis sanitation work- person he was.... All his staff thought Legislative Director/Press Secretary ers, Echol Cole and Robert Walker, it was outrageous of him to stop and Marilyn Dillihay—marilyn.dillihay ignited a firestorm. The resultant come to Memphis. But he went where @mail.house.gov), a fourth gen- sanitation workers’ strike drew Dr. he was needed, where he could help eration Memphian, served 24 years Martin Luther King, Jr. to Mem- poor people.... He didn’t get all ac- in the Tennessee State Senate prior phis to support the workers and to complished he wanted accomplished, to his election last November. focus national attention on their but I don’t think he died in vain. Be- plight. Dr. King’s death on a small cause what he came here to do, that Reading about the abysmal work- balcony of the Lorraine Motel fo- was settled.” ing conditions of the Memphis sani- cused the tear-filled eyes of the Memphis was one step on King’s tation workers in 1968, as described world on our troubled city on the dangerous Jericho Road, in which he, by Michael Honey in Going Down banks of the Mississippi. like the Good Samaritan in the Old Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, The assassination of Martin Testament, stopped to help someone Martin Luther King’s Last Cam- Luther King, Jr. has shaped the per- in need. Following the parable of the paign, is a visceral experience. As ception of Memphis, both internally Good Samaritan, King said everyone a native Memphian who has a deep and externally. Those of us who could be great, because everyone could and abiding love for his city, I find recall Memphis before April 4, save and serve humanity. He lived and it painful but necessary to revisit the 1968 also know how far Memphis died by that creed. scars of Memphis from time to time. and the United States have moved As the result of their own actions Michael Honey’s words paint a pic- toward Dr. King’s dream. African in going on strike, and as the result of ture both poetic and horrific of a Americans have opportunities not support by King and almost the entire time when African Americans were available in 1968 as doctors, law- black community, blacks in Memphis denied some of the most basic of yers, educators, government offi- changed themselves and their relation- human rights in our country. cials. Dr. King’s dream is alive, ship to whites. It was part of a national The issues of poverty and race are progress has been made, and transformation, in which the civil inextricably woven together in our progress will continue if we are vigi- rights and the labor movements joined nation’s history. Slavery and Jim lant and persistent. in 1968. The old ways of white su- Crow laws affect our lives to this As I write this, a young premacy and black subservience would day, in terms of wealth, ownership African-American man enters my never be the same. and access. Most recently, the af- Washington, D.C. office to empty Five years after King’s death, an termath of Hurricane Katrina, the day’s trash, and I think again of African-American TV news reporter played out on television, forced a Echol Cole and Robert Walker. It named Ed Harris, whom police had re-examination of the ideal of is important that we never forget sprayed with mace in 1968, asked an America as a land of prosperity and them, but the best tribute to the trag- unnamed sanitation worker for his re- equality. Such issues are faced ev- edy of their lives is to focus on their flections on what had happened. “I ery day in cities such as New Or- present-day counterparts. We can- don’t think we can show enough ap- leans and Memphis; such issues must not change the past but the future is preciation for what Dr. King give.” be faced by every American if we ours to decide. He believed the strike would have been lost without Dr. King.

8 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 16, No. 2• March/April 2007 Before, he had worked six days a Things have changed a great deal week; now he worked five. Before, since 1968. Memphis and Shelby Coming in May . . . he had worked as long as it took to County have black mayors; black pro- bring in the garbage with no extra pay; fessionals and academics play leading Housing Mobility now he worked eight-hour shifts. Be- roles; and a police department once and Health: fore, he had had no breaks; now he used to enforce white supremacy has Connecting Families had at least two 15-minute breaks and become populated by minorities and and Children time for lunch. Before, white super- women. visors would fire black men on a But some things have changed for to Improved Health whim; now they “can’t ’buse you the worse. As American corporations Outcomes round anymore.” With a union, his have shifted production to cheaper la- wages and benefits had steadily im- bor overseas, millions of unionized A conference developed by proved, even as the City mechanized industrial jobs with family wages and PRRAC and the Baltimore Re- away many sanitation jobs. good pensions have been lost. Mecha- gional Housing Campaign will be “See, when he was here in the nization has cut the number of sanita- held on May 22, 2007 at the strike, every man wanted to stand up tion jobs in half in Memphis, and cuts Annie E. Casey Foundation in Bal- and be a man. And that was the whole in public funding continually endan- timore. The full-day program will story. We wasn’t counted as men be- ger city services and family-wage jobs explore the dynamic relationship fore then. Every man be counted as a between housing mobility and man now. It’s no more ‘boy’. ... It’s health in the context of the suc- Memphis was part of a cessful Thompson housing mobil- no more of that Uncle Tom now... . national transformation, You be treated like a man.” ity program in Baltimore. How This was the message of the 1968 in which the civil rights can positive health outcomes be strike: dignity and respect for the in- and labor movements enhanced for families moving to dividual, and the demand for a living joined in 1968. healthier neighborhoods? What in- wage and the right to belong to a union. terventions are suggested by the For nearly 40 years after King’s death, health research coming out of the sanitation workers have kept their own in the public sector. Poverty remains national Moving to Opportunity memory of King and the Movement widespread in the black community. program? Can housing mobility alive, bringing out the old picket signs King’s agenda of a transformed so- be used as an effective public reading, “Honor King: End Racism,” ciety remains unfulfilled. But those health intervention? For more in- and “I Am A Man.” involved in the Memphis sanitation formation, contact Nkiru Azikiwe What happened in Memphis in 1968 workers’ strike remember a moment at PRRAC (n.azikiwe@prrac. is now a matter of historical memory in history that opened people’s eyes to org). for the whole nation. AFSCME be- the injustices of poverty and racism. came the fastest-growing union in the The strike and the events around it gave nation, and in Memphis in the 1970s, them hope for a different world. King remembering is drawing short. For as teachers, police and hospital work- had told his staff when he launched workers and the poor today, battles for ers organized. AFSCME also helped the Poor People’s Campaign in Janu- decent jobs, housing, health care, edu- to save the Lorraine Motel from de- ary of 1968 that keeping hope alive is cation and an end to racism and war struction and turn it into the National the reason people must to continue to still remain. Civil Rights Museum, where people organize and demonstrate for a better We all have much to do to make a today can learn from the history of the world. “If I didn’t have hope, I better world. As we do so, we should freedom movement. (One hopes couldn’t go on.” stop to remember King and the black someone today can also save Clayborn Despite the unmitigated tragedy of workers of Memphis who stood up for Temple, the historic black church King’s death in Memphis, we should justice, dignity and self-respect. It is where most of the strike’s marches remember Memphis in 1968, as we do a history that should never be forgot- began.) Montgomery in 1955, as moments ten. when the Movement and King chal- Michael Honey (mhoney@u. lenged America to become a different washington.edu) is Prof. of History at country. Both places were important the Univ. of Washington-Tacoma and Remember to stops on a long road to freedom that a former Southern Movement orga- send us items for people have traveled for generations, nizer. This article is adapted from his and still do. new book, Going Down Jericho Road: our Resources For those workers who lived The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther section. through this epic event called the King’s Last Campaign (W.W. Norton, Memphis sanitation strike, the time for 2007). o

March/April 2007 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 16, No. 2 • 9 Apologies/Reparations We periodically offer a compendium of recent reports dealing with apologies and reparations around the world -- for whatever lessons and models they might provide here at home. The most recent appeared in our Jan./Feb. 2005 issue. We’ll be happy to send you a compendium of all 9 earlier such reports: just send us a SASE (63¢ postage).

