Report Research FINAL 1

Project CB006.1.31.115 „Produce organic – package ecologically “

Research on evaluation of the current situation and the potential of the region for organic farming, including identification of best practices

Contracting Authority: “NIE – iNdependent Innovative unitEd”

Contractor: Prime Consulting Ltd

Contract title: „Research and expertise“ - CB006.1.31.115-PP2-2

1 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Contents Introduction ...... 3 1. Agro-ecological planning for organic production in Kyustendil district ...... 4 1.1. Research Methodology ...... 4 1.2. Climatic characteristics of Kyustendil district ...... 4 1.3 Agro-ecological zoning of Municipalities in Kyustendil district ...... 14 1. Agroecological zoning in municipality Bobov dol ...... 16 2. Agroecological zoning Municipality Boboshevo ...... 18 3. Agroecological zoning in the municipality of Kocherinovo ...... 21 4. Agroecological zoning in the municipality of Kyustendil ...... 23 5. Agroecological zoning Municipality Nevestino ...... 25 6. Agroecological zoning in the municipality of Rila ...... 27 7. Agroecological zoning in Sapareva banya ...... 29 8. Agroecological zoning in the municipality of Dupnitsa ...... 31 9. Agroecological zoning in ObshtinaTreklyano ...... 33 1.4. Land evaluation of agricultural crops in the municipalities of Kyustendil ...... 37 2. Climatic characteristics of North-east region of Macedonia ...... 44 2.1 Soil types in North-east region of Macedonia ...... 46 2.2. Mapping of the region ...... 48 3. Market accessibility and barriers for expansion of organic production...... 60 3.1 Bulgaria ...... 60 3.2 Republic of Macedonia ...... 62 4. Marketing channels and potential customers ...... 63 5. Best practices in organic farming ...... 68 Bibliography:...... 101 Annex 1 – List of organic producers in Kyustendil district and North-East Macedonia ...... 103 Annex 2 - Suitable land for organic farming in Kyustendil district ...... 107

2 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Introduction

The research is executed within a project Project CB006.1.31.115 „Produce organic – package ecologically“, where “NIE – iNdependent Innovative unitEd” ( Bulgaria) is a partner of EGRI ( FYROM).

The main objective is to analyze the available resources in the regions of Kyustendil district in Bulgaria and North-East region in Makedonia, predominantly having evaluation in depth of the soil conditions, and based on this to generate information which to be used by any interested in organic farming producer or organization.

The maps of the region and municipalities, covered by the research are based on official information and might also be used for any decisions related to the type of production which the producers want to realize.

The information about market accessibility is based on executed desk research, organized focus groups in both countries and interviews with stakeholders. The later has also participated in social experiment, where the audience has been given with the opportunity to taste 3 types of cheese – one of organic production, cheese produced in accordance with the national standard, and a product which imitates cheese, but does not contain milk. Video of the experiment is available on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfbTtjLDMKU&feature=youtu.be

The last part of the research includes 14 good practices, which are related to the organic farming. Their selection is based on preliminary defined criteria, as the aim is to show how the organic farming is possible to be started everywhere – it does not recognize borders, type of products vary a lot, and also the initial investment costs could be very limited. The examples are from all over the world and might give incentive for local producers.

3 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

1. Agro-ecological planning for organic production in Kyustendil district

1.1. Research Methodology

Agroecological zoning in the municipalities of Kyustendil district- Bobov Dol, Boboshevo, Kocherinovo, Kyustendil, Nevestino, Rila, Sapareva banya, Dupnitsa and Treklyano was made based on certain environmental characteristics, basic of which are: - prevailing soil type; - availability of moisture and warmth in the area (vegetation period); - extreme manifestation of certain climatic factors; - altitude; - relief features and the like. In the papers presented were analyzed and described: - weather conditions; - Soil Resources; - agronomic suitability of land by municipalities for suatabile for the regions organic crops. For the purpose of the project the card for agro-environmental areas in Bulgaria was used, which is compiled from aggregated soil and climate information and is 1: 600,000 (Jolevski et al., 1980). Across the country there are 50 separated agro-environment area, of which 40 cover the agricultural fund, and 10 the forest one. Map of agro-environmental areas is digitized using advanced software programs and it allows the use of available digital information, adding new and visualization through the map material. The electronic map of Agro-environment areas (georeferenced) is imposed on municipal boundaries. The soil, climate and agro-climatic data was processed by GIS in order to spatially delineate the most homogeneous regions. So in each municipality there are formed from 2 to 3 and more areas. As noted above they are separated based on differences in soil and agro-climatic conditions.

Information on soils is represented by "soil map of Bulgaria" in scale 1: 200 000.

Climatic conditions are described, taking into account the most important indicators-air temperatures and rainfall. Data is geathered from weather and rain gauges from the study area.

1.2. Climatic characteristics of Kyustendil district The mentioned municfipalities are part of the transitional continental climatic sub-region.

4 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

In this sub-region, which lies entirely south of the Balkan Mountains, winter is markedly softer than in temperate continental sub-region, and the summer is generally hot. The rainfall regime also has continental character - with summer maximum and winter minimum. However, the difference between summer and winter rainfall is very low - averaging about 6-8% of their annual amount as in the southern parts of the subregion practically disappears. Moreover many local minima of precipitation already moved from the winter months - to August or September. All these features, together with a relatively mild winter and low snowfalls shows that the climate of this subregion as a transition between moderate continental North Bulgaria and mild climate of our most southern areas. For the differentiation of the climatic conditions in these areas play a special role primarily physiographic conditions in different parts of the transitional continental climatic zone.

Kyustendil-Blagoevgrad climatic region covers the locations of the northern half of Strouma valley and includes the main Kyustendil, the Dupnitsa and Blagoevgradska field. The climatic conditions in the region is largely determined by his good protection not only from the west and east, but also from the north, where between Rila, Vitosha and Stara Planina the are many low and middle high mountain ranges. So the winter is relatively mild compared to the Sofia field, although it is only 60-70 km to the north. Summer is relatively warm for the altitude of the area and is relatively less cloudy. A characteristic feature is the internally annual distribution of precipitation, unlike the neighboring region of high fields of West Central Bulgaria where there are sharply expressed continental type, there is almost no significant difference between the amounts in their individual seasons.

Rila-Osogovski mountainous climatic region consists of pre-mountain places located above Kyustendilska, the Dupnitsa and Blagoevgrad field as well as the lower portions of the western slopes of mountain Rila, eastern slopes of Osogovska and Vlahina and the southern half of Konyavska mountain. The terrain has a significant gradients, rugged, with an altitude of 600 to 1000 m. Climatic conditions differ from those in the neighboring region of Kyustendil-Blagoevgrad region mainly by lower temperatures and slightly larger rainfall, ie a general improvement of conditions of humidity. The transitional nature of the climate is underscored by the presence already of autumn maximum rainfall while maintaining the typical continental climate winter minimum.

The mountain climate region it includes places with altitude above 1000 m, belonging to mauntain Osogovo, Vlahina, Rila (without northern and slopes). Characteristic change is the rapid decrease in temperature and increase rainfall in height. In winter, this results in a relatively thick snow cover and in summer - the predominance of cool and relatively wet weather. The seasonal distribution of rainfall in the area is typical of transitional continental sub - There is some increase in the autumn-winter precipitation at the expense of the summer, resulting in that the seasonal rainfalls are of the same order. In some places, mainly in western parts of the region, the autumn rains become even maximum. The region differ in two parts:

◊ Medium part - up to 2000 m, where rainfall is relatively small, and temperatures higher. 5 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

◊ Alpine area - over 2000 m, where temperatures are significantly lower and rainfall – higher.

Table 1. Average monthly and annual air temperature in 0С

Months Av. ann Station I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII ual T

Donitz - 10, 15, 18, 21, 20, 16, 11, 0,9 1,3 4,7 6 3 8 0 5 7 4 6,5 1,5 10,6

Kiustendil - 11, 16, 19, 21, 21, 17, 11, 0,8 1,7 5,7 4 0 5 8 5 4 8 6,7 1,7 11,2

Nikolichevtzi - 10, 15, 18, 20, 20, 16, 10, 1,3 1,1 5,1 7 1 7 9 5 3 8 6,0 1,1 10,4

Rila 11, 16, 19, 22, 21, 18, 12, 0,1 2,4 6,1 6 2 7 2 9 1 4 7,3 2,3 11,7

Table 1 shows average monthly and annual air temperature in certain places in the Kyustendil region. In the plain parts the lowest winter temperatures are in January in the range of 1,3 to 0,1 0C 0C, and the highest summer temperatures are in the range of 20.5 to 22.2 0C. In the higher mountain areas, average temperatures in January reach from minus 110 to minus 7 0C.

Table 2. Average monthly minimum air temperature in 0С

Months

Station I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Dupnitza -14,4 -11,8 -7,4 - 3,3 7,2 8,9 7,5 3,2 -1,1 -4,8 -11,3 2,0

Kiustendil -13,8 -11,7 -7,5 - 3,9 7,9 9,6 9,0 4,3 -0,6 -5,1 -10,9 1,0

Nikolichevtzi -15,8 -13,2 -8,3 - 2,6 6,4 7,8 6,6 2,2 -2,5 -6,1 -11,4 2,9

Rila -12,7 -10,7 -7,0 - 4,1 8,2 9,8 9,1 4,7 -0,1 -4,5 -10,3

6 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

1,2

Rila monastery -15,9 -14,3 -11,8 - -0,5 3,0 4,5 3,8 0,2 -3,1 -7,3 -11,8 5,3

Osogovo rest house -16,3 -15,3 -13,6 - -1,2 2,0 4,5 4,1 0,9 -4,3 -9,0 -13,7 8,0

Minimum air temperature occurs most frequently in the hours before sunrise, when the radiation cooling of the underling surface is strongest (Table 2). The average monthly minimum temperature gives an indication of the average range (in a month), between which oscillates the air temperature during the day.

Table 3. Average monthly maximum air temperature in 0С

Months

Station I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Dupnitza 3,1 6,2 10,5 16,7 21,5 24,9 27,6 27,8 24,1 18,1 11,3 5,3

Kiustendil 3,4 6,6 11,0 17,5 22,2 25,4 28,5 28,1 24,9 18,5 11,3 5,4

Nikolichevtzi 3,4 6,5 10,8 17,2 21,9 25,6 28,2 27,8 24,6 18,4 11,5 5,6

Rila 4,3 7,3 11,7 17,7 22,5 26,0 28,7 28,8 25,3 19,1 12,3 6,5

Rila monastery 1,4 3,3 7,3 12,7 17,2 20,5 23,1 23,8 19,9 14,8 9,2 3,2

Osogovo rest house -1,0 0,4 2,6 7,0 12,1 15,5 18,0 18,6 15,1 10,6 6,7 1,5

The data on the average monthly maximum air temperature were obtained from the hour maximum temperatures averaged over a sufficiently long period of time. The maximum temperature of the air is influenced to a lesser extent on the shape of the relief than the average hour temperature as it normally occurs in the afternoon (13-15 hours) when turbulent air exchange is the highest (Table 3).

7 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Table 4. Average monthly and annual rainfall (mm/m2)

Annual amount Station Months

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Dupnitza 45 38 37 61 69 79 52 40 38 56 61 51 627

Kiustendil 48 45 42 52 68 65 54 36 38 59 62 55 624

Rila 43 38 38 56 62 69 41 38 36 55 62 56 594

Vaksevo 52 47 45 58 69 72 50 39 38 62 68 62 662

Kocherinovo 45 38 36 52 56 59 41 35 33 55 62 52 563

Osogovo rest house 74 65 57 68 92 83 58 45 48 81 90 87 848

Rainfall in Kyustendil region during the year are characterized by a pronounced spring and autumn peak (May and June, November and December) and winter and summer minimum. The total annual rainfall is smallest in Kocherinovo (563 mm / m2), and the highest one is for the mountainous parts of the regions (848 mm / m2, hut Ossogovo). The amount of rainfall by seasons is presented in Table 8. In the lower, plains areas, soil moisture is inadequate, especially during the critical summer period (July and August), which adversely affects the crop. Drought is observed in the month. September.

Table 5. Average monthly and annual relative humidity (%)

Months Annual amount Station I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Dupnitza 79 75 69 61 64 63 57 57 59 69 77 81 68

Kiustendil 82 78 70 63 64 63 58 56 63 72 80 83 69

Rila 80 75 69 63 63 62 57 56 60 69 77 81 68

Nikolichevtzi 82 76 69 64 67 67 62 60 68 75 79 82 71

Osogovo rest 83 80 80 75 74 75 71 67 71 74 82 83 76

8 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

house

On the table are presented on a monthly and annual average daily relative humidity. The relative humidity is characterized by high stability of the monthly average values. This feature is more stable in winter compared to summer (Table 5).

Table 6. Duration (days) and temperature sum of the periods of detention

sustainable temperatures > 0 0C, > 5 0C,>1 0 0C, >15 0C

Duration (days) Temperature sum (С х days)

Station 0 0С 5 0С 10 0С 15 0С 0 0С 5 0С 10 0С 15 0С

Dupnitza 340 251 194 133 3905 3710 3285 2520

Kiustendil 346 259 201 140 4110 3930 3500 2730

Nikolichevtzi 333 252 191 129 3815 3705 3200 2385

Rila 365 266 216 146 4270 4070 3710 2880

Rila monastery 286 213 141 39 2630 2455 1925 615

Osogovo rest house 259 178 110 0 2155 1930 1235 0

Temperature amounts and periods indicated are derived by collecting temperature amounts for the respective months. The indicators are used in the agro-climatic assessment of certain territory and to what extend they can ensure the ripening of the crops. As the 10 0C spring is an indication of the occurrence of the favorable moment of sowing of the thermophilic spring crops (maize, etc.). During this time begins the development of the vine. Lasting shift in temperature over 15 0C spring is usually taken as the end of spring and early summer. Temperature sums (50, 100 and 15 0C) serve to evaluate the conditions for the ripening of various crops. Zoning in temperature conditions lands of municipalities located in Kyustendilska and Dupnitsa Plain fall in moderately warm sub-belt. In hilly parts to semi temperature amounts above 10 0C are 19250 C and divided by temperature conditions they fall to moderately warm to moderately cool sub-belt. In such thermal conditions have capabilities for raising a thermophilic cultures (mostly early). In high temperature areas amounts above 100C are 12350 and divided by temperature conditions they fall into the cool climate region.

Zoning in terms of land humidity municipalities located in Kyustendil and Dupnitsa Plain fall into the "dry zone", the difference between money and precipitation (mm) for the period from June to August 9 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

showed a deficit of minus 200-300 humidity and less what allows up to 90% for the cultivation and maturation of crops, but also the need for irrigation.

In the hilly parts and semi hilly the humidity conditions are defined as "weak drought" as the difference between the vapor and precipitation (mm) for the period from June to August showed a deficit of humidity minus 100-200mm. In alpine regions the conditions of humidity are defined as "wet" as the difference between the vapor and precipitation (mm) for the period from June to August showed a deficit of humidity less than 100 mm and less.

Table 7. Middle and end date of the last spring and first autumn frost

and average duration of frost free weather

Last frost First frost Average duration Station Earliest Middle Latest Earliest Middle Latest date date date date date date (days)

Dupnitza 31. 03 16.04 10.05 29.09 15.10 21.11 181

Kiustendil 20.03 8.04 10.05 28.09 21.10 2.12 195

Nikolichevtzi 29.03 20.04 24.05 20.09 15.10 16.11 177

Rila 6.03 8.04 3.05 1.10 19.10 28.11 193

Sapareva bania 22.03 13.04 2.05 30.09 20.10 26.11 189

Rila monastery 15.03 1.05 8.06 21.09 5.10 8.11 156

As a meteorological phenomenon spring and autumn frosts are some of the elements of the climate of a place. Their influence on the development of agricultural production is well known. In some years frosts are causing substantial losses to agriculture, destroying completely or substantially lowering yields from a given region of the country. Day of frost is considered one in which the minimum air temperature measured at a height of 2 meters in the weather cell is equal to or lower than 00 C under a positive average diurnal temperature of the air. In Table 7 is a multi-annual average and the date of the last spring and first autumn frost and the average length of time free from frost, which are key features of the phenomenon.