• The Virginia House of Delegates unanimously approved • The City Council of Maryland’s capital city, Annapo- a resolution expressing “profound regret for the lis, has under consideration a resolution calling for an of- Commonwealth’s role in sanctioning the immoral institu- ficial apology for slavery, in the words of its sponsor, tion of human slavery...and... all other forms of dis- Alderman Sam Shropshire, “part of a healing process, a crimination and injustice that have been rooted in racial process that still needs to take place even today in and cultural bias and misunderstanding”; the statement 2007...for our municipal government’s past support and also condemns the “egregious wrongs” that European set- involvement in slavery and for our support of segregation tlers inflicted on Native Americans.The action comes as for nearly 100 years.” (Wash. Post, 3/23/07) the state is celebrating the 400th anniversary of the found- ing of Jamestown, the first settlement of Europeans. (Wash. • Britain’s lawmakers granted posthumous pardons to Post, 2/3/07) some 300 soldiers executed during World War I for failing to return to the front. (Wash. Post, 11/8/06) • Immediately thereafter, Maryland lawmakers heard tes- timony on a similar resolution “expressing regret” for that • Topeka, Kansas officials have named a building after state’s role in maintaining slavery and “for the discrimina- the first Topeka parent to sign on as a plaintiff in Brown v. tion that was slavery’s legacy.” The resolution says in part: Board of Education. The Lucinda Todd Education Cen- “Maryland citizens trafficked in human flesh until the adop- ter houses administrative offices and an alternative school tion of the Constitution of 1864....Slavery’s legacy has for students in danger of dropping out. Ms. Todd, who afflicted the citizens of our state down to the present.” died in 1993, was Secretary of the local NAACP chapter (Wash. Post, 3/2/07) and helped recruit other plaintiffs. (Wash. Post, 11/19/ 06)

PRRAC Small Grants Program • The Montgomery, Alabama City Council voted unani- Now Soliciting Proposals mously to formally apologize to Rosa Parks and others for 2007 Grants mistreated in the 1955 bus boycott. (Wash. Post, 4/20/ 06) Thanks to another generous grant from the Annie E. Casey Foundation, we are pleased to announce the • A federal judge approved a $35 million settlement in a renewal of our Small Grants Program for 2007. class action against an Italian insurance company by Ho- PRRAC’s Small Grants Program for Research/Ad- locaust survivors and relatives of victims, adding to the vocacy funds social science research designed to sup- $100 million the company already had agreed to pay. (New port advocacy projects (of any sort). Our goal is to York Times, 2/28/07) support, encourage and disseminate action-oriented re- search; and to make connections between and among • A ceremony at the U.S. Capitol honored Oscar Marion, those who engage in action, advocacy, organizing and a slave owned by Revolutionary War Gen. Francis Marion research. (known as the “Swamp Fox” for his battle against the British in So. Carolina), who accompanied and served the Gen- The maximum grant is $10,000, with proposals for eral for 7 years during the War of Independence. Oscar smaller budgets encouraged, so that we can support Marion is depicted in many paintings (including one hang- more work of this sort. In this grant cycle, we will ing in the Senate wing of the Capitol) and is described give preference to grants in the areas of housing, edu- only as “the faithful Negro servant” in books written about cation and health, as well as to work carried out in the Gen. Marion. A distant cousin, a genealogist, undertook cities where the Annie E. Casey Foundation runs its to establish his identity. Rep. Albert R. Wynn (D-Md.), “Making Connections” programs: Denver, Des who helped arrange the ceremony, noted that “African Moines, Hartford, Indianapolis, Louisville, Milwau- Americans have been marginalized in so many different kee, Oakland, Providence, San Antonio and Seattle. events in American history, as if they didn’t exist. When- See www.prrac.org/grants.php for a description of ever we can bring to light the name of a figure engaged in past grants, and guidelines for submissions. Questions: a historic event, it is good thing.” (Wash. Post, 12/29/ Write or call PRRAC Director of Research Chester 06) Hartman ([email protected], 202/906-8025).

10 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 16, No. 2• March/April 2007 • A bill approved by Congress calls for a federal study to • The Justice Department is partnering with civil rights better define the Trail of Tears route, when more than organizations—the NAACP, National Urban League and 15,000 members of the Cherokee, Creek and other tribes Southern Poverty Law Center—to pursue the killers of were forced from their homes in 1838 to make way for scores of black men and women slain by white vigilantes white settlement. Untold hundreds, perhaps thousands, of in the South during the 1950s and 1960s. There are 40 Native Americans died during the forced removal to In- unsolved murder cases that are of interest to the federal dian Territory—in what is now Oklahoma. The National government (although the Southern Poverty Law Center Park Service oversees the Trail of Tears National Historic has compiled a list of 76 unsolved cases, mainly in Missis- Trail, which winds through nine states. The study likely sippi, Alabama and Georgia), and the Department will will also result in an education and research center. Rep. re-open investigations in 12 cases. Zach Wamp (R-Tenn.), primary sponsor of the bill, who claims Cherokee ancestry, noted: “You have to recognize And the not-so-good news: and acknowledge your mistakes for the white man to make this right. There has to be an acknowledgement that ... • The Cherokee Nation members voted to revoke the tribal slavery was a mistake, the Trail of Tears was a mistake.” citizenship of the Freedmen, some 2,800 descendants of (Wash. Post, 11/24/06) the people the Cherokee’s once owned as slaves. A similar battle in 2003 involving the Seminole nation was won by • The House and Senate passed a bill committing $38 the Freedmen. (Wash. Post, 3/3/07, New York Times, 3/ million in National Park Service grants to restore and pay 3/07, 3/4/07) for research at 10 World War II internment camps for Japanese Americans, some 120,000 of whom were rounded • Indonesia’s Constitutional Court ruled the country’s truth up and imprisoned under a 1942 Executive Order signed and reconciliation commission illegal, casting doubt on by President Roosevelt, which also prohibited Japanese whether victims of former dictator Suharto will ever see Americans from living on the West Coast. The Park Ser- justice. (Wash. Post, 12/9/06) vice already operates centers at two camps, the Manzanar National Historic Site in California and the Minidoka In- • A grand jury in Leflore County, Mississippi, refused ternment National Monument in Idaho. The 10 camps speci- to issue new indictments in the Emmett Till case. While fied in the new legislation are in Arizona, Arkansas, Cali- two men admitted to the killing in 1956 after being acquit- fornia, Colorado, Idaho, Utah and Wyoming. In 1988, ted by an all-white jury, the Justice Dept. re-opened the President Reagan signed a presidential apology. (New York case in 2004, seeking others who had been involved, in- Times, 12/6/06) cluding Carolyn Bryant, the white woman Till was sup- posed to have whistled at—which led to his murder. The • H.R. 662, the Commission on Wartime Relocation and 8,000+ page FBI report was turned over to the District Internment of Latin Americans of Japanese Descent Act, Attorney, who sought a manslaughter charge against Ms. has been introduced by Reps. Xavier Becerra (D-Calif.) Bryant, the last living suspect in the case. (New York Times, and Dan Lundgren (R-Calif.). During World War II, an 2/28/07) estimated 2,300 people of Japanese descent from 13 Latin American countries were taken from their homes and forc- • Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has denied that ibly transported to a government-run internment camp in Japan’s military forced foreign women into sexual slavery Crystal City, Texas. Adding to this injustice, some 800 of during World War II, contradicting the Japanese them were then sent to Japan in exchange for American government’s long-time official position, issued in 1993, prisoners of war, the rest held in camps without due pro- acknowledging the military’s role in setting up brothels cess until the war ended. The bill authorizes study of these and directly or indirectly forcing women into sexual sla- events (via U.S. military and State Department records) very—a declaration that also offered an apology to the eu- and recommendation of appropriate remedies. The earlier phemistically termed “comfort women.” The U.S. House Commission on Wartime Relocation of Civilians led to of Representatives has begun debating a resolution that passage of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which pro- would call on Tokyo to “apologize for and acknowledge” vided an official apology and financial redress to most of the military’s role. Historians believe that some 200,000 the Japanese Americans who were subjected to wrongdo- women—Koreans, Chinese, Taiwanese, Filipinos, as well ing and confined to camps during World War II. as Japanese, Dutch and other European women, served in such brothels. The government earlier established a pri- • The Serbian entity of the government of Bosnia and vate, non-governmental fund to compensate the women Herzegovina officially apologized to the victims of the (set to close down this month), but many former slaves 1992-95 civil war, 2 days after international judges in refused to accept compensation from this fund, claiming it The Hague ruled that Bosnian Serb forces had committed evaded direct official responsibility. (New York Times, 3/ genocide in the killing of nearly 8,000 Muslims in 2/07, 3/6/07, 3/8/07) Srebrenica in 1995. (New York Times, 3/1/07)

March/April 2007 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 16, No. 2 • 11 Report on 2006 Witt Internship Idaho Community Action Network

Fairness in education is part of our Undocumented students also are re- American values. Unfortunately, for quired to say they have applied for a The DREAM Act (H.R. 1275) is thousands of immigrant students who green card [legal permanent residence] bipartisan legislation pending in have come to this country for a better or promise they will as soon as they Congress to clear up immigration future, the road to higher education has can.) status issues and address federal been closed. For the past several years, Since launching the campaign, stu- barriers to education and work the Idaho Community Action Network dents have organized to pass student confronted by the U.S.-raised (ICAN) has been working at the na- and faculty resolutions at universities children of undocumented immi- tional level to even out the playing field across the state. In addition, college grants. Further information from for immigrant students to continue their and university presidents have signed the National Immigration Law dreams of higher education.In January letters of support for our campaign. At Center, 202/216-0261 (DC), and February, 2006, ICAN launched the high school level, principals and 213/639-3900 (LA), 510/663- a campaign to broaden our student base superintendents have also signed let- 8282 (Oakland). throughout the state. We held a state- ters of support. Youth have collected wide conference on the Development over 30 letters of support statewide. Relief and Education for Alien Minors In May, we helped organized a re- voted the bill down. ICAN will con- Act (DREAM Act). Students came gional conference in Salem, Oregon in tinue to work throughout the year to representing schools from North, East partnership with other youth organi- move in-state tuition in the 2008 leg- and Central Idaho. The purpose of this zations working on The DREAM Act. islature. training was to educate youth on the Our student base from all over Idaho Fernando Mejia, Idaho Community issue and to get commitments to work participated in this conference. At the Action Network’s Witt Intern during on The DREAM Act and in-state tu- conference, we strategized and orga- the Summer of 2006, made the fol- ition campaigns. (The Idaho Student nized on how to move the issue for- lowing progress towards the goals Investment Act would allow students ward. stated in our proposal to PRRAC: to pay in-state tuition, regardless of im- As the summer went on, students • Youth Leadership Team-Building migration status, if they have earned continued doing public education and Goal: Develop/support youth lead- a high school diploma or GED equiva- engaging the public in a debate about ership teams on campuses across the lent and have lived in Idaho for at least The DREAM Act and in-state tuition. state, building organizing skills and 3 years before they earned the degree. In June, students in Boise organized a developing campus/community press conference with faculty from strategy and local activities. Boise State University to highlight the o Between January and February, New on issue. Recently, ICAN youth con- 80 key youth leaders were iden- PRRAC’s Website ducted a presentation before the Idaho tified from the University of State Board of Education. In the up- Idaho, Albertson College of Rebuilding a Healthy New Or- coming legislative session, ICAN will Idaho, Lewis Clark State Col- leans: Final Conference Report continue to work with different edu- lege, Boise State University and of the New Orleans Health Dis- cators and key leaders in the state to Idaho State University. parities Initiative (with the Alli- pass in-state tuition in Idaho. o In February, we brought 30 ance for Healthy Homes, the The DREAM Act was reintroduced youth leaders total from each of Center for Social Inclusion, and in Congress in late February 2007. the colleges and universities to- the Health Policy Institute at the ICAN will continue to work to pass gether for a state meeting to build Joint Center for Political & Eco- this critical legislation. At the state relationships, develop strategy nomic Studies) level, after a year of grassroots orga- through power analysis and strat- nizing, the controversial in-state tuition egy chart workshops, brainstorm The Section 8 program and ac- bill received a public hearing. ICAN projects and actions/activities, cess to opportunity: An agenda intern Fernando Mejia jam-packed the make a timeline for action, and for policy reform (Testimony to largest room in the Idaho state legisla- make commitments to follow the House Financial Services ture with supporters of in-state tuition. through. Committee, Subcommittee on Students, parents, educators and com- o After the meeting, we gave sup- Housing and Community Oppor- munity members supported the bill. port—and continue giving sup- tunity) Not a single person testified against the port—to youth leadership teams measure. Regrettably, state legislators in each area. We have had one-