10 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Table 8. Distribution Values of seasonal rainfalls

Climatic sub regions, regions and parts Еlevation Seasonal and annual rainfall (mm) Moths with

height (m) Winter Spring Summe Fall Annual max. rain min. rain r

Transient continental climatic sub region

4. Kyustendil-BLAGOEVGRAD climatic regions 400 ÷ 600 110 ÷ 125 ÷ 120 ÷ 130 ÷ 505 ÷ V I; X I I I, V I 145 180 160 180 700 I I

5. Rila-Osogovski mountainous climatic region 600 ÷1000 130 ÷ 155 ÷ 150 ÷ 160 ÷ 640 ÷ V I; X I I I, V I 150 180 180 190 710 I I

6. MOUNTAIN climatic regions

а) PART highlands 1000 ÷ 150 ÷ 190 ÷ 190 ÷ 160 ÷ 700 ÷ V I, V IX, V I I 2000 210 270 270 240 960 I

б) high mountain areas 2000 ÷ 200 ÷ 210 ÷ 270 ÷ 200 ÷ 900 V I. V I X, V I I 2900 280 300 320 250 ÷1100 I

11 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Table 9.Temperature readings of the air in terms of important growing periods

Climatic sub regions, regions and parts Еlevation Температура на въздуха (Т 0С)

height January April July October avg. Avg. annual (m) annual amplitude

Transient continental climatic sub region

4. Kyustendil-BLAGOEVGRAD climatic regions 400 ÷ - 1.0 ÷ 1.0 10.5 ÷ 21.0 ÷ 11.0 ÷ 10.5 ÷ 22.0 ÷ 22.5 600 12.0 23.0 13.5 12.5

5. Rila-Osogovski mountainous climatic region 600 - 2.0 ÷ -1.0 7.5 ÷ 18.0 ÷ 9.5 ÷ 8.0 ÷ 20.0 ÷ 22.0 ÷1000 10.5 21.0 11.0 10.5

6. MOUNTAIN climatic regions

а) PART highlands 1000 ÷ - 7.0 ÷ -1.5 1.5 ÷ 11.0 ÷ 3.5 ÷ 2.0 ÷ 18.0 ÷ 20.0 2000 7.5 18.0 9.5 8.0

б) high mountain areas 2000 ÷ -11.0 ÷ -7.0 - 4.5 ÷ 5.0 ÷ -1.5 ÷ -3.0 ÷ 16.0 ÷ 18.0 2900 1.5 11.0 3.5 2.0

12 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Table 10.Average dates of continued detention of air temperature above and below 5 0с and 10 0с

Climatic sub regions, regions and parts Еlevation Average dates of permanent retention of the temperature (date.moths) height (m) > 50C > 100C < 100C < 50C

Transient continental climatic sub region

4. Kyustendil-BLAGOEVGRAD climatic regions 400 ÷ 600 01.03 ÷ 01.04 ÷ 21.10 ÷ 20.11 ÷ 10.03 12.04 05.11 02.12

5. Rila-Osogovski mountainous climatic region 600 ÷1000 10.03 ÷ 12.04 ÷ 05.10 ÷ 12.11 ÷ 30.03 05.05 21.10 20.11

6. MOUNTAIN climatic regions

а) PART highlands 1000 ÷ 01.04 ÷ 05.05 ÷ 15.08 ÷ 03.10 ÷ 2000 18.05 01.07 05.10 08.11

б) high mountain areas 2000 ÷ 18.05 ÷ - - 18.08 ÷ 2900 15.07 03.10

13 The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

1.3 Agro-ecological zoning of Municipalities in Kyustendildistrict

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

1. Agroecological zoning in municipality Bobov dol

The municipality is divided into two distinct agro-ecological regions - Sofia-Pernik (IV1) and Kyustendil (IV2).

In Sofia-Pernishki area (IV1) most widely spread are Hromic Luvisols, Haplic Vertisols, Fluvisols and Leptic Hromic Cambisols + Rendzic Leptosols.

Hromic Luvisols which have weakly potent /20-25 cm/ humus layer, a powerful profile /100-220 cm/, medium to heavy sandy clay mechanical composition and weakly acidic media reaction /pH in H2O ranges from 5.4 to 6.6/. Some of these soils are affected by erosion.

Haplic Vertisols are distinguished by a large capacity of the humus layer /70-75 cm/ and profile /180 cm/, heavy mechanical composition. The content of organic matter in the surface horizon is about 3%. The soils are characterized with neutral to weakly alkaline media reaction /pH 7.0-7.5 in H2O/.

Fluvisols are distributed mainly along the Struma River and its tributaries. It is characterized by a fluctuation in the range of their individual performance, but are mainly characterized by the average power of the humus layer /30-40 cm/ and the power of the profile - 80 cm, average sandy clay mechanical composition, slight to moderate availability of organic matter /1.0 - 3.0% of humus/ and a weakly acidic to alkaline media reaction /pH 5.5-8.0 in H2O/.

In the region there are also Leptic Hromic Cambisols + Rendzic Leptosols, formed on the non- carbonate material. They are characterized by low power humus layer / 20-22 cm / and soil profile /40-50 cm/, mild to moderate sandy clay mechanical composition and low availability of organic matter /1.0-1.5% humus/. The reaction media reaction is slightly acid /pH 5.5-6.5 in H2O/. These soils are not suitable for growing organic production.

Leptic Cambisol, distributed in the area, have a low power humus layer /about 20 cm/ and profile in the range of 60-70 cm. They are characterized by a soft, skeletal mechanical composition, low humus content /1-2% humus/ and acidic media reaction /pH at about 5.0 in H2O/.

In Kyustendil region (IV2), the soil cover is composed of different soil types, which are analogous to those described for the Sofia-Pernishki area. It is worth noting here that Haplic Vertisol occupies a smaller area while Hromic Luvisols are more prevalent. Haplic Vertisol are distinguished by a small power of the humus layer, lighter skeletal mechanical composition, a low humus content and a larger area occupied by eroded lands. Rendzic Leptosols are poor in organic matter and in skeletal.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

2. Agroecological zoning Municipality Boboshevo

There are three distinct regions in thе municipality - Kyustendil (IV2), Rila-Pirin (VI6) and High Rila- Pirin (VII2).

Region Kyustendil (IV2), has already been described above.

Rila-Pirin region (VI6) covers the higher parts of the Rila and Pirin mountains - from 800 to 2000 m altitude. The relief is with alpine character. Most common in the region are Leptic Cambisol. They are characterized by low power humus layer /10-15 cm/ and profile /50-60 cm/, slight mechanical composition, low to medium availability of humus /2.0-3.0% humus/ and acidic media reaction /pH in H2O - 5.3/. Most of these soils are subject to erosion.

High Rila-Pirin region (VII2) comprises the highest treeless parts of Rila and Pirin mountains - over 1700-1800 m altitude. The relief is alpine. In specific environmental conditions here are formed Umric Leptosols or Leptic-humic Umrisols. They are characterized by powerful /40-50 cm/ humus horizon and moderately profile /55-90 cm/, light, rock mechanical composition, very rich in organic matter /12-23% humus/ and acidic media reaction /pH in H2O - 5.5/. There is alsosoil erosion processes.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

3. Agroecological zoning in the municipality of Kocherinovo

The municipality is divided into two separate areas - Kyustendil (IV2), Rila-Pirin (VI6), already described.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

4. Agroecological zoning in the municipality of Kyustendil

The municipality is divided into four regions - Sofia-Pernik (IV1), Kyustendil (IV2), Tran-Osogovski (VI3) and High-Osogovski (VII3).

Sofia-Pernik region covers the territory between Milevska, Rila and Malashevska mountains. The landscape is as mountainous as well as valleys and determines the manifestation of erosion. The soil is comprised of similar differences properties as previously described neighboring Agroecological region IV1. However, unlike here Haplic Vertisol occupies a smaller area while Hromic Luvisols are more prevalent. The latter are characterized by a smaller power of the individual horizons, lighter and skeletal mechanical composition, a low humus content and a larger area of the eroded land.

Tran-Osogovski area covers the highlands of Western mountain suburbs: Ossogovo Vlahina, Malashevska. The terrain is rugged, soil forming materials are presented mainly by crystalline schists and very few granites, sandstones and others. The soil is occupied by Leptic Cambisol. They are characterized by low power humus layer /10-15 cm/ and profile /50-60 cm/, lighter mechanical composition, slight to moderate humus content /2-3%/ and acidic media reaction /pH in H2O - 5.3/.

High-Osogovski area takes the treeless alpine areas in Kyustendil over 1700-1800 m. The relief is alpine. In these specific environmental conditions here are formed Umric Leptosols or Leptic-humic Umrisols. They are characterized by powerful /40-50 cm/ humus horizon and moderately profile /55- 90 cm/, light, rock mechanical composition, very rich in organic matter /12-23% humus/ and acidic media reaction /pH in H2O - 5.5/. There is erosion processes.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

5. Agroecological zoning Municipality Nevestino

The municipality is divided into two distinct agro-ecological regions: Kyustendil (IV2) and Tran- Osogovski (VI3) - already described.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

6. Agroecological zoning in the municipality of Rila

The municipality is divided into three agro-ecological regions: Kyustendil (IV2), Rila-Pirin (VI6) and High Rila-Pirin (VII2) - already described.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

7. Agroecological zoning in Sapareva banya

The municipality is divided into three agro-ecological regions: Kyustendil (IV2), Samokovsko- Srednogorski (VI5) and Rila-Pirin (VII2).

Soils in Kyustendil region and Rila-Pirin region are already described above.

The relief of the territory of Samokovsko-Srednogorski area is mountainous. The altitude is from 630 to 1400 m. The most widely spread are Leptic Cambisol. They are characterized by low power humus layer /10-15 cm/ and profile /50-60 cm/, lighter mechanical composition, slight to moderate availability of humus /2.0-3.0%/ and acidic media reaction /pH in H2O - 5.3/. Most of these soils are subject to erosion.

At the foot of the slopes, on the talus cone, there are wide areas occupied by Dystric-sceletic + Eutric- scletic Fluvisols. They are characterized by moderately humus layer /50 cm/, deep profile /120 cm/, stoned mechanical composition, low humus content /1-2%/ and a weakly acidic to neutral media reaction /pH is from 6.5 to 7.5/. In this region widely spread are Leptic-cromic Luvisols.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

8. Agroecological zoning in the municipality of Dupnitsa

The municipality has five agro-ecological regions: Sofia-Pernik (IV1), Kyustendil (IV2), Samokovsko- Srednogorski (VI5), Rila-Pirin (VII2) and High Rila-Pirin (VII2) - already described.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

9. Agroecological zoning in ObshtinaTreklyano

The municipality has three agro-ecological regions: Sofia-Pernik (IV1), Kyustendil (IV2) and Tran- Osogovski (VI3) - already described.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Agroecological zoning in municipalitiesfrom Kyustendilska area

Municipality Agro-ecological area № /index/ of AER

IV1 Bobov dol Sofia-Pernik IV2 Kyustendil

IV1 Sofia-Pernik BOBOSHEVO IV2 Kyustendil

Kyustendil IV2 Kocherinovo VI6 Rila-Pirin

Sofia-Pernik IV1 IV2 Kyustendil Kyustendil VI3 Tran-Osogovski VII3 High-Osogovski

Kyustendil IV2 Nevestino VI3 Tran-Osogovski

Kyustendil IV2 VI6 Rila Rila-Pirin VII2 High-Rila-Pirin

Kyustendil IV2 VI5 Sapareva Banya Samokovsko-Srednogorski VI6 Rila-Pirin Kyustendil IV2 VI5 Samokovsko-Srednogorski Dupnitsa VI6 Rila-Prin VII2 High-Rila-Pirin

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Sofia-Pernik IV1 IV2 Treklyano Kyustendil VI3 Tran-Osogovski

Potential threat for soil erosion The predominant relief of Kyustendil region is mountainous and valleys, heavily indented in the northern and western parts. More than 1/5 of the lands in the area (22%) are located at more than 1200 m above sea level. Most of those lands are in the municipalities of Rila and Sapareva bathroom - respectively 69 and 47% of their area and in Treklyano, Dupnitsa and Kyustendil occupy 15 to 23 percent. Most of the remaining land in Kyustendil have a slope above 150. Their involvement has been greatest in municipalities Kyustendil Kocherinovo Boboshevo Nevestino and Treklyano (37, 39, 41, 47 and 51% of the surface), 17-20% in Bobovdol, Rila and Sapareva bath and 8% Dupnitsa Municipality. The proportion of land with a slope of 3-6 and 6-90, which are the main part of agricultural land is only 17% (at 28% of the country). Their involvement is greater in municipalities Dupnitza Bobovdol (31 and 51%), from 16 to 22% in Kyustendil Treklyano, Nevestino Kocherinovo and Boboshevo and 4- 9% in Rila and Sapareva bath. The total area of arable land with varying degrees of erosion risk in Kyustendil 90 995.1 ha. 19 out of these 101.4 ha (21%) are arable land with very low erosion risk and land at an altitude of more than 1 200m which are not going to have anty erosion treatment. On the remaining 79% (71 893.6 ha) of arable land to permanent use of land - fields, permanent crops (orchards and vineyards) and pastures are recommended basic protivoerozinni practices depending on the degree of erosion risk, which should limit the prevention of erosion to acceptable limits. This can be achieved by applying the soil conservation crop rotations (crop rotation by a fused surface and row crops), establishment of grass buffer strips (in the fields of row crops and areas with perennials) and others. Terracing as erosion control practices recommended for arable land with high erosion risk. Paving run-off holding furrows in pastures and implementation for improvement activities such as cleaning of stones and shrubs, planting, fertilizing, controlled grazing, etc.

Potential threat from acidification Acidic soils are referred to soil with a chemical imbalance because they contain excessive amounts of exchangeable hydrogen, aluminum, iron and manganese which are toxic to plants and are one of the reasons for the low structural stability of these soils. Particularly vulnerable are Leptic-albic Luvisols, Leptic Cambisols, Leptic Cambisols or Humic Leptosols, Umbric Leptosols or Leptic-humic Umbrisosls,

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distributed in Kocherinovo. The possible measure to prevent such processes are: introduction of finely ground lime materials (lime) for neutralizing toxic to plants acidity.

Potential threat from soil compaction

Under the conditions of modern intensive farming soil density is exposed to intense impact and change under the influence of agricultural machinery and vehicles who repeatedly go on the soil surface in the growing and harvesting of crops. To secondary soil compaction leads especially when working at high soil moisture, especially if the soil has heavier mechanical composition. To prevent these processes there is needed a proper selection of agricultural machinery and the use of new technologies, in which the number of operations decreases (minimum tillage) or to the soil generally not processed (zero tillage); applying a profiling autumn plowing depth 30-35 cm reverse layers and similar. Such soils in the region are: Haplic Vertisols, Hromic Luvisols and Leptic-albic Luvisols.

1.4. Land evaluation of agricultural crops in the municipalities of Kyustendil

Methods for Land Evaluation

The results obtained from the analysis of the soil samples are used for land evaluation of the fields for growing crops by specific methods (Petrov E,. et al, 1988).

Basic soil indicators are measured at pre-established quality evaluation scales directly into scores (0 to 100):

• Mechanical composition;

• Depth of the humus horizon;

• Depth of the soil horizons;

• Texture differentiation of the profile;

• Soil reaction of the fallow land;

• Humus content;

• Level of the subterranean waters.