12• Poverty & Race • Vol. 16, No. 2• March/April 2007 on-one strategy consultations egy, then implement a range of tac- For further information, contact with key leaders, provided re- tics (such as decision-maker meet- Leo Morales ([email protected]), search and materials assistance ings, report releases, public actions 208/385-9146, x109, www.icanweb. (fact sheets and talking points) and street theater) to build support net o for meetings with university ad- and pressure key decision-makers ministrators about the The and those who influence them to DREAM Act, and have traveled support educational opportunity for (CERD: Continued from page 3) the state to offer on-site training all Idahoans. and project support. o In February, 2006, The tion; Housing segregation and discrimi- o Throughout this time, we have DREAM in Action team engaged nation; Homelessness, displacement helped develop a shared sense of in a comprehensive power analy- and poverty; Health disparities; Envi- commitment and cohesion sis and developed a list of pri- ronmental justice; Voting rights; Em- among key youth leaders on each mary targets (those who have de- ployment and jobs policy; Immigra- campus. We held regular confer- cision-making power) and sec- tion; The impacts of Hurricane Katrina ence calls to share updates, check ondary targets (those who have Grassroots organizers, policy advo- on progress, make decisions influence over the decision-mak- cates and impact litigators all have dif- about shifts in strategy and tac- ers); they used this analysis to ferent roles they can play in this pro- tics, and provide support. develop a menu of tactics to mo- cess. Many resources are available bilize support and build pressure through the USHRN, and several • Reframing the Public Debate on on both primary and secondary trainings will be held during the com- Immigration Goal: Using direct targets. ing year for those who wish to get in- community outreach, the media o The DREAM in Action team volved. A planning and coordination (letters to the editor and op-eds), held meetings, gave presenta- session is planned for April 4 in Wash- and serving as a resource to the tions and implemented tactics to ington, DC (contact Margaret Huang media to reframe the public debate. secure public commitments of at Global Rights for more information: o Direct community outreach: Stu- support from secondary targets mhuang@global rights.org). dents on each campus identified for The DREAM Act and and an The U.S. report is expected to be groups on campus and in the Idaho in-state tuition bill. Over filed later this spring. It is expected community, then set up and ex- the summer, students got 30 let- that the U.N. will review the report at ecuted presentations on The ters of support from high school its regular August 2008 session. DREAM Act, in-state tuition principals and superintendents. Philip Tegeler ([email protected]) and comprehensive immigration They also secured the support of is PRRAC’s Executive Director. o reform. They held many meet- the presidents of the state’s ma- ing with university administra- jor universities. tors to pass student government and faculty senate resolutions in support of The DREAM Act. Students have passed resolutions with their student government in Resources four of the state’s universities, and also have gotten the support Most Resources are available directly from President Bob Kustra of from the issuing organization, either Please drop us a line letting us Boise State U, President Arthur on their website (if given) or via other know how useful our Resources C. Valias of Idaho State U. and contact information listed. Materials Section is to you, as both a lister and requester of items. We hear Tim White of the Univ. of published by PRRAC are available through our website: www.prrac.org. good things, but only sporadi- Idaho. Prices include the shipping/handling cally. Having a more complete o Direct media strategy: Youth (s/h) charge when this information is sense of the effectiveness of this leaders have engaged in pro-ac- provided to PRRAC. “No price listed” networking function will help us tive media work, submitted 40 items often are free. greatly in foundation fundraising letters to the editor and three op- work (and is awfully good for ed pieces to campus and commu- When ordering items from PRRAC: our morale). Drop us a short note, letting us know if it has nity newspapers to reframe the SASE = self-addressed stamped envelope (39¢ unless otherwise been/is useful to you (how many debate on immigrants. indicated). Orders may not be placed requests you get when you list an by telephone or fax. Please indicate item, how many items you send • Mobilizing Support and Mounting from which issue of P&R you are away for, etc.) Thank you. Pressure to Support Educational ordering. Opportunity for All: Develop strat- (Please turn to page 14)