It is assumed that the following parameters determine the "nature of soil formation processes and the formation of soil fertility." The calculated average of estimates is called "soil land evaluation score".

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The values of the "land evaluation scorel" can be adjusted by correction co-efficients for erosion or accumulation, stone content, salinity, swampiness (provided that there is the presence of such processes in the soil).

The adjusted score is maximally close to the specific field conditions. The conversion of the soil score into "land evaluation score” done is through further adjustment to the climate factor that has been developed according to the requirements of crops. With the methodology for land evaluation a uniform system of evaluation of agricultural land in Bulgaria is introduced. In it "soil and climatic indicators" are valued at a combined additively multiplicative method.

+ + + + + + = RTX RTHH RTSP RCCR RpH RHC RGWT CLFLSTSAEA FR x R k k k k k n (1)

Where:

FRX -field evaluation scores of the individual crops.

The evaluation scores for:

RTX -mechanical composition of the soil;

RTHH -depth of the humus horizon;

RTSP -depth of the soil profile;

RCCR -texture differentiations of the profile;

RpH -reaction of soil;

RHC -content of the organic substance (humus);

RGWT -level of the subterranean waters.

Correction co-efficients for:

kEA -erosion or accumulation of the soilo;

kSA -salinization/alkalinity of the soil;

kST -stone content in the arable layer of the soil;

kFL -marshiness;

kCL -climate;

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nR -number of the individual evaluations (R.) with reported weight of participation (according to the scales).

Methods of evaluation and classification of land, based on its suitability for growing agricultural crops according to FAO

In 1973 in Vageningen (Holland) a group of scientists create a panel for the needs of FAO (C. Sys et al., 1971, 1985, 1990, 1993), which defines a concept for the different types of land use – the so called land utilization types. A classifications of lands for a specific use is suggested, which is based on evaluations of different types of land utilization. The system of FAO recommends a choice between quantitative and qualitative classifications and between current and potential suitability of land for different types of land utilization. As well as other classifications the one of FAO is divided in different taxonomic levels and three categories are suggested for the highest level:

» S - suitable lands;

» CS - conditionally suitable lands;

» N - unsuitable lands.

In 1975 it is accepted that for the category conditionally suitable lands there could be at times different interpretation, so the other two categories are only recommended - S и N. They are used in the classification in the following years.

Later on there are publications connected with suggestions for improvement of the above methods. In this direction we can quote “Framework for Land Evaluation” (1976), “Land Evaluation Criteria for Irrigation” (1979), “Guidelines: Land Evaluation for Rainfed Agriculture (1983) и and more modern publications such as FAO – 1991, 1993, 2001.

The basic taxonomic units in the system of FAO are categories, types, subtypes, suitability units.

In FAO system there are two basic categories:

» S – Suitable lands. They are characterized by a certain kind of sustainable agriculture with a definite goal and way of land utilization. The yields meet the required working capital investments without unexpected risks for land resources in the evaluated area and its neighboring ones.

» N – Unsuitable lands. It is characteristic of them that they hamper certain kinds of sustainable agriculture with a definite goal and way of land utilization. The expected yields require costs and/or conservation practices which are unacceptable for the level of the invested capital for the time and location of the evaluation.

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Types are on a lower taxonomic level. FAO do not describe solid criteria for differentiation. It is recommended to identify three types of land in category S.

» S1 – suitable lands;

» S2 – moderately suitable lands;

» S3 – limitedly suitable lands.

In category N two types are recommended:

» N1 – currently unsuitable, but potentially suitable lands;

» N2 – currently and potentially unsuitable lands.

Subtypes are also suggested, which show different kinds of limitations or the necessity of ameliorations. They are designated by small letters from the Latin alphabet:

c - climatic limitations;

» t – topographic limitations;

» w – drought limitations;

» s – physical and soil limitations(influence of the relationship water-soil and its control);

» f – limitations of the soil fertility – soils which are either very difficult or refractory to corrections;

» n – limitations of salinization (and/or alkalinity) of soils.

The lowest taxons in the FAO classifications – the units of suitability, identify the smallest differences in the levels if land utilization.

It is recommended for the evaluation procedure to consist of three basic stages:

1. Collection and accumulation of the necessary data of the characteristics and/or qualities of agricultural lands.

2. Determination of the relevant requirements for an individual type of land utilization.

3. Relative evaluation “sensu stricto” by comparison of the results from the previous two phases.

FAO also recommends work with two different methods – the ones of limitations (limiting) and parametrical.

It is characteristic that in all cases the data collected of the land features and/or qualities – soil, climatic, relief, are processed separately.

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Synchronization of the Bulgarian methodology for land evaluation with the methods accepted by FAO

Table 11. Adaptation of the results of evaluations obtained by the suggested limiting method to ones that are expected by a good parametrical method

(By FAO, through C. Sys at al. 1991)

Types Suitability Evaluation scores

S1 Very suitable lands. No limitations. Not more than 4 limitations 95 ÷ 100 per level. 85 ÷ 95

S2 Moderately suitable lands. 60 ÷ 85

S3 Suitable lands with limitations. 40 ÷ 60

N1 Currently unsuitable but potentially suitable lands. 25 ÷ 40

N2 Currently and potentially unsuitable lands. 0 ÷ 25

In connection with the above, it was prepared spatial distribution of groups of crops by municipalities in Kyustendil according to the procedure of FAO Table. 11. The attached map material shows the suitability for organic farming of vineyards and fruit orchards, vegetable crops and grassland. In the group of fruit trees that form a complex bonitet evaluation is included the following: V apples;

V cherries;

V pears;

V plums;

V cherries;

V hazelnuts;

V raspberries.

Areas with altitude above 800m are unsuitable for cultivation with the exception of hazelnuts and raspberries, which can be planted in areas with an altitude of 1800 m.

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In the group of vegetable crops that form a complex bonitet evaluation are included the following: V tomatoes;

V pepper;

V cucumbers;

V cabbage;

V potatoes (early and late production), etc..

Areas with altitude above 800m are unsuitable for cultivation with the exception of late potatoes which may be planted in places with an altitude of 1800 m.

In the group of vine crops that form a complex bonitet evaluation are included the following:

V early dessert;

V medium early dessert;

V late dessert;

V early wine;

V medium early wine;

V late wine.

Areas with altitude above 800m are unsuitable for growing vines.

The group of grasslands and pastures that form bonitet assessment:

V grassland and pastures.

Areas with altitude above 2400m are unusable for grassland.

In the consideration municipalities, the suitability of land for cultivation of wheat are in a wide range - land evaluation are in the range 30-75 marks, corn - 25-55 marks, tomato - 20-75 marks, pepper - 40-80 marks, cabbage - 30-80 marks, cucumber - 40-80 marks, apples - 30-80 marks, cherries - 40-80 marks, cherries - 40-80 marks, potato - 60-90 marke, grassland and pastures - 65-80 marks, hazelnuts - 40-80 marks, raspberries - 60-80 marks and vineyards - 0-80 marks). Lower quality assessment ratings (and 0) are the result of the presence of shallow and eroded soils, acid or gravel which acts negatively on the crop. Soil from the high part, are suitable, but for a limited number of crops (hazelnuts, potatoes cultivated blueberry, strawberry, raspberry, herbal plants cultivated rose hip, etc.).

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Soil resources in the municipalities of Bobov dol, Boboshevo, Kocherinovo, Kyustendil, Nevestino, Rila, Sapareva bathroom, Dupnitsa and Treklyano are varied. In the regions there is a deep, fertile soils and shallow-land unsuitable for agriculture. The great wealth in these communities have thermal resources, water resources (irrigation possibilities) and purity of nature. In municipalities of Kyustendil, Nevestino, Boboshevo, Kocherinovo are present light alluvial soils, which are very suitable for vegetables and in particular for fruit trees. In these regions there is a specific microclimate that allows the development of fruit (apples, cherries, pears, plums, raspberries) and obtaining products with unique taste. In secured irrigation, even small areas can be very effective for the owners. Environmental conditions in the region are suitable for organic farming, as there is no pollution and large industrial enterprises.

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2. Climatic characteristics of North-east region of Macedonia

The north-east region of Macedonia is located in the northeast of the Republic of Macedonia and spreads out on a surface of 1,732.9 square kilometers or specifically 173,297.8 hectares. It is characterized as a mainly mountainous region. The majority of the populated areas are located at the base of the mountains and river valley at an average altitude of 600 meters while the entire region with its mountain peaks has altitudes of up to 2,200 meters above sea level. As such it is characterized by mainly continental macro climate which changes with altitude in micro locations.

The region as a whole is characterized being located within an area with continental climate. However due to its mountainous nature the north-east region of Macedonia exhibits an interesting microclimate. One that is characterized by altitude changes affecting modification that results in a variety of sub-climates. These are:

• Warm continental climate zone: 600-900 m (valleys and small hills)

• Cold continental climate zone: 900-1,100 m (High valleys and mountain base)

• Sub-forest continental climate zone: 1,100-1,300 meters (Lower regions of the mountains)

• Forest continental climate zone: 1,300-1,650 meters (Medium to high mountain regions)

However out of these zone the dominant one is cold continental climate zone, as the majority of land is located in within an altitude of 600 to 1,100 meters. The specifics of this type of climates is characterized with the specifics shown in the following table. These factors of course change with the altitude, and lead to a decrease in the annual vegetative period with a temperature of 10оС to 13оС.A period which in this municipality averages 209 to 213 day per annum. Despite being characterized with some high altitudes the majority of the municipality still experiences a deficit in humidity due it’s relatively low rainfall. The rainfall and the humidity increases with altitudes and is higher in some of the regions, however these regions due not have significant arable land and are mostly pastures and forests.

Climate characteristics of the region

Average annual temperature (оС) 10,1 – 13,0 Sum of temperatures above 10оС (оС) 3526 - 3926 Periods with a temperature above 10оС (оС) 209 - 213 Average annual rainfall (mm) 523-634

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Potential evaporation (according to Thornthwaite) 646 - 755

Deficit of humidity (according to Thornthwaite) 116,9 - 284

Aridity index (according to De Martonne) 23 - 31,5 Rain factor (according to Lang) 40 - 62,7 Hydrothermal coefficient (According to Selaninov) 1,33 - 2,07

Annual indicator of humidity 0,36

Considering the geography and climate alone, the potential for agricultural production becomes limited to crops that are resistant to frost and can yield production within relatively shorter vegetative periods. Furthermore, this region has a steep relief due to its mountainous nature and is prone to high erosion risks in periods of high rainfall, which further limits the capacity for production to crops that are not tillage intensive, in order to protect from the leaching of soil nutrients via water erosion.

Table 12. Surface covered with irrigation system

Surface under Irrigated surfaces Irrigation system irrigation (ha) system (ha) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

“Bregalnica” - Kocani 28.111 5.674 5.664 6.391 6.915 7.450

“Kumanovo – Lipokovo field“ – 6.471 488 949 1.093 1.088 1.290 Kumanovo Total: 34.582 6.162 6.613 7.484 8.003 8.740

As far as water resources for agriculture are concerned the region has high water scarcity with annual rainfall of 524-634 mm and a limited irrigation system. As visible on the table above out of more than 260 thousand hectares in the region only 34 thousand are under the irrigation system ouf which last year only 8.740 hectares have been irrigated. The reasons why this irrigation system is underutilized are unknown. However, some areas of the region do have relatively high underground water and thus there exists the opportunity for the construction of wells for irrigation, and some are irrigated through fallows and canals directly from rivers

This however is rather expensive and is not cost effective for small agricultural plots. The size of the land plots and the issue of land fragmentation is a big issue which plagues the entire country. The average agricultural holding (plot size) in the country averages at around 0.5 ha. The plot size though

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is not evenly disturbed across the country, and mountainous regions such this one are part of the cause why the country has such a low average. All of this greatly limits the production capacities of the region.

2.1 Soil types in North-east region of Macedonia

The soils in the region present an interesting variety of complex soils the most of which are fluvisols in the flatlands and vertisols in the hilly valleys and the rest are mainly cambisol and regosol types of soils which are expected considering the mountainous terrain.

Soil type distribution in northeast of Macedonia Soil Type % of total Hectares Fluvisol 33.23% 57,580.65 Vertisol 14.64% 25,377.49 Complex of Chromic Luvisol on saprolite and Humic Calcaric Regosol 16.62% 28,809.78 Regosol 11.89% 20,602.96 Chromic Luvisol on saprolite 6.27% 10,867.31 Cambisol 4.75% 8,239.46 Complex of Vertisol, Regosol and Leptosol 9.18% 15,915.58 Complex of Cambisol, Humic Eutric and Umbric Regosol 12.18% 21,105.47 Complex of Regosol and Vertisol 12.29% 21,301.95 Complex of Cambisol, Leptosol and Regosol 6.87% 11,897.48 Complex od Cambisol and Leptosol 7.51% 13,014.82 Complex of Vertisol and Humic Calcaric Regosol 6.38% 11,055.19 Complex of Regosol and Leptosol 9.85% 17,068.13

CAMBISOLS

This is the most common soil type in the region, it is also the least represents land area that is least used in agriculture production and the majority of agricultural plots with this type of soil are abandoned. It is characterized by a high content of organic matter, therefore it has high available nitrogen and is also rich in potassium. However these soils exhibit a deficiency in phosphorous and are mainly under mainly covered with trees and forest for exploitation, most commonly pine, oak and beech. These soils are mainly unsuitable for production other than forestry, because there is great risk of erosion and the soil organic matter loss when tillage is applied.

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The production quality of this soil is of a medium level. Compared with others in the region only alluvial soils are more fertile. These soils are mainly used in grain and vegetable production (field crops), and rarely for grape and fruit production, for which they are mainly terrace, for which they need deep tillage (60 cm depth and more). In some forest regions they are degraded to varying degrees. It is recomended that these soils are best used for grain production in the lower altitude regions and for potato production in the higher altitude regions.

COMPLEX OF MOLLIC AND UMBRIC LEPTOSOL

These soils are characterized with a relatively low nitrogen and phosphorous availability and satisfactory to high availability of potassium. These soils are also highly acidic with an average pH of 4.5 or less. As with most soil type in this region, they are at very high erosion risks and suffer from a negative impact of tillage due to low clay and high sand content. At the moment, these soils are mainly used for fodder crops such as rye, oats and potato. One suggested use of these soils would be the development of complex pasture/fodder grasslands that need to be managed well for erosion and could be combined for the support of organic milk and livestock production (free range sheep and goat farming). Also, these soils can be used for the production of high quality potato seeds and in some cases fruits (mainly berries in the lower altitude regions).

REGOSOLS SOILS AND THE COMPLEX OF CHROMIC LUVISOL ON SAPROLITE AND ALBIC LUVISOL

These types of soils are generally characterized with low water availability and are located in rocky sections of the region. They are located at varied altitudes and exhibit a lack of both available nitrogen and phosphorous mainly due to their morphological structure. As such in the flatlands they can be used for the production of grain crops, but at the higher altitudes depending on micro locations and their climate, these soils are somewhat suitable to grape, prune and sour cherry production. They are type of highly degraded forest soil and require great protection from erosion and extreme caution in tillage operations. They are however the main soil type used in forestry (wood material) production. In order to increase the production capacity of these soils in particular for organic production several measures are needed: a) protection from erosion; b) application of organic and mineral fertilizers; c) calcification; b) proper tillage methods. Nevertheless these soils would be best left un- tilled due to high erosion risks.

LEPTOSOL IN COMPLEX STRUCTURES

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The plausibly productive soils in the region often have a dispersion of leptosol structured soils which are highly unproductive due to their soil morphology which is described by a relatively shallow solum and a dense skeletal structure. This makes the soil to portray high drainage capacity and relatively low availability of soluble nutrients for most plants. Regions that exhibit these characteristics are in urgent need of forestation and protection from erosion.