March/April 2007 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 16, No. 2 • 13 (RESOURCES: Opinion,” by Joe Soss & Community resource.htm [10225] Continued from page 13) Sanford F. Schram (2006), is available from Organizing • “The Ideal Deal: the Institute for Research How Local Governments Race/Racism on Poverty, Univ. of • “The Monetary Can Get More for Their Wisconsin, 1180 Observa- Impact of ACORN Economic Development • Three Census Bureau tory Dr., Madison, WI Campaigns: A Ten-Year Dollar,” by Rachel Reports on Demo- 53706, www.irp.wisc. Retrospective, 1995- Weber & David A. graphic, Social, Eco- edu/publications/focus/ 2004,” by Lisa Ranghelli Santacroce, is a 2007 nomic and Housing pdfs/foc243c.pdf (21 pp., Nov. 2006), is handbook, available (no Characteristics of available (possibly free) price listed) from Good Hispanics, Blacks and • “Trapped in Debt: from ACORN, 2-4 Nevins Jobs First, 1616 P St. Asians, based on the The Growth of Payday St., Brooklyn, NY 11217, NW, #210, Wash., 2004 American Commu- Lending in Ohio,” by 718/246-7900, x201, DC 20036, 202/232- nity Survey are available David Rothstein & Jeffrey www.acorn.org [10216] 1616, x211, goodjobs@ at www.census.gov/ Dillman (19 pp., Feb. goodjobsfirst.org, PressRelease/www/ 2007) — a PRRAC- www.goodjobsfirst.org release/archives/ funded research project Criminal american_community_ —is available from the • “Building Sustain- survey_acs/009634.html Housing Research and Justice able Local Economies,” [10252] Advocacy Center, 3631 sponsored by the E.F. Perkins Ave., #3A-2, • “Informing and Schumacher Society, will Engaging Communities • “Race and Poverty: Cleveland, OH 44114, be held May 23-27, 2007 Through Reentry Divergent Fortunes of 216/361-9240, www. in Great Barrington, Mapping,” a March America’s Children?,” thehousingcenter.org Mass. Sessions cover 2007 Urban Institute by Daniel T. Lichter, [10236] the Small is Beautiful Brief, is available (possi- Zhenchao Qian & Martha philosophy, Community bly free) from them: 2100 L. Crowley (2006), is • “2007 Report on Land Trusts, Community M St. NW, Wash., DC available from the Illinois Poverty” (53 pp.) Development Financing 20037, 202/261-5709, Institute for Research on is available (no price & Local Currencies, www.urban.org/ Poverty, Univ. of Wis- listed) from the Mid- Community Self-Manage- UploadedPDF/311411_ consin, 1180 Observa- America Institute on ment and Diversification Informing_and _Engag- tory Dr., Madison, WI Poverty of Heartland of Wealth, and Develop- ing. pdf [10248] 53706, www.irp.wisc.edu/ Alliance for Human ing Action Plans. Inf. publications/focus/pdfs/ Needs & Human Rights, from efssociety@ • “Changing Direc- foc243b.pdf 4411 No. Ravenswood smallisbeautiful.org, 413/ Ave., Chicago, IL tion? State Sentencing 528-1737. 60640, 773/336-6075, Reforms 2004-2006” maip@heartlandalliance. (March 2007) is Poverty/ org available (no price listed) Welfare from The Sentencing Education • “After Welfare Project, 514 10th St. NW, • “Have Middle- Reform: You Choose #1000, Wash., DC • “Miles to Go: Income Parents Im- Your Child Over the 20004, 202/628-0871, Mississippi - Rebuilding proved Their Economic Jobs,” by Lisa Dodson zjennings@sentencing Education: The Next Big Status?,” by Robert I. (2006), is available from project.org Challenge” (26 pp., Lerman, a 2007 Brief, is the Institute for Research 2006) is available available (likely free) on Poverty, Univ. of (possibly free) from the from The Urban Institute, Wisconsin, 1180 Observa- Economic/ Southern Education 2100 M St. NW, Wash., tory Dr., Madison, WI Foundation 135 Auburn DC 20037, 202/261- 53706, www.irp.wisc.edu/ Community Ave., 2nd flr., Atlanta, 5687, www.urban.org publications/focus/pdfs/ Development GA 30303-2503, 404/ [10229] foc243d.pdf_ 523-0001, info@ • “Minority-Owned southerneducation.org, • “Asset Report 2007,” • “Observation in Banks: Making a Differ- www.southerneducation. from the New America Poverty Research,” by ence in Their Communi- org [10210] Foundation, is available Susan T. Gooden (2006), ties” is the theme of the at AssetBuilding.org is available from the 23-page, Winter 2006/ • “Why We Fight: How [10235] Institute for Research on 2007 issue of Community Public Schools Cause Poverty, Univ. of Wis- Developments, the Office Social Conflict,” by Neal • “Welfare Reform as consin, 1180 Observatory of the Comptroller of the McCluskey (59 pp., Jan. a Failed Political Dr., Madison, WI 53706, Currency’s newsletter. 2007), is available Strategy: Evidence and www.irp.wisc.edu/ Available (likely free) (possibly free) from the Explanations for the publications/focus/pdfs/ from 202/874-4930, libertarian Cato Institute, Stability of Public foc243e.pdf www.occ.treas.gov/cdd/ 1000 Massachusetts Ave.

14 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 16, No. 2• March/April 2007 NW, Wash., DC 20001, • “Growing Commu- 8DF23CA704F5%7D/ reports/report.php 800/767-1241, nity Schools: The Role NCLB_book.pdf [10234] ?ReportID=72 [10265] www.cato.org [10218] of Cross-Boundary Leadership,” by Martin • “Gender Caps in • “ ‘Proficiency for • “A New Day for J. Blank, Amy C. Berg & Math and Reading Gains All’ —An Oxymoron,” by Learning: A report from Atelia Melaville (40 pp., During Elementary and Richard Rothstein, the Time, Learning, and April 2006), is available High School by Race and Rebecca Jacobsen & After-school Task Force” ($12) from The Coalition Ethnicity,” by Laura Tamara Wilder (2006), is (43 pp., Jan. 2007) is for Community Schools, LoGerfo, Austin Nichols available (possibly free) downloadable at c/o Institute for Educa- & Duncan Chaplin, a from The Economic www.edutopia.org/ tional Leadership, 4455 March 2007 Urban Policy Institute, 1333 H anewdayforlearning Connecticut Ave. NW, Institute report, is St. NW, #300-E. Tower, [10220] #310, Wash., DC 20008, available (likely free) Wash., DC 20005, 202/ 202/822-8405, x156, from the Inst., 2100 M St. 775-8810. [10268] • “The Will to Change: www. communityschools. NW, Wash., DC 20037, A Conversation About org [10224] 202/261-5709, • “Pacific Islanders Schools and Learning - www.urban.org [10239] Lagging Behind in with Dr. James Comer • “Special Focus on Higher Educational and Dr. Edmond Gordon Community Schools: • “Urgent But Over- Attainment” (9 pp., + Comments by Hugh How Schools Engage looked: The Literacy 2006) is available (likely Price” (22 pp., June Their Communities to Crisis Among Adolescent free) from the UCLA 2006) is available ($8) Strengthen Learning” is English Language Asian American Studies from The Coalition for the theme of the Feb./ Learners” (Feb. 2007), Center (headed by Community Schools, c/o March 2007 issue of Our from the Alliance for PRRAC Board member Institute for Educational Children, the PTA Excellent Education, is Don Nakanishi), 3230 Leadership, 4455 Con- National Magazine. available at www.all4ed. Campbell Hall, UCLA, necticut Ave. NW, #310, Available (no price org/publications/ LA, CA 90095-1546, Wash., DC 20008, 202/ listed) from PTA Natl. IssueBriefs. html#urgent 310/825-2974, 822-8405, www. HQ, 541 N. Fairbanks [10249] www.aasc.ucla.edu/ communityschools.org Ct., #1300, Chicago, IL default.asp [10269] [10221] 60611, 800/307-4782, • “The High Cost of www.pta.org [10226] High School Dropouts: • The Principals’ • “Community-Based What the Nation Pays Center at the Harvard Learning: Engaging • “Meeting Five for Inadequate High Graduate School of Students for Success and Critical Challenges of Schools” (Feb. 2007), Education has a series of Citizenship,” by Atelia High School Reform: from the Alliance for Summer and Fall pro- Melaville, Amy C. Berg Lessons from Research Excellent Education, is grams. Inf. from, 617/ & Martin J. Blank (57 on Three Reform available at www.all4ed. 495-1825, principals@ pp., Jan. 2006), is Models,” by Janet Quint org/publications/ gse.harvard.edu, available ($12) from The (67 pp., May 2006), is IssueBriefs.html#highest www.gse.harvard.edu/ppe Coalition for Community available (no price listed) [10250] Schools, c/o Institute for from MDRC, 16 E. 34 • “Hidden Benefits: Educational Leadership, St., NYC, NY 10016, • “Returns to the The Impact of High 4455 Connecticut Ave. 212/532-3200, Public for Investing in School Graduation on NW, #310, Wash., DC www.mdrc.org [10228] an Excellent Education Household Wealth,” a 20008, 202/822-8405, for All America’s 2007 Alliance for Excel- www.communityschools. • “Can a Military Children: A Focus on lent Education Brief, is org [10222] Model for Adolescent Black Males,” by Henry available at www. Education Close Levin, Clive Belfield, all4ed.org/publications/ • “Community & Achievement Gaps?,” Peter Muennig & Cecilia hiddenbenefits.pdf Family Engagement: featuring Hugh Price of Rouse (16 pp., 2007), is Principals Share What the Brookings Institution available (possibly free) • “Math Education and Works,” by Amy C. (and former Urban from Prof. Levin, Teach- Social Justice,” co- Berg, Atelia Melaville & League President), is ers College, Columbia sponsored by the Long Martin J. Blank (48 pp., available at Univ., NYC, NY 10027. Island Univ. School of Oct. 2006), is available www.AGI.Harvard.edu [10264] Education, Math for ($12) from The Coalition [10233] America and Teachers for Community Schools, • “The Changing Unite, will take place c/o Institute for Educa- • “The Commission on Landscape of American April 27-29, 2007 in tional Leadership, 4455 No Child Left Behind Public Education” (2007) Brooklyn. Bob Moses is Connecticut Ave. NW, Report” (240 pp., 2007) is available from the Pew among the speakers. Inf. #310, Wash., DC 20008, is available at Hispanic Center, 1615 L from Radical Math, 211 202/822-8405, www. www.aspeninstitute.org/ St. NW, #700, Wash., DC S. 4th St., Brooklyn, NY communityschools.org atf/cf/%7BDEB6F227- 20036-5610, 202/419- 11211, 917/288-7364. [10223] 659B-4EC8-8F84- 3600, pewhispanic.org/ [10242]

March/April 2007 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 16, No. 2 • 15 • The Harvard • “Understanding Low- former PRRAC Board from them at 4301 Achievement Gap Wage Work in the member Nancy Duff Connecticut Ave. NW, Initiative Annual Re- United States,” by Campbell), 11 Dupont #100, Wash., DC 20008, search Conf. will be held Shawn Fremstad, Margy Circle, Wash., DC 202/572-6000, www. June 18-19, 2007 in Waller & Rachel Gragg of 20036, 202/588-5180. childtrends.org Cambridge. Inf. from the Center for Economic [10256] www.AGI.Harvard.edu Policy and Research’s • “Kids’ Share 2007: [10232] Mobility Agenda (22 pp., • “Is Kinship Care How Children Fare in March 2007), is avail- Good for Kids?,” by the Federal Budget,” by • “Universal Design able (no price listed) from Tiffany Conway & Adam Carasso, for Learning: New the Center, 1611 Con- Rutledge Hutson (3 pp. Eugene Steuerle & Gillian Directions for Teaching necticut Ave. NW, #400, 2007), is available (likely Reynolds (March 2007), Learners with Diverse Wash., DC 20009, 202/ free) from the Center for is available (possibly Needs,” sponsored by the 293-5380, x115. Law and Social Policy free) from The Urban Harvard Graduate School (headed by former Institute, 2100 M St. NW, of Education, will be • “Does Temporary PRRAC Board member Wash., DC 20037, 202/ held July 9-13, 2007 in Agency Employment Alan Houseman), 1015 261-5709, studose@ Cambridge. Inf. from Offer a Way Out of 15th St. NW, #400, ui.urban.org, www.urban. 800/545-1849. Poverty?,” by David H. Wash., DC 20005, 202/ org Autor & Susan N. 906-8000. [10259] • “Improving Out- Houseman (2006), is comes for Young Chil- available from the • “Starting Off Right” Food/ dren at Risk,” sponsored Institute for Research on (2006) describes strate- by the Harvard Graduate Poverty, Univ. of Wis- gies to improve early care Nutrition/ School of Education, will consin, 1180 Observa- and education for infants Hunger be held July 16-20, 2007 tory Dr., Madison, WI and toddlers. Available in Cambridge. Inf. from 53706, www.irp.wisc.edu/ (likely free) from the • “Healthy Food, 800/545-1849, www.gse. publications/focus/pdfs/ Center for Law and Social Farms & Families: harvard.edu [10276] foc243a.pdf Policy (headed by former Hunger 2007” (175 pp.) PRRAC Board member is available, free, from Alan Houseman), 1015 Bread for the World Employment/ 15th St. NW, #400, Institute, 50 F St. NW, Environment Wash., DC 20005, 202/ #500, Wash., DC 20001, Jobs Policy 906-8000. [10260] www.Bread.org [10213] • “Changing Course in • “Getting Organized: a Changing Climate: • “The Economic Costs • “Families’ Food Unionizing Home-Based Solutions for Health and of Poverty in the United Stamp Benefits Purchase Child Care Providers,” the Environment” is the States: Subsequent Less Food Each Year,” by Helen Blank & Joan 25th National Pesticide Effects of Children by Dorothy Rosenbaum Entmacher (March 2007), Forum, sponsored by Growing Up Poor,” by (8 pp., March 2007), is is available (possibly free) Beyond Pesticides, June Harry Holzer, Diane available (likely free) from the National 1-2, 2007 in Chicago. Inf. Whitmore Schanzenbach, from the Center on Women’s Law Center (co- from them, 701 E St. SE, Greg Duncan & Jens Budget and Policy directed by former #200, Wash., DC 20003, Ludwig (22 pp., Jan. Priorities (headed by PRRAC Board member 202/543-5450, www. 2007), is available former PRRAC Board Nancy Duff Campbell), beyondpesticides.org (possibly free) from the member Robert 11 Dupont Circle, Wash., [10273] Center for American Greenstein), 820 First St. DC 20036, 202/588- Progress, 1333 H St. NW, NE, #510, Wash., DC 5180. [10241] 10th flr., Wash., DC 20002, 202/408-1080, Families/ 20005, 202/682-1611, [email protected], • “Responsive Work- www.americanprogress.org www.cbpp.org places: The Business Women/ [10214] Case for Employment Children That Values Fairness and • “Conceptualizing a Health Families,” by Jodie ‘Strong Start’: Anteced- • “Close to Home: Levin-Epstein (5 pp., ents of Positive Child • “Exposing the Roots 2007), is available (likely Strategies to Strengthen Outcomes at Birth and and Support Family, of Health Disparities,” free) from the Center for Into Early Childhood,” about sociologist David Law and Social Policy Friend and Neighbor by Cassandra Logan, Care,” by Helen Blank & R. Williams, newly (headed by former Kristin Moore, Jennifer arrived at the Harvard PRRAC Board member Karen Schulman (Feb. Manlove, Lisa Mincieli & 2007), is available (no School of Public Health Alan Houseman), 1015 Sarah Cottingham (8 pp., faculty, appeared in the 15th St. NW, #400, price given) from the Feb. 2007), is a Child National Women’s Law Winter 2007 issue of Wash., DC 20005, 202/ Trends Research Brief, Harvard Public Health 906-8000. [10258] Center (co-directed by available (possibly free)