VERTISOLS

Vertisols are the most fertile variety of soils in the hilly valleys. These soils are characterized with low availability of phosphorous and nitrogen. However practice has shown that nitrogen fertilization on these soils yields positive results for production. The soils are easily manageable and tillable but are prone to erosion. Organic production is highly recommended for these soils particularly with the use of mulching and animal fertilizer which will improve soil structures and reduce erosion. These soils are arid and excluding specific micro locations they are mainly recommended for production of grains such as wheat, barley and oats. With the introduction of irrigation these soils could be highly productive for a variety of organic crops such as corn and prunes and cherries from the fruits.

FLUVIAL SOILS AND COMPLEX STRUCTURE

These soils have the highest production potential and can sustain the majority of agricultural crops. However these soils are largely located near river valleys and beds and are prone to erosion from flooding. These soils require notable fito-melioration and are highly recommended for short seasonal vegetable production which is labour intensive but would provide for notable crop rotations and a more varied production. These soils are lacking in phosphorous and respond well to most mineral fertilizers. These soils can also be used for the production of alfa-alfa. With deep tillage and soil mixing these soils could be suitable for the organic production of apples, pears, cherries and grape. Without which they are suitable for the production of organic beans, peppers, tomatoes, potatoes, watermelons and garlic. Furthermore they could be productive for the growth of many grains including sunflower.

2.2. Mapping of the region The methodological systems and moreover the data base in Bulgaria and FYROM are still different therefore the agro- zoning presented for Bulgaria is not possible to be done for FYROM, based on these deficiencies. As far as the possibility of mapping the municipality in North east region for the purpose of agricultural and economic analysis, it is highly recommended to build on the already established MASIS system operated by the institute of agriculture at the Faculty of agriculture and food sciences. For one the model provided in the system as suggested in the text earlier, provides a very good distribution of soil types in the municipality as can be seen in the image bellow. The use of

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this data can be easily utilized to establish a vector based polygon GIS map of regions/zones which can be overlaid contour or relief maps. Additionally, the MASIS system can be used for planning purpose using the models for soil organic content and pH distribution for which an example can be found in the following image.

For establishing specific production zones for organic production through the use of the system, the cross-sections of soil types and regional topography are an applicable method for the purpose of defining production zones for a variety of products as recommended for the variety of soils in this report.

More information for access to the MASIS system could be received from Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food in Skopje.

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Soil Types in North East Macedonia

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Organic Matter in North East Macedonia

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Soil PH in North East Macedonia

Distribution of Soil Types in North East Macedonia by Municipalities

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Soils by regions 1. Delcevo SumArea(ha) Soil Type 909.61 Fluvisol 6359.77 Cambisol 3150.03 Chromic Luvisol on saprolite 6225.15 Complex of Humic Eutric and Umbric Regosol and Regosol 1799.66 Albic Luvisol 1501.15 Complex of Albic Luvisol and Regosol 5048.06 Complex of Cambisol and Regosol 471.16 Leptosol 248.1 Populated Site 5031.19 Complex of Humic Eutric and Umbric Regosol 1195.27 Humic Calcaric Regosol 1266.33 Complex of Humic Calcaric Regosol and Regosol Complex of Humic Eutric and Umbric Regosol, Regosol and 4222.95 Leptosol 1155.32 Fluvisol 1022.27 Complex of Chromic Luvisol on saprolite and Regosol Complex of Chromic Luvisol on saprolite, Albic Luvisol and 569.75 Regosol 0.05 Complex of Chromic Luvisol on saprolite and Albic Luvisol 777.87 Regosol 1199.07 Vertisol

2. Kriva Palanka

SumArea(ha) Soil Type 1674.81 Complex of Chromic Luvisol on saprolite and Regosol 6394.66 Complex of Cambisol and Regosol 347.2 Fluvisol 19967.96 Cambisol 239.11 Populated Site 10797.74 Complex of Humic Eutric and Umbric Regosol 6034.17 Complex of Cambisol, Leptosol and Regosol 281.33 Fluvisol 1895.75 Complex od Cambisol and Leptosol 304.48 Leptosol

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86.44 Complex of Chromic Luvisol on saprolite and Albic Luvisol 14.78 Complex of Humic Eutric and Umbric Regosol and Regosol

3. Kumanovo

SumArea(ha) Soil Type 2001.44 Complex of Regosol and Leptosol 14559.23 Vertisol 4706.15 Chromic Luvisol on saprolite 5575.47 Complex of Vertisol and Humic Calcaric Regosol 534.46 Leptosol 105.67 Complex of Cambisol, Leptosol and Regosol 1576.35 Populated Site 2193.42 Complex of Chromic Luvisol on saprolite and Regosol 6335.1 Complex of Vertisol, Regosol and Leptosol Complex of Chromic Luvisol on saprolite, Regosol, Humic Calcaric Regosol and 1347.4 Vertisol 4509.67 Complex of Chromic Luvisol on saprolite and Humic Calcaric Regosol 2367.16 Regosol 401.47 Complex of Regosol and Vertisol 46.25 Gleysol 986.36 Fluvisol 20.57 Humic Calcaric Regosol 3697.15 Fluvisol

4. Makedonska Kamenica

SumArea(ha) Soil Type 4571.25 Cambisol 508.17 Chromic Luvisol on saprolite 281.09 Complex of Humic Eutric and Umbric Regosol and Regosol 3224.39 Complex of Albic Luvisol and Regosol 3880.26 Complex of Cambisol and Regosol 109.96 Populated Site 0.46 Complex of Cambisol, Humic Eutric and Umbric Regosol 198.27 Fluvisol 5153.41 Complex of Humic Eutric and Umbric Regosol Complex of Humic Eutric and Umbric Regosol, Regosol and 631.01 Leptosol

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301.57 Albic Luvisol

5. Probishtip

SumArea(ha) Soil Type 2764.24 Complex of Regosol and Leptosol 409.27 Humic Calcaric Regosol 15187.41 Complex of Vertisol, Regosol and Leptosol 328.31 Populated Site 202.11 Fluvisol 869.26 Complex of Humic Eutric and Umbric Regosol 2112.54 Complex of Cambisol and Regosol 3015.08 Complex of Regosol and Vertisol 3103.36 Complex of Cambisol, Leptosol and Regosol 1556.44 Cambisol 116.12 Complex of Humic Eutric and Umbric Regosol and Leptosol 700.78 Fluvisol 71.49 Leptosol 765.21 Vertisol Complex of Vertisol, Chromic Luvisol on saprolite and 1097.19 Regosol

6. Rankovce

SumArea(ha) Soil Type 18.81 Populated Site 1204.69 Complex of Cambisol and Regosol 1077.13 Regosol 855.2 Fluvisol 1478.65 Complex of Vertisol, Regosol and Leptosol 273.38 Complex of Humic Eutric and Umbric Regosol and Regosol 943.54 Complex of Chromic Luvisol on saprolite and Regosol 1092.21 Complex of Humic Eutric and Umbric Regosol 3582.78 Complex od Cambisol and Leptosol 5140.31 Complex of Cambisol, Leptosol and Regosol Complex of Vertisol, Chromic Luvisol on saprolite and 2885.49 Regosol 523.72 Complex of Regosol and Vertisol 420.655 Complex of Chromic Luvisol on saprolite and Vertisol

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3329.01 Cambisol 1425.37 Fluvisol

7. Staro Nagoricane

SumArea(ha) Soil Type 3207.82 Complex of Cambisol, Leptosol and Regosol 1475.99 Complex of Vertisol, Regosol and Leptosol 10719.09 Vertisol 3925.58 Complex of Cambisol and Regosol 1959.63 Complex od Cambisol and Leptosol 7137.52 Complex of Vertisol and Humic Calcaric Regosol 3973.62 Cambisol 284.57 Leptosol 1100.99 Complex of Regosol and Vertisol 517.29 Fluvisol 0.39 Chromic Luvisol on saprolite Complex of Chromic Luvisol on saprolite and 91.88 Vertisol 1887.43 Complex of Regosol and Leptosol 4807.17 Regosol 1557.37 Fluvisol

Agricultural capacity in the region

Considering the geography, water resources and soil structures coupled with the climate the north-east region of Macedonia has a rather limited production capacity for agriculture. One which requires a great deal of targeted micro location management. The relatively low annual rainfall, soils with high drainage, high acidity and a short vegetative period make for a limited scope of production of crops. There is potential for the cultivation of a variety of alpine berries such as strawberries, but this is highly dependent on innovative irrigation solutions which are quite costly. The capacity for organic agriculture exists in the region but require a very high knowledge base among the farmers particularly when dealing with acidic soils, and low till operations coupled with low water inputs. The potential for organic crops can mainly be located in forest berries from the alpine varieties, fodder crops (rye, oats etc.) and some leguminous perennials that can be mixed with specific grasses in order to provide sustainable pastures that can provide protection from soil erosionand could co-exist very efficiently with the advent of organic livestock and dairy farming.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

3. Market accessibility and barriers for expansion of organic production The organic production is no more a secret. There are many people trying to make a step back to the nature, on the other side, the number of people wishing to consume healthy products is increasing. The information for the both countries is rather similar, nevertheless there are still some differences which are presented below.

3.1 Bulgaria

In recent years organic production in Bulgaria is developing at a rapid pace, there is a tendency to increase as the number of operators and the areas and number of animals involved in the control system.

In Bulgaria there are good prerequisites for development of organic production - saved from environmental perspective areas. Development of the sector is stimulated by opportunities to support organic producers in programs for rural development and the efforts of Ministry of Agriculture and Food (MAF) in partnership with businesses and non-governmental organizations in the sector to promote the benefits to producers and consumers of these products and foods.

At the end of 2015 the total number of registered organic operators MAF is 6173 - by 2081 more than in the previous year and nearly six times more than in 2011. Out of them, 5921 are producers, 161 processors of organic production and 91 traders (importers, exporters, wholesalers and retailers). (1)

In 2015, the area covered by the control system of organic production reached 118,571 hectares (excluding certified ecologically clean areas that collect wild plants), which is nearly 60% more than the previous year.

In 2015, in the areas of system control occupy a share of 2.4% of the total utilized agricultural area in the country and 1.9% of the total area declared SAPS, at respectively 1.5% and 0.96% in 2014.

At the end of 2015 21 543 ha or 18.2% of the total area in the control system for the year have gone transition period.

In the region of Kyustendil has the prerequisites for organic fruit production, but this production takes a lot of knowledge and a great desire of manufacturers to deal with this kind of production. Organic farming is not easy to implement, which does not use synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. For its application it takes a lot of knowledge for fruit species and their pests. From research conducted at the institute it has been found that the biological production of apples is easier than that of cherries,

1 2016, Agrarian Report, Ministry of Agriculture and Food The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

considering that there is created and introduced apple cultivar that are resistant to the most economically important disease scab.

Furthermore apple solved the problem with another important pest - apple moth against which success can be used dispensers and Bio madeks. For successful control of this pest owners need to know that their garden should not be near others where not held treatments against pests or water conventional crop protection.

A comparison between the two types of production - conventional and bio is presented in the table below, for randomly selected types of fruits.

Table 13 - Comparison between cost for conventional and bio production

Conventional farming Bio farming Difference

Cost components apple cherry raspberry apple cherry raspberry apple cherry raspberry

Income

Yield (t/ha) 10,0 5,0 6,0 7,5 4,0 5,0 -2,5 -1,0 -1,0

Price (BGN/t) 642,8 1532, 2497,8 964,2 2299, 3746,6 321,4 766,4 1248,9 9 3

Income (BGN/ha) 6427, 7664, 14986,6 7231, 9197, 18733,2 803,5 1532,9 3746,6 9 3 4 2

Costs

Fertiliser (BGN/ha) 325,4 677,4 414,4 198,5 413,2 252,8 - -264,2 -161,6 126,9

Pesticides (BGN/ha) 1229, 612,2 461,6 922,0 459,1 346,2 - -153,0 -115,4 4 307,3

Irrigation (BGN/ha) 929,0 98,0 740,0 1358, 557,0 845,0 429,0 459,0 105,0 0

Labour (BGN/ha) 543,1 1288, 842,5 1006, 1615, 1501,6 462,9 327,1 659,1 5 0 5

Variable machine costs 1230, 719,5 769,1 1107, 647,6 692,2 - -72,0 -76,9 BGN/ha) 6 5 123,1

Miscellaneous (BGN/ha) 39,0 49,0 70,0 224,0 237,0 248,0 185,0 188,0 178,0

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Sum variable costs (BGN/ha) 4296, 3444, 3297,6 4816, 3929, 3885,8 519,6 484,9 588,2 5 6 0 5

Gross margin (BGNha) 2131, 4219, 11688,9 2415, 5267, 14847,4 283,9 1048,0 3158,5 4 7 4 7

Transaction costs-control 120,0 120,0 120,0 and certification fee (BGN/ha)

Gross margin (BGN/ha) - 2131, 4219, 11688,9 2295, 5147, 14727,4 163,9 928,0 3038,5 certification fee 4 7 4 7

3.2 Republic of Macedonia

Organic production in the Republic of Macedonia is considered to be on the rise, it is legally regulated and two private certification providers exist in the country. Despite it experiencing a continual growth on the production side which is now represented as over 1.2% of the overall agricultural production in Macedonia, it is still plagued by a great deal of market difficulties. That can be grouped in several categories.

There is limited research on the economic viability of organic production in Macedonia particularly in a comparative format with conventional production. Anecdotal evidence suggests that organic production in Macedonia has lower yields by 30-35% when compared to conventional production.

While at the same time market prices for fresh organic produce are on par with the produce from conventional production. Making it notably less profitable for farmers, thus the majority prefer conventional production over organic.

The table presents the possible loss for the producers preferred to have bio instead of conventional production.

Table 14. Opportunity cost

Crop types (Organic) Forgone income per ha in Euros (opportunity cost) Permanent pastures 100 Alfa-Alfa 130 Grains (Wheat, Maize, Barley) 140-147 Tomatoes (field) 362

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Apples 415 Mint 266

The information presents the calculated loss of income that a farmer would incur if he or she were to transfer their production from conventional to organic. It is interesting to note that this loss and underperformance is quite lower for pastures and fodder crops as well as grains, but is substantially higher for certain types of high value crops such as tomatoes, apples and mint. Some of this cost can be reduced by the increased subsidies that a farmer can receive for organic production, but that would not amount to more than 25% of the potential loss in income per hectare.

There is an additional cost which is not calculated within the indicated table and that is the three-year conversion period necessary to certify a production plot as organic. Under the current legislation in order to be certified as an organic producer, the production should be on a plot of land which has not used artificial fertilizers and pesticides for a period of three years. This means that converting from conventional to organic production includes a three-year period where the farmer will produce with lower crop yields without have the added value of having a production that is considered as organic. Additionally, to the production profitability table presented above, there is an annual certification cost for organic production which amount to an approximate minimum of 100-150 euros per hectare as per the nationally regulated certification pricings. All of which makes for a higher production cost and lower income.

4. Marketing channels and potential customers

The market for organic products in Bulgaria is relatively new and still too small, yet rapidly growing. Over the past few years have seen a boom in the market for organic products in the country. The number of specialist shops as well as the number of large retail chains, which are included in the distribution of organic food, but for now the demand for such products in the country continues to outpace production.

Bulgarian organic products sold in our stores are honey, teas and spices, jams, canned fruit and vegetables (tomatoes, cucumbers, gherkins, grapes, raspberries, strawberries), yogurt, bread, organic

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

cheese - sheep and cow. Imported organic products are represented by a range of baby foods, coffee, chocolate, ice cream, muesli, rice, sugar, tea, olive oil. (2)

About 95% of manufactured in Bulgaria organic food and products are exported abroad - mainly in the US, Canada and the EU, which are among the biggest consumers of green products. Thus, only 5% of the output of the local farms is the realization of the internal market.