16 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 16, No. 2• March/April 2007 Review. Sub. inf. about • “Medicaid Early and Housing Assistance” (Feb. 2007), the 3x/yearly publication Periodic Screening, from the Center on from Jesse Nankin, 401 Diagnosis and Treat- • “The Alabama Budget and Policy Park Dr., 3rd flr., Boston, ment: State Innovation Tenants’ Handbook” (20 Priorities (headed by MA 02215, 617/384-8990 Leads to Improved Oral pp., 2007?) is available former PRRAC Board [10212] Health Participation — in addition to a member Robert Rates,” by (former brochure version — Greenstein), is available • “Healthy People PRRAC Board member) (likely free) from Arise at www.cbpp.org/2-1- 2010,” the US Dept. of Jane Perkins (March Citizens’ Policy Project, 07house2.pdf [10251] Health & Human Services 2007), is available (no PO Box 1188, 207 program, has produced a price listed) from the Montgomery St., #900, • “Transforming Fact Midcourse Review, National Health Law Montgomery, AL 36104, Into Strategy — Develop- available at www.healthy Program, healthlaw.org. 800/832-9060, ing a Public Health people.gov/data/ www.arisecitizens.org Response to the Housing midcourse/default/ • “Providing Lan- [10219] Needs of Persons Living htm#pubs [10271] guage Services in State With or At Risk of HIV/ and Local Health- • “District of Colum- AIDS” (2007) is available • Dying While Black, Related Benefits Offices: bia Housing Monitor: at www.nationalaids by Vernillia Randall (287 Examples from the Winter 2007,” by Peter housing.org/PDF/ pp., 2006), “an in depth Field” (Jan. 2007), plus A. Tatian, is available SummitIIPolicyPaper.pdf look at a crisis in the an Oct. 2006 Briefing on (possibly free) from The [10254] American healthcare Language Access, are Urban Institute, 2100 M system,” has been available (no price listed) St. NW, Wash., DC • “American Housing published by Seven from the National Health 20037, 202/261-5687, Survey 2005 Data” — on Principles Press, 408 Red Law Program, www.urban.org [10230] housing quality and cost, Haw, PO Box 60979, healthlaw.org. poverty, race/ethnicity Dayton, OH 45406. Prof. • “American Commu- and more for US metro Randall has arranged for • “Low-Income nity Survey Estimate and nonmetro areas, a 40% discount ($11.97 Uninsured Children With Shows Larger National, multi-state regions, large + shipping), using code Special Health Care State Affordable Rental metro areas—available DXZBZP, addressed to Needs: Why Aren’t They Housing Shortage” from HUD User, 800/ her at www. dyingwhile Enrolled in Public (2007), a Research Note 245-2691, www.census. black.org [10275] Health Insurance Pro- from the National Low gov/hhes/www/housing/ grams?,” by Jennifer Income Housing Coali- ahs/ahs.html [10266] • “Congress Has a Haley & Genevieve tion (headed by PRRAC Number of Options to Kenney, appeared in the Board member Sheila • “A Heavy Load: The Pay for Extending Jan. 2007 issue (Vol. 119, Crowley), is Combined Housing and Health Coverage to No. 1, pp. 60-68) of downloadable at www. Transportation Burdens More Low-Income Pediatrics, pediatrics. nlihc.org/doc/RN07- of Working Families” Children” (4 pp., March aapublications.org/cgi/ 01.pdf [10231] (2006) — available for 28 2007) is available (likely content/short/119/1/60. metro areas — is avail- free) from the Center on • The Centre on able (free) from the Budget and Policy Housing Rights and National Housing Priorities (headed by Evictions is seeking Conference, 202/466- former PRRAC Board Homelessness nominations for its 2007 2121, www.nhc.org/ member Robert Housing Rights Award. index/heavyload [10267] Greenstein), 820 First St. • “HUD’s First Annual Inf. from www.cohre.org/ NE, #510, Wash., DC Estimate of Homeless” nominations [10245] • Tax Credits for Low 20002, 202/408-1080, (its first such since 1984) Income Housing: Oppor- [email protected], reports 754,000 homeless • The Journal of Urban tunities for Developers, www.cbpp.org persons as of Jan. 2005 — History in its March 2007 Non-Profits, Agencies 415,000 in shelters, issue has a series of and Communities Under • “Uninsured Persons 339,000 unsheltered. articles on “New Perspec- Expanded Tax Code in Illinois Legislative Provides a number of tives on Public Housing Provisions (13th ed.), by Districts” (March 2007) characteristics of home- Histories in America.” Joseph Guggenheim (442 is available (no price less persons — 59% of Free sample issue from pp., Dec. 2006), is listed) from the Mid- whom are persons of Sage Publications, 2455 available ($202; $345 America Institute on color. Available at Teller Rd., Thousand looseleaf binder with Poverty of Heartland www.huduser.org/ Oaks, CA 91320, 805/ bimonthly updates) from Alliance for Human Publications;pdf/ahar.pdf 499-9774, journals@ Simon Publications, PO Needs & Human Rights, [10261] sagepub.com [10246] Box 229, Glen Echo, 4411 No. Ravenswood MD 20812, 301/320- Ave., Chicago, IL 60640, • “The Effects of the 5771, www.housing 773/336-6075, maip@ Federal Budget Squeeze taxcredits.net heartlandalliance.org on Low-Income Housing