Organic food is mainly sold in large chain super and hypermarkets (Lidl, Kaufland, Billa, Metro, 345, Fantastico and others. Like), and in larger neighborhood supermarkets. Organic food can be found in the so-called shops diet and diabetic foods.

Other specific types of biological products such as herbs, herbal products, essential oils and cosmetics are sold in health stores and conventional herbal pharmacies.

Products such as honey, mushrooms, herbs, fruits and vegetables can be found in certain agricultural markets.

At this stage the only stores that specialize in selling organic products are based in Sofia. Separately, there are stores that also sell organic products, both in Sofia and in other regional capitals.

Potential types of customers

These customers in turn are divided into two groups - regular users (those who bought quite a few times or often buy organic products) and occasional users (who have so far bought them once or several times). As potential users identify those to the survey did not purchase organic products, but on the other hand are informed of their existence and tend to consume in the future. The remaining respondents who do not fall into groups of current and potential users of bioproducts are divided into three additional groups again according to the level of awareness and readiness for consumption:

• requiring information readily become users (do not know what bioproducts, but expressing readiness to become users after receiving the necessary information).

• non-consuming informed - have an idea of organic products, they are informed and given they do not wish to consume. These are only 55 of respondents.

• non-consuming not informed - do not know what bioproducts and if they understand not agree to become users.

222 November 2015 г. / GoBIO 22 Bio-farming in Bulgaria

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

A sign of this is that a large number of potential users - the largest group among the population, according to readiness for consumption of the goods (38% of respondents). These are people who have not yet bought a bio product, but are willing to do so under certain circumstances. Namely they would become users if organic products are sold to the same or similar price as non-organic equivalents (55%), and also if they are sold in most retail outlets (31%), and provide more adequate information from official sources - for example, MAF (31%) or information campaigns (11%).

Women significantly more often than men are current users of bioproducts, whether shopping regularly or occasionally. Men on the other hand, who have not bought such products often are potential users. Middle-aged people (30-44) years, more often than other age groups currently use bio. In their 30-34 year olds have mainly occasional users, and 35-44 years of age - rather regular. Among the people aged 45 to 54, in comparison with the others, the most commonly found potential users who have not purchased so far. There is a large share of potential users among young people - 25 to 34. It is The lowest penetration of organic food consumption is found among the young (up to 24) and among the elderly (over 65 years.). Among the graduates most often found existing users of organic products, which are usually incidental buyers. Every fourth graduate has a user experience with these products. Nearly half of people with secondary and college education can be defined as potential users.

To organic products target mainly people with higher financial situation, i.e. those who currently can afford to buy and more expensive products. Users with the highest financial situation (being able to buy whatever they desire) are regular users of bioproducts. Current users of bioproducts occur most frequently among the group of users with the lowest financial situation. Among people with slightly higher, but still below average, financial position has significantly more current, mainly - occasional users of organic products. A significant proportion of them, however, (44%) could be converted to the users of organic products in the future as the largest share of expected users among people with secondary financial situation (42%).

Depending on the primary occupation, most current users discover the group of workers in the private sector, and the next place among public sector employees. They are both regular and occasional users, and besides, they have the greatest expectation of increase in the proportion of consumers in the future. Among private entrepreneurs (businessmen) often have occasional users.

It is seen that among groups of families with children which do not consume are relatively less than those without children. This means that relatively more often among potential and current users themselves those with children up to 18 years than those without children. Among people with higher household income penetration of consumption of organic products is significantly greater. This applies to people with incomes above 800 lev, as most current users have incomes above 1000 lev. Much

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

lower the consumption of organic products in households with incomes below 400 lev. Overall consumption increased by an increase in income. Households with incomes from 700 to 1,000 lev are mostly accidental consuming, unlike those with higher incomes. Nearly 50% of households with incomes from 700 to 799 lev declare attitude to purchase organic products in the future.

Most often current and potential consumers of organic food are among residents of major cities and among local residents. More than half of Sofia residents are potential users. Current users of these cities buy more accidental. Only a small part of rural residents consume organic products, such as the expected penetration is quite low. In small towns the consumption of organic products is generally low, but more regularly than accidental.

Specific group of consumers of organic products are visitors to the hotels and restaurants of high class (four- and five-star) that offer such products. This type of hotels and restaurants apart from distributors themselves are consumers of organic products. In some cases, their clients visit them because of the proposed bio-assortment. Based on a representative survey among representatives of the 84 hotels and restaurants of high category is made following typology of consumers of organic products who attend this type of establishments: Most surveyed hotels and restaurants offering organic food are among its customers such that They said they visit the restaurant especially for organic products they offer. These are mostly single visitors. Customers of these institutions of higher category interested to use organic products are mainly foreigners. It happens to look for them in hotels and restaurants, which currently are not available. The typical customer who visits the hotel or restaurant because offered products is a woman aged between 30 and 40 years, regardless of marital status. It comes in the restaurant, accompanied by his wife or girlfriend. Its financial capabilities are above average for Bulgaria may be a foreigner.

The majority of organic products in Macedonia are sold in large supermarket chains. Most organic producers are small operators and sell directly to the supermarket chains (Tinex and Vero). This is because producers are small and as such don’t have packaging and branding for their production, which the supermarket chains are not interested to invest in. With the lack of post-harvest processing and packaging companies for organic production, there is unstable supply and no branding or marketing for the organic products. This results in having organic products priced at the same or marginally higher market price when compared to conventional produce. This issue is exasperated by having low consumer awareness and recognition of organic products.

In terms of the market of organic production for processing, there are very few companies which purchase organic crops for post processing. Due to this there is an imbalance in the market and the organic producers cannot get a fair price for their products. These companies such as Vitalija AD and

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Alkaloid AD, mainly purchase organic grain, berries and herbs for their healthy granola bars, breakfast cereals, spices and teas. And they place them on the local market as well as for export.

For small local organic producers, the most reliable market placement remains the sale to small and large supermarket chains. Direct sail by themselves or through retailers on “green markets” is not viable because the organic produce consumer doesn’t shop there. As for sale for export and post- processing there are very few opportunities for product placement. Another possible channel for distribution of organic production are specialized organic food stores, that are mainly located in the big cities, however most of them only sell post-processed food-stuff. Such as flower, dried grains, fruits and vegetables they rarely sell fresh produce.

Potential types of customers

The average consumers of organic products are employed adults with higher education and stable income that is considered to be higher than the average national salary. There are limited reports and surveys as to the behavior of the consumers in terms of organic production but the available ones lead us to believe that it is mainly adults aged 30-50 years old with income that is 40% higher or more than the national average.

Additionally, on the supply side of the chain there is a large challenge for production inputs. At the moment, there is a very limited availability of organic fertilizers and pesticide substitutes for producers of organic production, representing a challenge for organic farmers to increase their production yields. According to the official certificate providers at the moment there are 48 organic producers out of which 10 are still in the process of conversion. A list of the producers can be found as part of Annex 1 of this report.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

5. Best practices in organic farming

Organic farming is based on holistic, ecologically balanced agricultural principles involving soil fertility, crop rotation and natural pest control. It may sound like an elusive concept, but the basis for organic farming is actually very simple: Allow nature to do what nature does best. The presented practices are chosen among many other due to the fact they meet better the preliminary defined criteria for selection, namely: − Sustainability; − Effectiveness (Economic viability); − Impact on the region and farm; − Practicality and specifics.

1. A Successful Agroecological Farm, Finca Marta (Cuba)

Finca Marta is a family farm situated just 20km from Havana in Caimito, Artemisa province, Cuba. It's been running since 2011 on an area of 8 hectares. The farm is owned by Fernando Funes. His project, called La Finca Marta, aims to demonstrate that farms based on biodiversity and intensive management can thrive in a rapidly changing economy, producing high quality products without the need for transgenic crops or mechanization. When he began, the hilly land it occupies was rocky, covered in invasive weeds and largely infertile. For the creation of this farm he used only hand labor and very little capital. Finca Marta is an agroecological system where several functions and activities are combined in order to manage the farm in productive, efficient and ecologically sound way. The farm was developed in an area that was abandoned for more than 20 years. Today, it's dedicated to diversified production in a completely ecological way. Its products are free from agrochemicals and special attention is given to the care of the environment, flora, fauna and soil restoration. The farm bred over 60 kinds of vegetables, fruits and herbs in carefully landscaped terraced beds which retain moisture. Planted woody shrubs that separate the pastures for livestock as living fences and provide habitat for birds. It also produces banana, mango, avocado, coconut, coffee, citrus and other crops. They also sell honey. This is possible because the farm does not use pesticides that harm bees, so they repay the farm with the process of pollination. The farm is a melting pot of agroecological techniques. The raised beds are built for maximum intensive production using the minimum amount of water. The pump for the well water runs on solar power. The horse barn is constructed in such a way that all the manure moves easily into a “biodigester” that, in turn, sends methane gas to the farmhouse stove and creates rich compost for the garden beds. The “fences” consist of closely planted twig-like bushes that leaf

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

out and attract birds and bees. The bees produce one of the farm’s cash crops. The more than four tons of honey from the 80 hives of stingless bees help pay the farmworkers. The aim is to close the cycle to become fully self-sufficient farm. „As soon as the mangoes began to start producing we began by selling the fruit at the door of our home in the city. We did the same with the avocados when they began to have a harvest. With coconuts we started making milk and also sold shelled and whole coconuts. Later we got into beekeeping. We reinvest and now we have two hectares of planted vegetable beds on terraces and supply 25 restaurants in Havana and 10 families. During the year we sell more than 60 different products“. Finca Marta farm is thriving because of the need for organic practices, and its production (rucola, cherry tomatoes, chicory and bean sprouts and ets.) can be found in some of the top paladares in Havana. In the routes of its supplies, Fernando Funes has included a home for homeless pregnant women as part of the expansion of its social mission. The farmer wants to start distributing weekly baskets of fresh fruits and vegetables to individual families. Products like honey, milk, and frozen mangos from Funes’ farm fetch a premium price from Havana’s growing middle class and tourist industry, partly because, until recently, direct sale to consumers outside of licensed farmer’s markets was prohibited. Most agricultural production in Cuba is delivered to the state, which then processes it and either rations or sells the goods to the general population. Many are still unfamiliar with the change in regulations allowing for direct sales. Hosting visitors to Finca Marta for a snack, an informative talk, tour and lunch provides additional income. 30% of profits is reinvested in recent years. The profit is destined to different ends: reinvesting in the farm, protecting the environment and creating better conditions for workers. Following signs of market demands allowed to follow income opportunities that valued production and, as result, became possible to increase the number of workers and speed up the conversion process. "Finca Marta" farm provides home and livelihood of 16 employees and their families. The workers at Finca Marta are treated like family, paid far above average and fed a nutritious farm-fresh meal daily. Salaries of workers increases every six months as a result of increased production and sales.

Name of the farm „Finca Marta“

Location Farm situated just 20km from Havana in Caimito, Artemisa province, Cuba

Contact https://www.facebook.com/fincamartam

Actors Family farmer on the Finca Marta farm: Fernando Funes-Monzote

Basic description Farm size - 8 hectares Crops:

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

° 4 ha - Grazing area ° 0.5 ha - Forage:Pennisetum, sugar cane , morus, titonia, eritrina, moringa; ° 1 ha - Cash crop land (maize, cassava, sunflower, tomato, sweet potato etc.) ° 0.25 ha - Horticultural area ° 1 ha - Fruit Grove Mango, avocado, mamey, coconut ° 0.5 ha - Forest reserve Livestock - 80 Bee hives - 13 Cows - 30 Sheep - 100 chicken

Development The system started to expand its concepts, principles and criteria within environment the neighbouring farms.Most technological systems, as well as management processes, arose interest in neighbours and links for production, management and commercialization began to take place.

Factors of success - Family and workers food security - Energy and nutrient recycling (worm culture, composting materials, biogas, windmill for water pumping and electricity generation) - Market relationships - direct sales - Social relationships Additional information A vertical conversion (whole farm) process towards agroecological management for two years 2012-2013 comprised three main phases: 1) cleaning up an area of 8 ha of land abandoned for about twenty years. The farm, previously managed by a family for some forty years, was covered by weeds and the productive and living infrastructure were very precarious. In the first phase thousands of living posts in the farm perimeter and also on internal paddocks were planted. A well was constructed and animals were bought as well as several cash crops for self-consumption were planted. Bee keeping initiated as an important management activity. 2) Subsystems established in the first phase were started to be adjusted technologically. Many of the animal and plant production systems began to be integrated for energy and nutrients exchange. Biodiversity started to play a more dynamic role in farming system efficiency and productivity. Labour demand increased following growth in production and became more specialized. 3) In the third phase the farming system continued to improve ecological and technical performance, economic feasibility and social activity. During recent months the system started to expand its concepts, principles and criteria within the neighbouring farms. Most technological systems, as well as management processes, arose interest in neighbours and links for production, management and commercialization began to

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

take place. Three areas of interest guide the process of conversion for the farm which is focal points for present and future transformation: a) food production in harmony with nature, b) research and education activities, and c) marketing and agrotourism.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

2. „a 1930s-era full-circle farm“,Gibbs Organic Farm (USA) Regional model for self-sustaining farming This family-owned and operated certified organic farm is located in a secluded canyon outside of Leavenworth, WA on the eastern slopes of the Cascades. The farm also includes a 60- acre tree farm and sawmill from which the Gibbs family produces wood products. Crops include hay, cattle, hogs, chickens, market garden, berries, herbs, garlic, cherries, walnuts, pears, apples, pasture, and timber. The Gibbs Farm manages all aspects of its fields, woods and streams as a single integrated system, or permaculture. Permaculture farming views all parts of a farm's animals, natural resources, crops, and human dwellings and activities as components of a single ecosystem. For thirty years, Grant Gibbs has used innovative stewardship practices to transform an abandoned dairy farm on the eastern slope of the Cascades to a productive organic farm. When he acquired the farm, its soil quality was very poor with little organic matter. T To achieve the fertile soil for the crops to thrive in, Gibbs Farm produces rich compost of manure, sawdust from the sawmill, and other vegetable matter that is alternately spread in a two-year cycle on the market gardens, orchards, and pastures. Pig tractors, small movable corrals for hogs, are moved between eight market gardens on a four-year cycle. Chickens move through the orchard in similar portable pens and cattle graze the pasture. The nitrogen from their manure makes the role of animals vital. The hay grown in the pasture and orchard feeds cattle and also provide habitat for many types of beneficial insects that fight off crop-damaging pests. A variety of grains are grown and harvested which are used to feed the chickens and hogs. Unsellable fruits and vegetables are also fed to the animals to supplement their diets, and their manure is added to the compost pile, completing one of the many mutually beneficial relationships between plant and animal.

To conserve water coming from two wells, a low-pressure direct application drip tape is used to irrigate the garden plots. To ensure the water quality of the farm's stream, a natural buffer of wild vegetation grows along its banks, thereby reducing sedimentation. Trees in the natural buffer shade the stream, creating cool temperatures for fish (including the threatened Bull Trout species), and provide nesting opportunities for local and migratory birds. Different crops use and give off different soil nutrients and so garden crops are rotated each year to ensure balanced soil. Each section of garden is on a four-year cycle in which corn is grown the first year, followed by a tuber the next year, then a leafy green. The final year is a legume and also on this year a pig tractor is moved through the garden beds. The forests on the land are selectively thinned and managed for sustainable use as lumber. The wood is cut with the on-site

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

sawmill and used as building material for projects on the farm.

When Grant Gibbs acquired the farm, its soil quality was very poor with little organic matter. Today, the 80-acre farm produces high quality, organic produce and meats available on site, at farmers' markets, through food co-ops and local restaurants. From2016 Whitewood Cider Co, introducing Gibbs Farm Blend a brand new, limited release, single farm dry cider blended at the press and fermented entirely from a selection of heritage heirloom apples grown in the homestead orchard of sustainable organic farming of Gibbs Organic Farm. In the farm was established Commercial Kitchen, organized Gibbs Farm Harvest Celebration, road tour and camping.

Name of the farm Gibbs Organic Farm Location Freund Canyon, up the Chumstick Hwy about 2 miles north of Leavenworth, WA.

Contact 11632 Freund Canyon, Leavenworth, WA 98826 (509) 548- 5185 [email protected] http://gibbsorganic.weebly.com/gibbs-family.html Actors Co-founder and owner Grant Gibbs Basic description The 80-acre farm includes 8 gardens, 5 acres of fruit orchard, pastures, a mix of animals, and a tree farm. Crops include hay, grains, berries, herbs, and a wide variety of vegetables. The Gibbses grow many heirloom varieties of apples, pears, and cherries, and also raise cattle, hogs, chickens, and turkeys.

Development In good cooperation with neighbouring farms and local communities environment Factors of success Economic- Keeping prices Environmental- full-circle farm Social – Farm provides an opportunity apprenticeship, training of students and pupils and sharing experience. Additional information Grant Gibbs is recognized as a leader in the organic farming movement and a steward of the land. He is featured in publications such as the book Renewing The Countryside-Washington, and the documentary film Broken Limbs, by Guy Evans and Jamie Howell. Grant has been invited as a guest speaker at numerous events including the annual TILTH conference, and Evergreen State College.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

3. „ From producer to consumer“, Mossagarden (Sweden)

Mossagarden is a family business in the village of Veberod, Skane County, Southern Sweden, for organic cultivation of vegetables and root crops. The farm has also an array of animals - goats, pigs and horses - mainly used for soil fertilization, but are also for educational purposes; for example, the pigs belong to the endangered Swedish traditional breed. Organic cultivation started in Mossagarden in 1987. An online store was opened in 1998 to be the first of its kind in Sweden, when Ebba-Maria Olson was delivering food with her old horse trailer. Parents Marianne and Bengt Olson run the agricultural side of the business, while daughters Hanna-Metta and Ebba-Maria operate the stores and the vegetable subscription via the Internet. Christer Ohlsson joined Mossagarden in 2001 as one of the managers. Christer and Ebba both previously worked in the transportation business and came up with the idea for home delivery using vehicles on biogas. They also manage side projects including a garden cafe, a restaurant and a preparation to Mossagaden festival. Mossagarden’s organic methods use the manure of animals (pigs, sheep and horses) to fertilize the soil, without resorting to artificial fertilizers. Its varied crop rotation is another natural way of reducing problems with weeds, pests and diseases. Mossagarden’s planting methods are structured over an eight year period. It means that a crop only returns on the same piece of land once during that time period, with the exception of grass that can be grown several years in a row. In the mean time, to reduce the use of fossil fuel, a solar panel and a biogas plant is built. The business runs an online store for food orders, which was the first of its kind in Sweden. Online food ordering was new for Sweden when Mossagarden introduced its business model. Furthermore, to reduce the environmental burden, all food orders are collected every Sunday and delivered every Thursday and Friday by the biogas vehicles to various delivery points. In Lund, there are about 40 to 45 delivery points and Mossagarden also has a contract partner for all delivery in Lund by bicycles. It also focuses on minimizing waste by recycling; for example, the paper delivery box is recycled through a Swedish payback system. They deliver over 900 organic boxes per week to households in Skane and has contracts with municipalities, private companies and schools. They primarily sell own produce but for low seasons in Sweden Mossagarden has a few partnerships in the Skane region, Italy, the Netherlands, Ecuador and Spain for other organic food supply. To reduce the environmental impact of transportation, the delivery in European countries is arranged by train and trucks. The range and customer base of Mossagarden have steadily increased due to the growth of e- commerce. The company Mossagarden Eko AB was opened in 2005. In addition, the family is running an organic clothes store in Malmö and an adjacent organic food store Morot & Annat (Carrot and Other). Currently the family Olson has their own network of suppliers and customers and purchase goods from organic farms all over Skane. Current projects include a farm shop (a wide selection of organic products, everything from various fruits and vegetables from their own plantations and other producers in Skane).

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Mossagarden not only sells locally-produced food, but also follows customers’ needs. The order of fruit, vegetables and other organic products via the internet makes buying organic food much more convenient and easy for customers. The food price in Mossagarden is similar to the organic food price in supermarkets. The organic method of producing vegetables is more labor-intensive than the conventional industrial process, so it can provide seasonal employment. Mossagarden tends to employ cheaper staff from other countries and also uses volunteers through the WWOOF scheme (World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms). Mossagarden usually has about 50-60 volunteers every summer. It is a great opportunity for people, mostly students, to learn about the organic lifestyle and share a wonderful experience. Name of the farm MOSSAGARDEN Location 247 64 Veberöd, Mossagаrden (Follow Highway 11 to Veberöd. Select the second (middle) entrance to Veberöd, at the sign Mossagården. Then follow the signs.) Contact Ebba-Maria Olson Telefon: 046-855 44 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.mossagarden.se Facebook: facebook.com/mossagarden~~V Actors Mossagаrden Eko AB (family business) Basic description 40 ha, vegetables and root crops, goats, pigs and horses Online and farm shop, garden cafe KRAV-certified organic farms Development Cooperation with other producers of organic products in the region and in environment other countries. Factors of success Technological - The order of fruits, vegetables and other organic products via Internt makes buying organic food convenient and easy for customers. Economic - The food prices of Mossagarden produce are similar to the organic food price in Swedish supermarkets. Environmental - Cultivation techniques at Mossagarden include the use of only natural fertilisers (animal manure) and crop rotation to combat weeds, pests and diseases (the planting methods are structured over an 8 year period). No chemicals or artificial additives are used. Social - Mossagarden offers seasonal employment and volunteer opportunities for students and others, who can at the same time learn more about organic lifestyles.

Additional In 2008 Mossagarden was awarded Region Skane environmental award for its information commitment to organic cultivation, its spread to other parts in Sweden, and the efforts to deliver information about organically grown vegetables. Also, since 2008, Mossagarden has hosted a summer musical festival (mostly Swedish bands), where they sell organic food, beer and wine and showcase an eco-friendly way of life. The event has attracted up to 2000 guests from all over the world. These events are good opportunities for communication, raising public awareness and developing local tourism.

4. „Good milk for a good product“, Biohof Joas (Germany) The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Family Joas run the farm since 1993 in Wertheim, inBaden - Württemberg, Germany. In 1998, they turned it into organic farming according to the guidelines of Bioland. The Joas rebuilt the stables for animal welfare. In the course of time the interplay of soil, animal, plant and man became more and more conscious. The reason: information about organicfarming from specified media drew his attention. Hegot the impression that conventional agriculture wouldbe an impasse. Joas build species-appropriate stables,increased area and bought new machinery. Focus is on milk production and the sale of crops, but also seed propagation of wheat. Part of rye and ba rley are delivered to a nearby organic bakery. In their fields the Joas taste a lot and experiment with new cu ltivation methods. Since 2014, lupins have been grown for direct marketing on the part of their colleague Fritz Klein. In organic farm grown 90 cows, 40 are free-grazing and the remaining 50 are fed in the stable . Their food is always freshly mixed in the evening. Every day, according to Daniel Joas, two tons of silage are fed to the animals, which is about 1000 tons a year. The cows have a quite g ood milk yield of 7.000 liters per cow and year. The milk goes to an organic dairy or is sold directly from the farm. The number of cells in the milk show how healthy are the cows. High quality milk requires maximum of 300,000 cells per millimeter. Dairy cows from the Dörlesberger Biohof move by an annual average of up to 250,000 cells per millimeter. The farmer emphasizes: "We also need good milk for a good product." The cereals are marketed by a producer group.The milk goes as a organic milk to the dair y Zott or is sold off in the farm.From 2015 part of the milk is to be delivered to the regional small dairy "Käseküche Hohenstadt". In the farm, visitors can buy except milk also beef and cheese - Brie and Camembert. On the fields Joas tried a lot, e.g. a new cultivation method. 2005 a self -made biogas plant was build on the farm with 60 kW electric pow er. It is f ed with slurry, manure clover grass and grass from the own farm or from the cooperation farm (for exchange clover grass against biogas slurry), wi th additional input from conventional maize from a farmer in the village. The fermenter is belowground, in the residue storage tank he has a solid material, and thus he implemented a separation. With the separation he got an easier to handle biogas slurry for using it as fast effective fertilizer, while using the solid part for fields with cultures using up humus (e.g. the fields were maize for his cows is grown). Excess energy is sold to the electricity company. The heat is used for the house, for heating and warm water, and heat is supplied to the neighbor. In the beginning the family had some sleepless nights because of the investment

The project is co -funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria -the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

costs and the profitability. But now they are satisfied, and have only sleepless nights when the engine is not running, since it means “red alert”. The farm is a demonstration farm for organic agriculture. These are farms, elected by the ministry of Nutrition and Agriculture, which are certified and run as organic farms for a long period. They are open to the public and media to show how organic agriculture looks in practice. Events for consumers, schools and all other interested people are organized. They are qualified partners for others farmers, interested in the production method and organize seminars and farm visits. Name of the farm Biohof Joas Location Biohof Joas farm location: 96 km. east from Frankfurt. 97877 Wertheim-Dörlesberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (A 3 Frankfurt / Würzburg, exit Wertheim, in Wertheim direction Hardheim to Vockenrot, in Vockenrot left to Sachsenhausen, Dörlesberg, 2 km to Dörlesberg is the Ernsthofsiedlung.) Contact Biohof Joas Tel: 09342/2 29 74, Fax: 09342/2 29 74 Email: [email protected] http://www.biohofjoas.de https://de-de.facebook.com/biohofjoas

Actors Only one farmer with his son Basic description Farm size: 115 ha cropland, 30 ha grassland 40 dairy cows, 10 hens Certified organic since 1998 (Biolandcertificate) Demobetrieb Ökologischer Landbau(demonstration farm organicagriculture) Lernen auf dem Bauernhof (learningon farms certificated) Tourist farm visits for bigger nonagriculturalgroups, also from abroad(e.g. from Australia) Wage labor with chuff cutter andcombine harvester Development In good cooperation withneighbouring farms environment Factors of success Crop rotation - Two-year-old clover grass, wheat, corn or flax, winter crops or winter pines, winter peas or oats or lupines, spelled, clover grass seed, if possible in main crop; Economic - With the new EEG he gets more return per kWh for small slurry plants; Social - Farm cooperation with a stockless organic farmer for exchange of clover grass to manure Additional The farm organizes visits to school classes and groups of visitors. There are information also agricultural tours in German and English.Visitors are welcome to book the farm in a guided tour. Farm organizes workshops ("Green Bridge"). In the case of grassy fields, an attempt is made to produce a "green bridge" between the individual fruits. By means of intelligent cultivation systems in the fields, energy should also be saved.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

5. Sustainable lifestyles , Organic Farm Vang Vieng(Laos)

The Vang Vieng Farm is found in the picturesque Nam Song valley beneath towering limestone mountains just a short drive from Vang Vieng. Founded by Mr. Thanongsi Sorangkoun (“Mr. T.”) in 1996 with the goal of introducing organic farming methods in an area where chemicals and deforestation were ruining the land. Deeply concerned about the degradation of the land and soil in Vang Vieng through poor agricultural practices, Mr. T. established the Vang Vieng organic farm to demonstrate to local farmers that it is possible to manage land in a way that is both profitable and healthy without destroying it. He purchased about five acres in Phoudindaeng village for $10,000 and planted more than 2,000 native mulberry saplings. The plants were a perfect choice: Mulberry leaves and berries can be processed into tea and wine, and the leaves nourish silkworms. Today, farms is about 40 acres, has grown with help from volunteers. The farm uses natural materials and traditional methods for the agriculture and animals raising without using any chemicals. Farm uses natural fertilizers, organic mulch, and native lizards and toads to control insect pests. The aim is to promote and to provide organic healthy food and lifestyle while supporting local people through community projects. This is achieved through training and providing information to preserve traditional Laos farming practices and by producing organically grown vegetables and livestock. Active efforts are made to reduce environmental negative impact by recycling, composting and gardening. In addition, the farm provides new skills to local people through employment at the farm. The profits from Vang Vieng Organic Farm are used to fund several community projects that support and educate the people who live in Phoudindaeng village. For the kids there is the School Bus Project, which takes children from three remote villages to school each day.The children receive a breakfast boost of organic goat yoghurt, which comes straight from the farm's special French Pyrenees goats - another reason to grow mulberry trees, as the leaves are these adorable animals' favorite food. The farm produces organic mulberry trees (for mulberry tea and tempura, wine and shakes), fruits, vegetables, poultry and goat cheese and you can taste those delicious products at organic restaurant tо farm. The farm specializes in the cultivation of organic fruit, vegetables, poultry, goat cheese and mulberry, which is used for making tea and feeding the silk worms that are raised on the farm to support the local silk weaving industry. You can observe the full process of silk production from the

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

raising of the worms to dyeing and weaving. The Hmong, Khmu and Lao women from the local villages produce and sell some of the finest silk scarves to be found in the country. The farm's goat cheese is available at the Vang Vieng Organic Farm restaurant and in special shops around Vientiane and Luang Prabang. The mulberry trees are naturally grown, the leaves hand-picked, and the end product creates food, fiber and an income for those involved. When the mulberry trees are large enough, they are pruned to a good working height. The resulting trees produce clean, high quality leaves that we can use in our silk and tea production. The leaves are handpicked each morning and processed to make tea, or are feed to the silk worms to produce silk. They also produce mulberry wine. Aside from their mulberries and silk, the farm also produces an array of organic fruit and veggies, and incorporates renewable energy systems into their practices, such as solar, compost and biogas. Wages support the many villagers who work here and provide assistance for the community. And, among all these activity, there is a steady stream of foreign visitors who come to volunteer on the Farm or for the satisfaction of teaching English and computer knowledge to children and youths. The small village where the farm is located is the first in Laos where children learn English for free. Name of the farm Organic Farm Vang Vieng Location PO Box 253 Vang Vieng, Vientiane Province, Lao PDR (Organic Farm Vang Vieng (OFVV) islocated at 4km tuk-tuk or bike ride north of Vang Vieng town. Look for the white “Organic Farm” sign on the east side of the road or the high, yellow “Organic Farm Restaurant” sign on the west side.) Contact Thanongsi Solangkhun Tel: +856 (0)23 511 220 ; +856 (0) 20 55 90 91 32 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Website: www.laofarm.org https://www.facebook.com/laofarm/ Actors Private initiative,Mr. Thanongsi Solangkhun(owner) Basic description 40 acres, 2,000 native mulberry saplings, vegetable garden, 10 species of animals – silkworms, goats, poultry, pig and ets. Farm can accommodate 50 people. Organic restaurant and bar, Mulberry wine, silk, tea, goat cheese Development It employs local people, develops social activities aimed at children. environment Factors of success Economic- The incomes of the tourism and especially of the restaurant are essential to make live the different projects of the farm. Environmental - include the use of only natural fertilisers; Social – the farm offers employment and volunteer opportunities; Additional For housing, the farm can accommodate 50 people. You have the choice information between the dormitory of 8 people with shared bathroom, rooms with shared bathroom, terraced houses with private bathroom or doubles Bungalows with private bathroom.The farm develops an impressive number of projects, only thanks to farm income and tourism (the farm does not have access to public and international funds). All these projects are based on education, the pillar

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

of the project, and support to the local community.