March/April 2007 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 16, No. 2 • 17 • “Not Even a Place in Urban Institute report, is • “Immigration Job Line” (March 2007), from available (likely free) Reform: Getting It Right the Mid-America Institute from the Inst., 2100 M St. —An Agenda for Shared Opportunities/ on Poverty of Heartland NW, Wash., DC 20037, Prosperity Forum,” Fellowships/ Alliance for Human 202/261-5709, sponsored by The Needs and Human Rights, www.urban.org [10238] Economic Policy Insti- Grants a study of waiting lists for tute, will be held March public housing in Illinois, • Securing the Future: 28, 2007 in DC. Inf. from • The National Cam- shows that 56% of the U.S. Immigrant Integra- EPI, 1333 H St. NW, E. paign to Restore Civil state’s Public Housing tion Policy: A Reader, Tower #300, Wash., DC Rights is hiring a Media Authorities have closed ed. Michael Fix, has been 20005, 202/775-8810. Campaign Coordinator. their lists for housing published by the Migra- Applications encouraged choice vouchers, and tion Policy Inst. 1400 by April 1. Contact 55% of those do not plan 16th St. NW, Wash., DC Rebecca Bauer, 212/244- to re-open the lists 20036, 202/266-1940, Miscellaneous 4664, x 357, www. within a year. Waiting www.migrationpolicy.org/ rollbackcampaign.org •“Measuring Fiscal [10240] lists for public housing [10253] Disparities Across the units contain 65,184 U.S. States: A Represen- • The Annie E. Casey households, more than • “Immigration: What tative System/Represen- the state’s existing 63,810 It Means for Cities” is Foundation is hiring a tative Expenditure Senior Fellow for its New units. Available (no price the theme of the Winter System Approach, Fiscal listed) from the Institute, 2006/2007 issue of The Haven Family Economic Year 2002,” by Yesim Stress project. Letter/ 4411 No. Ravenswood Next American City, Yilmaz, Sonya Hoo, Ave., Chicago, IL 60640, available (no price listed) resume to Justine May at Matthew Nagowski, Kim the Foundation, 701 St. 773/336-6075, maip@ from the Migration Policy Rueben & Robert heartlandalliance.org, Institute, 1400 16th St. Paul St., Baltimore, MD Tannenwald (77 pp., 21202, 410/547-6600, www.heartlandalliance.org/ NW, #300, Wash., DC Nov. 2006), is available maip/documents/NotEven 20036, 202/266-1940, [email protected] (possibly free) from The [10257] aPlaceinLine2007.pdf www.migrationpolicy.org/ Urban Institute, 2100 M [10270] St. NW, Wash., DC • The National Low 20037, 202/833-7200, Income Housing Coali- • “Close to Slavery: www.urban.org [10215] Immigration Guest Worker Programs tion (headed by PRRAC Board member Sheila in the United States” • “Ten Big Ideas for a • “Trends in the Low- (2007) is available (likely Crowley) is hiring a New America” (68 pp., Housing Policy Analyst. Wage Immigrant free) from the Southern Dec. 2006) is available Workforce, 2000-2005” Poverty Law Center, 400 Letter/resume to the (likely free) from the New Coalition’s Deputy by Randy Capps, Karina Washington Ave., America Foundation, Fortnuoy & Michael Fix, Montgomery, AL 32104, Director, 727 15th St. 1630 Connecticut Ave. NW, 6th flr. Wash., DC a March 2007 Urban 334/956-8200. [10272] NW, 7th flr. Wash., DC Institute report, is 20005; can be faxed to 20009, 202/986-2700, 202/393-1973. [10262] available (likely free) • “Comprehensive www.newamerica.net from the Inst., 2100 M St. Immigration Reform: [10217] NW, Wash., DC 20037, Legislative Priorities for 202/261-5709, Immigrant Workers” (4 • “The February 2007 www.urban.org [10237] pp., Feb. 2007) is New Orleans Recovery available (likely free) Report,” from the Center • “The Characteristics from the National for Social Inclusion, is of Unauthorized Immi- Immigration Law Center, available at centerfor grants in California, Los 3435 Wilshire Blvd., socialinclusion.org/PDF/ Angeles County and the #2850, Los Angeles, CA NOReportCard0207- United States,” by Karina 90010, 213/639-3900, Full.pdf [10247] Fortnuoy & Randy [email protected], Capps, a March 2007 www.nilc.org

18 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 16, No. 2• March/April 2007 PRRAC'S SOCIAL SCIENCE ADVISORY BOARD

Dolores Acevedo-Garcia Roslyn Arlin Mickelson Harvard School of Public Health Univ. of No. Carolina-Charlotte

Frank Bonilla Paul Ong CUNY Department of Sociology UCLA School of Public Policy & Social Research Xavier de Souza Briggs MIT Department of Urban Studies & Planning Gary Orfield UCLA Camille Zubrinsky Charles Department of Sociology, Univ. of Pennsylvania Gary Sandefur Univ. Wisconsin Inst. for Poverty Research John Goering Baruch College, City Univ. of New York Gregory D. Squires Department of Sociology, George Washington Univ. Heidi Hartmann Inst. for Women’s Policy Research (Wash., DC) Margery Austin Turner The Urban Institute William Kornblum CUNY Center for Social Research Margaret Weir Department of Political Science, Harriette McAdoo Univ. of California, Berkeley Michigan State School of Human Ecology

Fernando Mendoza Department of Pediatrics, Stanford Univ.

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March/April 2007 • Poverty & Race • Vol. 16, No. 2 • 19 POVERTY & RACE RESEARCH ACTION COUNCIL Board of Directors CHAIR Darrell Armstrong Olati Johnson Anthony Sarmiento John Charles Boger Shiloh Baptist Church Columbia University Senior Service America University of North Carolina Trenton, NJ Law School Silver Spring, MD School of Law Maria Blanco New York, NY Catherine Tactaquin Chapel Hill, NC Lawyers’ Committee for Elizabeth Julian National Network for Civil Rights Inclusive Communities Immigrant & Refugee VICE-CHAIR San Francisco, CA Project Rights José Padilla Victor Bolden Dallas, TX Oakland, CA California Rural Legal NAACP Legal Defense S.M. Miller William L. Taylor Assistance & Educ. Fund The Commonwealth Citizens’ Commission San Francisco, CA New York, NY Institute on Civil Rights Craig Flournoy Cambridge, MA Washington, DC SECRETARY Southern Methodist Don Nakanishi john powell University University of California [Organizations listed for identification purposes only] Kirwan Institute for the Study Dallas, TX Los Angeles, CA Thomas Henderson Dennis Parker of Race & Ethnicity Philip D. Tegeler Ohio State University Sprenger & Lang American Civil Liberties President/Executive Director Columbus,OH Washington, DC Union Camille Holmes New York, NY Chester Hartman TREASURER National Legal Aid & Florence Wagman Sheila Crowley Defender Assn. Roisman Director of Research Washington, DC Indiana University National Low Income Nkiru Azikiwe Housing Coalition School of Law Health Policy Fellow Washington, DC Indianapolis, IN

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