6. "Beyond Organic Produce" , Carbeen Pastured Produce (Australia)

Carbeen Pastured Produce is a family owned farming business located in Manildra in Central Western New South Wales. The farm is owned by Rodger Shannon and his wife. They are pioneers in establishing a different mixed farming operation in its district which comprises a conventional mix sheep, cattle and crops. The owners implement Holistic Management principles as well as utilising other environmentally enhancing agricultural practices. This means that farming practices are "beyond organic", focusing on enhancing the environment and the greatest level of animal welfare, using the three prong approach of decision making which covers (a) productivity (b) social well being including community, and (c) building the environmental base.

At Carbeen their farming practices are based on holistic farming principles. They are focused on improving the health of soil. Carbeen Pastured Produce implements regenerative farming techniques and are focused on increasing the diversity of plant and animal on their farm. They do not use 'artificial' fertilizersas over the last four years, they uses own compost and compost teas on broad acre land. Commences conventional cropping system (wheat/canola/barley) when first taking over the farm but felt the emphasis on fertiliser and chemical application was not what they wanted to engage in -“they were killing their soil”. They believes that in vertical stacking where each enterprise engaged in should return 7 fold i.e. there should be at least 7 layers of benefit from chooks, or pigs, or whatever. Theybelieve in symbiosis where one activity supports another. Local produce supports strong, healthy and vibrant local communities. They believe in minimising the impact on environment whilst maximising the positive outcomes to local community, thus supply their products to local cafes, restaurants and direct to local customers. The Farm produce eggs, beef, lamb, wool and chickens on 549 ha property.They are keen supporters of local, seasonal production. They currently supply pastured eggs locally and intend to expand the product range to include pastured poultry, beef and lamb in the upcoming months. They also sell eggs and birds for meat to consumers primarily into the Central West (Orange, Bathurst, Dubbo, etc) and also into Sydney and the Blue Mountains;

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

The birds are raised without the use of chemicals or antibiotics. The fresh pasture and sunlight make the birds nutritionally dense in vitamins and minerals. The hens are housed in moveable trailers that hold their water, roost and nesting boxes. The chooks are moved every day, following in rotation behind cattle and sheep. They act as pasture sanitisers, cleaning up the insects and parasites from sheeps and cattles. They also leave their calling card as fertiliser, on which pastures absolutely thrive. The steers and lambs are run holistically, with the aid of temporary electric fences and portable water, steers and lambs are moved onto fresh pasture everyday. This constant movement mimics the natural behaviour of large wild herds with short intense grazing of pasture followed by long rest periods to allow pasture to fully regrow. This biomimicary promotes diversity in farm pastures. Diversity builds resilient and nutrient rich pastures. The steers benefit from the nutrient rich pasture and the frequent moves mean that our steers are naturally free from parasites.

Name of the farm Carbeen Pastured Produce

Location 'Carbeen' 3536 Henry Parkes Way MANILDRA NSW 2865 Contact Rodger Shannon Phone: 0411 202 837 Email:[email protected] Website: www.pasturedproduce.com.au https://www.facebook.com/carbeenpastures/

Actors Carbeen Pastured Produce Pty Ltd

Basic description Farm size: 1400 acres 549Ha Stock numbers: 450 head of cattle; 200 ewes; 1500 layers; 500 meat birds; wheat, oats, cereal rye and diverse cover crops (7-9 species) cereals grown predominately for chooks Development Connected with Lachlan Landcare but seeks engagement with others environment who are producing in a similar style to himself: sells through the local community and places emphasis on creating direct relationships with customers in marketing successfully.

Factors of success Environmental: Uses own compost and compost teas on broadacre land. Constant movement of animals that mimic natural behavior, and allows

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

pastures to recover. Additional information They have plans to plant trees on the contour and to place laneways and access tracks along the ridge lines for water harvesting and pacifying water into the farm landscape; intention of adding pigs to the program; intention to develop the water cycle on the farm by introducing keyline design elements, Natural Sequence Farming processes, and by planting trees.

7. „We want organic food“, Ballard Organic Farm (Republic of Ireland)

Ballard Organic Farm, in County Westmeath, which is also an open farm or visitor farm, has been owned and operated by the Lalor family since 1844. At the moment the farm is operated by Pat Lalor. In July 1999, he decided to convert to 'Certified Modern Organic Farming' and thus began Ballard Organic Farm. This surprised many of his farming colleagues and was perhaps seen as a very radical change. The key issue which swung it for organics was that there was a clear message coming from the market place; 'we want organic food and we are prepared to pay for it'. Therefore, at that time his main reason for changing over to organic production was to 'make more money'. Successful commercial organic farming is dependent on a fertile soil which will have an abundant supply of nutrients, especially nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium, in addition to a high population of soil micro-organisms. This is achieved by a system of recycling nutrients around the farm based on a sustainable rotation. The rotation used in Ballard Organic Farm is very simple, two years of red clover / ryegrass followed by three years of cereal growing and back to red clover / ryegrass again. In addition to putting nitrogen into the soil, the crop of clover is harvested three times annually to provide winter feed for the organic cattle on the farm. The main enterprises are organic beef production, cereals and forestry. The farm has been innovative and to the forefront on many farming developments. The farm is run as a modern concern with particular attention paid to technical efficiency. The two organic cereal crops currently grown at Ballard Organic Farm are winter triticale (a cross between wheat and rye) and winter oats. Some of the grain is sold to other organic farmers but most of it is fed to his own cattle during the winter housing period. There are two reasons for choosing triticale and oats. Firstly, because both crops grow quite tall, they control weeds by shading out most of the sunlight from the ground. In addition, oats also has alelopathic properties which act to onhibit the germination of other seeds in its vicinity. Secondly, because Triticale is a hybrid, i.e. a cross between two varieties, it is naturally much more resistant to disease than a single or pure variety.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Since January 2011, they have started producing a small amount of porridge from own oats and this is being sold as Kilbeggan Organic Foods - Oat Cookies and Organic Porridge. In addition to producing oats and selling porridge, also buy organic cereals for animal feed from other organic farmers in Ireland and the UK. These cereals are dried and stored on the farm and used for own beef enterprise and for selling on to other organic beef, dairy and sheep producers who do not have their own cereal production. A significant new beef enterprise is currently being established at Ballard Organic Farm. In the past, we have been involved in producing and selling in excess of 200 animals per year. These animals were purchased from other organic farmers as young cattle and were fattened and sold as finished beef animals. However, for a number of reasons, it was decided to establish a suckler herd so that all of the beef produced on the farm would be from our herd of suckler cows. The main reason for this radical change was to significantly improve animal quality in terms of carcass confirmation, meat quality and animal efficiency. There are no mother cows on the farm and consequently young animals must be sourced from other registered organic farmers. These animals are purchased at seven months old during September/October each year. The animals remain on the farm until they are ready for market 18 months later. Name of the farm Ballard Organic Farm Location Ballard, Kilbeggan, Westmeath, Republic of Ireland Ballard Farm is situated two and a half miles south of Kilbeggan off the N6. From Kilbeggan take the R436 for Clara (junction is at the Athlone end of Kilbeggan). After two miles take a right at the junction where you see a brown fingerboard sign for Ballard. You will come to my entrance on the left hand side after half a mile which is marked with a rock bearing the name Ballard. Contact Pat Lalor Tel:+353 (0)57 9331233 Fax:+353(0)57 9331418 http://www.ballardorganicfarm.ie/) Email: [email protected] www.kilbegganorganicfoods.com Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Ballard-Organic- Farm/154122271319211 Actors Ballard Organic Farm is owned by Pat Lalor and his family. Basic description The farm is 120ha, 50% old permanent pasture and 50% arable with a ph ranging from 6.5 to 7.0. Ballard Organic Farm is certified by the Organic Trust Ltd which is an approved certification body. An organic license is awarded for one year only and operators must re-apply annually to have their license renewed. Operators are subject to an annual audit in addition to unannounced spot checks. Development The open farm is also used by students who are studying Agricultural Science environment for the Leaving Certificate. Factors of success Crop rotation: The rotation system on the arable section currently consists of three years cereals and two years red clover.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Economic– Adds value to the product output by the production of Oat Cookies and Organic Porridge Additional Ballard Farm has been visited by many groups over the years. In 1998 the information Lalors' decided to develop this interest into a commercial enterprise. A visitor center was developed from a 300 year old cow house which was in need of renovation. For groups from a non-agriculural background, the visit is an insight to an authentic a modern Irish organic farm and to the life of the farmer and his family. For those directly involved in agriculture, the visit focuses on technical information.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

8. Crossroad of tradition and inovation, Jaglea Farm (Romania) This organic farm, located in Rosia, near Sibiu in the Carpatians, illustrates a new kind of farm in Romania, where tradition and innovation meet to form an emerging "new peasantry". Owners areIoan and Ramona Jaglea. After their marriage, they moved into the family house in 2006. Farming was a natural choice, as they were given their first cow as a wedding gift and had use of 3 hectares of family land. The herd, the land, and the family expanded over the years. In 2007, their milk quota was 7000 litres per year, based on the 3 cows declared in 2005. In 2011, the quota was reassessed at 28 000 litres for 12 cows that were declared in 2009. Until recently, Ioan and Ramona Jaglea considered farming astheir second job. In 2010, the couple decided to make agriculture their main job, and to expand the farm (by renting additional pastures and arable land from retired farmers whose children have left the village, or from Saxons who have gone to live in Germany) so that its income would provide for the whole family. This represents a new kind of farm in Romania, one where tradition and innovation meet to form an emerging “new peasantry”. The farm’s evolution has taken place in a broader context of economic recession and rising unemployment since 2008. The Jaglea family practice a low-input, largely manual agriculture, which is certified organic and which seeks way to be economically, socially and environmentally sustainable. They process and market all their products directly and took part in the creation of the first organic producers’ cooperative shop in Romania. One obstacle that they face in seeking to expand their activity is gaining access to more land in the vicinity of the farm. The farm follows the model of a traditional family farm, with the bulk of the work done by the couple, with the help of other family members. Their approach to farming revolves around two basic principles: • that the farming is mixed and meets the basic food needs of the family (vegetables, dairy produce, meat and grains); and • that most of the animal feed is farm-produced (complemented with the purchase of wheat bran.) To date, the farm has no machinery, with all work done byhand. For example, they hire neighborsto do certain field work requiring a tractor. The farm’s first priority was to feed the family. It then expandedto bring in extra income, and to provide financial security.The couple realized that income from the direct sale of farm products, complemented by subsidies, is an economically viable choice for a family farm.The 500m² of garden and orchard are devoted first andforemost to the family.The animals raised for family consumption are slaughtered onthe spot, in the traditional manner authorized by law. The meatis frozen or made into cooked pork meats. Part of the corn(maize) crop is ground into flour (maläi). Selling direct was a natural choice, a win-win situation for bothconsumers and producers. The former get quality products ataffordable prices; the latter get a fair income from their labour,and the social networking enriches both parties. In this kind ofsetup, the quality of the milk and other products is paramount.Ioan and Ramona encourage their customersto buy unpasteurized milk, and give out leaflets explaining itsbenefits.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Today, the farm has over 50 customers, three quarters of whom live in Sibiu and the rest in Rosia. Generally speaking, the customers are attracted to the genuineness, taste, and nutritional aspect. Half of the milk yield is home delivered on Monday and Thursday mornings, packaged in empty mineral water bottles that are replaced after each delivery. The volume of orders varies from 10 to 20 litres per week. The other half of the milk yield is made into cream, butter and cottage cheese, as well as a local cheese for family consumption. The cream and butter are most often bought by Sibiu customers, with demand exceeding supply at the present time.

Name of the farm Jaglea Farm Location 557210 Rosia, Str. Principala, nr. 49, near Sibiu, Romania Contact Ioan and Ramona Jaglea Tel. fix:+4 0269 582 451 Tel. mobil:+4 0749 140 522 Actors Family farm Basic description Land: 17 ha of land, including 10 ha in the vicinity of the farm − 3,4 ha directly owned, with another 3 ha belongingto the family − 10,5 ha rented Buildings: − the house, barn and cowshed are owned by the farmers − 2 barns and one granary have been lent by familymembers Development The Biocoop was set up in 2004 by Ioan and a small group of theregion’s environment organic farmers who had training in agro-ecology. Biocoop decided to offer an alternative, relying on a core of committed customers. Factors of success Economic - The farm’s products are sold directly to local consumers. Direct sales cushion the couple from dramatic market fluctuations. Environmental - The farm applies the principles of agro-ecology. The good health of the farm is assured by the careful observation of plants and animal behavior. Social - 2 seasonal workers from Rosia. Additional information Overall, the Jaglea farm combines traditional working methodsand cultural habits with significant innovations in marketing,distribution, certification and social networking. The symbiosisbetween tradition and innovation has impacted all aspects ofthe farm. In 2004, Ioan joined a small group of organic farmers in his region. Together, they founded Biocoop, an organic store in Sibiu selling directly to the public.In summer 2010, they welcomed foreign volunteer workers, but before joining the WWOOF network

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

9. Social Agriculture, Agricoltura Nuova (Italia)

Agricoltura Nuova is an agricultural cooperative located onthe south-western periphery of Rome. The cooperative wasformed in July 1977 when a group of young unemployedpeople from Rome occupied 180 ha of agricultural land thatha d been designated for non -agricultural development.Their goal was to transform this land into a workplace and aresidence, hence defending it against urban expansion. Thecooperative was – and remains - a unique experiment thatcame out of a very particular h istorical context associatedwith social protest. While they started as a conventional farm, they rapidly reoriented their activities towards a diversified organic farm, processing food products (dairy products, bread and pasta, etc.) and focusing on direct marketing. It has also developed a broad range of social and pedagogical activities to give access to the farm to visitors and schools. These activities are a means to engage with the local community, to consolidate relationships with a range of local pla yers and to diversify income. The cooperative started producing organically at the end of the 1980s; members were increasingly attracted by the possibilityof non -chemical, non-genetically manipulated farming that would preserve the quality of the soil and ecosystem, as well as protecting workers’ health. This transition towards organic farming complemented the transition towards direct sales; eliminating intermediaries and providing quality products is what has allowed the cooperative to survive. The cooper ative’s activities have always been designed to respect the environment and the landscape. In 1979, members equipped the farm with photovoltaic panels. They then installed a windmill, expanded the farm’s use of solar panels and installed a rainwater collec tion system. Since 2002, the Cooperative has also been reusing the organic waste generated by the city of Rome’s park and garden maintenance functions. It benefits doubly from this activity, in terms of soil fertility and a fee for accepting the waste. Tod ay, Agricultora Nuova is a large multifunctional organic farm occupies about 250 hа, with two places, just a few minutes from the ring road of Rome .The first of these two locations, “Castel di Decima,” where the cooperative was founded, consists of 180 hect ares belonging to the municipality of Rome. The second site, at “Castel di Leva,” a few kilometres to the east, belongs to the Santa Catarina religious conservatory. The conservatory, which owns a significant amount of land in the region, is involved in a range of activities benefitting socially marginalized people. In 2006, it offered to rent 70 hectares to Agricoltura Nuova, which was already renowned for its achievements in the field of social agriculture, as a way to expand employment opportunities for people with disabilities. Fruit and vegetable gardening is the farm’s dominant activity. It is also its most diverse. Vegetable and fruit cultivation is extensive and spread throughout a variety of rotating locations linked to cold greenhouses and tree nurseries. The Cooperative produces a wide range of cereals. Half of the cereals used for processing bread, pasta, and other bakery products come from the farm, with the other half bought in from outside. They have a flock of 1000 Sarde ewes, known for the qu ality of their milk (which is used in pecorino cheese), graze on 150 hectares of extensive prairie. This is supplemented by grains (barley and oats) over the course of their 180 day lactation period. They produce one litre of milk

The project is co -funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria -the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

per head per day. 90% of the cheese produced is distributed through direct sales. The cooperative’s cheeses have received many awards for “best regional organic product.” Thanks to more than 400 hives, the cooperative produces six different kinds of honey (more than one hundred quintals), honeydew, royal jelly, and pollen. These are all produced organically and sold on the farm or in local markets.Additional livestock, that: lamb, veal and pork graze and consume a mix of horse beans, bran, corn, and barley. Animal feed is grown on the farm as a catch crop. Since its foundation, Agricoltura Nuova has had difficulties funding its capital and recurrent costs. At the start, it was only able to overcome its initial lack of capital thanks to cash and in-kind contributions fromfamilies, friends and supporters who participated in the occupation. The Cooperative’s economic situation has slowly stabilized over time. About a third of the agricultural turnover comes from fruits and vegetables, and over a third from dairy products. The cooperative sells all its food directly (through farm shops, markets stalls, GAS and the farm restaurant), which has proved much more profitable than wholesaling. Non agricultural activities (mostly the restaurant and educational activities) have become a significant part of the Cooperative’s income. Initially, the cooperative sold only to large scale retailers. This meant that only one crop was cultivated on the land, and production was entirely oriented towards the demands of the market. Bulk distributors sought large quantities of grains and vegetables (zucchini, broccoli, etc.). This system was both specific and demanding, and was not profitable for a farm of the cooperative’s size; after 2 years, members began to think about other options. The cooperative chose to diversify its garden production and began cultivating trees and grains. It also began beekeeping and animal husbandry, both for meat (beef, pork, poultry), and other animal products (eggs, cheese). While the cooperative was diversifying its production it was also moving away from large scale commercial distribution and towards direct sales. In 1980, it stopped selling to bulk distributors and retailers and began selling its products from the farm and at local markets. The farm shop includes all of the cooperative’s products as well as a variety of organic products from partner cooperatives and individual producers, to provide a wider range of options for its customers. The cooperative now sells at two local markets on the outskirts of Rome, five days a week. The success of these direct sales was such that, in 2010, the Cooperative decided to open a second farm shop at its new production site. Selling directly has proved profitable: not only does it encourage the local sale of products, but it underpins economic viability and frees the cooperative from the requirements imposed by bulk distributors and retailers. It also reinforces Agricoltura Nuova’s relationship with consumers, by encouraging direct contact with producers, providing information about the origins and history of products and building trust that encourages loyalty. The cooperative has also engaged in on-site processing. This allows it to exercise more control over the production cycle and to benefit fully from the added value obtained from processing. It has begun this transition with the transformation of ewe’s milk into pecorino cheese. It started out

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

artisanally, using local knowledge, and then developed its production and expanded its range of products to include bread, pasta, jam, cakes, etc. Agricoltura Nuova has managed to establish a large and stable pool of customers and supporters. It has also consolidated its appeal to local authorities and now receives public funding for various projects (an information center on renewable energy, agronomic and food-processing experiments, etc.). From the beginning, one of the Cooperative’s goals was to create employment through agricultural activities. It very quickly expanded upon this objective in seeking to offer jobs to socially excluded people and individuals with mental disabilities. There are currently 50 workers, employed in a range of activities: farming, food-processing and sales, educational activities, etc. Out of these, 27 are associates, and 23 are contract workers. Ten of the cooperative’s current workers (all associates) are going through a process of social integration. They work, but do not live on the farm, in a range of agricultural and non-agricultural activities. Name of the farm Agricoltura Nuova Location Via Valle di Perna, 315, 00128 – Roma Contact Tel.06 5070453 Fax:06 5080009 Mail:[email protected] http://www.agricolturanuova.it/ https://it-it.facebook.com/agricolturanuova/ Actors Agricultural cooperative Basic description Farm size: 250 hа - “Castel di Decima,”–180ha and “Castel di Leva,”–70ha • 1000 Sarde ewes; • lamb, veal and pork; • 400 hives. Products: from the cultivation of fruits and vegetables to the processing of grains into bread and fresh pasta, cheese produced (pecorino cheese), different kinds of honey The cooperative has been a certified organic farm since the 1980s. Development Strong relationship with the residents of Rome. Fulfil multiple social roles and environment create stronger connections with the local community Factors of success Social –50 workers, employed in a range of activities. Ten of the cooperative’s current workers (all associates) are going through a process of social integration. Economic - large and stable pool of customers and supporters.Selling directly. Additional Agricoltura Nuova has evolved over the years and now has multiple purposes information and produces a variety of goods and services. It is also nationally recognized as an historic experiment in “Social Agriculture” and as a pioneer in agricultural land preservation. The unifying thread of all its evolutions has been the will to construct an autonomous, alternative, agricultural model that is environmentally friendly and anchored in itsterritory. The Cooperative is managed by the 27 associates, who each have one vote. Profit cannot be shared out between associates and must be invested in productive activities. Each production sector (gardening, sheep husbandry, cereals and bakery, etc.) is relatively autonomous: the choice of products and production methods are decided by each sector, which then communicates with other sectors regarding the appropriate quantity to produce.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

10. „Solidarity between producers and eaters “, Viva sol (Lithuania )

Viva Sol is an association of cheese eaters and producers, established in autumn 2006 by 2 farmers and 2 eaters. They chose to establish themselves as farmers and to adopt a peasant approach to farming based on small-scale production, limited inputs, environmentally-friendly production practices, and strong links with consumers and local inhabitants. Its mission is to develop and maintain solidarity relations between city and country, and contributes to the settlement of small farmers and artisans in rural Lithuania. V iva Sol emerged as a response to the growing need to re -engage producers and eaters. It advocates small and responsible farming that can generate economic, ecological, and social added value. Two of the founders of Viva Sol are farmers who were new entrants to farming and who had previous business experienceoutside farming(and outside L ithuania), throug h which they got to know about alternative, ecological and peasant forms of farming. In 2015, it has 12 members, equally city and village people. It has a council of 5 members and one executive director, all voluntary. There are no permanent staff. In addition to its members, Viva Sol also has about 500 active supporters throughout the country. Supporters commit to attending events and joining initiati ves on a regular basis. Viva Sol’s annual budget is around €10,000, which is mostly funds for projects, all of which are financed from external sources. Membership fees and donations make 200 Euros per year. In spite of being quite small and with no perman ent staff, Viva Sol has already developed a wide rangeof activities, over several areas of work. In autumn 2007, Viva Sol started its first project: the SOL market, a farmers’ market centered on the idea of solidarity between producers and eaters. It enabled four small farmers producing cheese and bread to market their produce directly, once a week, in Café de Paris, in Vilnius old town. It was started as a result of solidarity relations betwe en two of the farmers and three eaters, including the chef of the café. It was conceived both as an opportunity to better market the products and to organise direct, regular exchanges between producers and consumers. In summer 2011 the SOL market was renamed the Cheese Market. In 2009, two more markets were started in two villages, one to the North and one to the South of Vilnius. The aim was to develop local consumption of locally produced food. These initiatives died out in 2010 as the participating farme rs acquired enough regular consumers who were prepared to pick up the products at the farms, rather than going to the markets. Viva Sol encouraged farmers to create direct and regular commitments with consumers. In 2010, two vegetable growers started a sub scription scheme, with weekly delivery of vegetable boxes to about 10 households. In 2011, only one of them has continued, with 40 consumers.Together with the Baltic Environment Forum (BEF), Viva Sol has organized a network of ten farms to demonstrate the additional value to farm produce given by environmentally friendly farming practices. Together, they also run training and information sessions for farmers, local authorities, environmentalists, etc. which address the issue of the importance of agriculture to environment protection. After ten years of existence, Viva Sol has synthesised its work into three main directions, to answer the needs of small farmers.

The project is co -funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria -the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Sales is currently the most developed part of Viva Sol’s work. Over the past four years, nine farms have benefited from help: 4 newcomers and 5 established farmers. The Cheese Market in Vilnius, which will celebrate its 11 th birthday in autumn 2017, is the main income source for three cheesemakers and one baker. It also served as a stepping-stone for five more farmers, and is a great example to many others. Viva Sol also started a box scheme in Vilnius as well as founding the Cheese-Makers’ Home, a farmshop, restaurant and cultural centre. It creates local jobs, adds value to local produce and serves as a showcase of positive relations between city and country. What has ceased to exist in Lithuania is knowledge about how to run a small-scale, environmentally-friendly farm that processes its produce and generates a high added value. The formal agricultural education is aimed either to serve science or factory farms. And pesticide providers are increasingly more active in educating their clients. Viva Sol has started engaging in training and promoting the small-scale farming model since its establishment. It has now joined forces with the Baltic Environmental Forum and international partners. Together, they have prepared and run a series of video lectures on small farming and environmentally-friendly techniques. In addition, Viva Sol has conducted numerous workshops on cheese-making, animal husbandry, marketing, etc. mostly as part of the project run with Heifer International. Usually those willing to start-up a small farm lack not only knowledge and marketing experience, but also resources (funds and access to land). The project with Heifer International has so far provided 6 farmers with dairy sheep and goats. Thanks to the ‘pay forward’ scheme, the number of farmers benefiting from the project will automatically grow over time and create a community of small farmers. The Cheese-makers’ Home is another interesting way to generate more income for farmers, and has received much attention. Viva Sol has not yet addressed the issue of land. Since 2008 it has envisaged creating a Land Fund to raise investments or donations in order to buy agricultural land. This land would be rented out on favourable terms to small-scale farmers. Viva Sol has started exploring the issues involved and examining concrete examples, but is for now faced with the difficulty of finding enough resources to start the fund. This is becoming a pressing issue, as several Viva Sol farmers graze their animals on land that is held on short-term leases. Viva Sol seeks to organise initiatives to help village people and city dwellers meet. Its vision is that acquaintance will grow into trust, and trust into solidarity. The association is working to open each one to the other: the producer and the eater. The Cheese Market in Vilnius, Viva Sol’s first activity, is emblematic of this effort to re-engage consumers and producers. It now brings together 4 farmers and about 500 consumers. Although it is open to all, most consumers are regular customers, who come to the market every Sunday. Besides being a market, it is also a place to organise direct exchanges, build interpersonal relations and present Viva Sol activities. While new entrants find it easier to develop direct connections with consumers or engage with other stakeholders, this is also the basis of a latent conflict with villagers. Different approach to land, agriculture and commerce, different values and different quality standards make the new settlers look strange to the majority of the village population. On the one hand, the new farmers would like to open up to the consumers, but on the other hand the village in general is rather unwilling to be exposed in this way. And this is a major problem for community connected farms in societies where there is no precondition for mutual trust. On the other hand, encouraging eaters to commit more is another important part of Viva Sol’s work. Viva Sol sees the producer and the eater as solidarity partners with a common purpose. So

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

eaters are encouraged to participate in the box schemes (SOLbasket), to get a deeper understanding about the origins of food (Slow Food Vilnius), and to financially engage into the construction of a lively village (Land Fund). Name of the farm Viva sol Location Viva Sol’s headquarters are in Dargužiai village, 50km south of Vilnius Contact Valda Kavaliauskas, Director of the association Vivasol Tel.+370 6 983 9893 Email:[email protected];[email protected]; Web:http://www.vivasol.lt Actors Viva Sol is an association. It is the most basic form of collective activity, chosen because of the simplicity of registration procedures and low maintenance costs. Viva Sol can operate on the basis of volunteer work, not employing a single person, which is very useful for the members, who are mostly farmers. Basic description - 12 active members - 10 farmers supported - 3 markets started - more than 200 annual workshop hours Development Organise initiatives to help village people and city dwellers meet environment Factors of success Well-developed marketing practices and lobbying, Viva Sol has created the possibility for the development of numerous farmers’ markets in Lithuania today. Additional information Viva Sol has also tried to voice the needs and concerns of small farmers. In 2010 it hosted every main official with responsibility for agriculture in Lithuania. This included the minister of agriculture and two vice-ministers, the head of the parliamentarycommittee of rural affairs of the Seimas, and ets. This meeting indicated that Viva Sol and its farmers are everyone’s pride, but at the same time they are not regarded seriously enough. Indeed, they are widely seen asarchaic or marginal in terms of their role in the economy, rural development, environmental conservation, and social inclusion. Viva Sol nevertheless managed to influence regulations on semisubsistence farming, in favour of small farmers.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

11. Young farmer, Audrius Jokubauskas farm(Lithuania)

Originally a dancer and journalist, after quitting law school, Audrius found his way to the countryside. Getting deeper and deeper into understanding where farmer’s products come from and what is needed for them to exist, Audrius found himself one day digging manure with a pitchfork. In 2008 he did a 6-month internship on Valdas’ farm, making cheese and looking after goats. That same year, they wrote a project for Heifer International, to receive 40 dairy sheep and 40 goats. 20 sheep were intended for Audrius, the rest of the animals to create a small farmers’ network. In April 2009, after a month long, intensive, internship in the French Alps, Audrius settled 2km outside Dargužiai village, 50 km south-west of the capital, Vilnius. He now milks 20 sheep and sells his cheese in the Cheese Market, as well as in the Cheese-makers’ Home in Dargužiai. Audrius plans to have 45-50 sheep, and then to limit himself to this flock, so that he does not have to hire people, or invest in expensive buildings and machines. Audrius rents a farm (with a contract for 3,5 years) that comprises 7,5 ha of pastures, a house and two farm buildings. The territory is flat, low and swampy, which together with the River Merkys, creates an outstanding habitat for birds. The land is rather poor, and thus ideal for extensive animal grazing. The farm buildings are adequate for the hay and animals. Audrius did not construct any buildings or buy equipment, so he relies on fellow farmers to make him hay and harvest grain. The farm produces cow and sheep milk cheeses and yoghurts. The cheeses are sold fresh, and some are matured in a stone cellar under the house. In winter the farm also produces bread. About 5% of the farm’s produce is consumed by Audrius and his family. Audrius is the only full-time worker on the farm. Additional help comes in three times per year: manure clearing, hay loading, and so that he can have a winter vacation. This help mostly comes from friends and eaters. In winter, when the milking season is over, one or two eaters come to take care of the animals and discover country life for a couple of weeks. All the work is manual, as there is no equipment and Audrius does not see much of a need for it at the moment. The equipment he uses in his daily work is a gas stove, a large pot, a thermometer, a knife and several plastic buckets. His total investment to start the production amounted to 600 Euros. Other equipment includes a sheep-shearing machine and manual tools. However, he rents a neighboring certified dairy, as his own is under construction, which should cost 3000 Euros. The products are sold in the Cheese Market (all year) and the Cheese-makers’ Home (May- October). The Cheesemakers’ Home keeps 20% of the revenue as commission. The commission paid by all 4 cheese-makers is enough to maintain the sales-point and pay the salary for the local sales-person. The price charged for the products is based on the cost of the milk, and constructed as follows: 1/3 milk + 1/3 processing +1/3 selling. Selling through the Cheese-makers’ Home implies that, of the 33% which would be considered as the margin, only 13% reaches the farmer’s pocket. A wholesaler or a shop would add at least 50% on top, which would mean that Audrius’ The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

cheese would either not cover its production cost, or become too expensive. At present Audrius can afford to sell at up to 60% lower than supermarket prices, and still be cost-effective. There are three reasons why he does not want to stay in his current location. First, it has poor access from the road. Second, the pastures are rather humid, which is a problem forthe sheeps’ health. And last, house prices in such proximity to the capital are too expensive for this type of farming. As a result, Audrius’ project is to start an environmentally friendly farm in Dzūkija National Park in south-east Lithuania, close to the Belorussian border. The region is famous for its untouched nature (there were no Soviet kolhozes in this area), preserved traditional lifestyles and an emerging community of city expats with an alternative vision of rural community. But at the same time, there are very few farmers in the region.

Name of the farm Audrius Jokubauskas farm

Location 2km outside Dargužiai village, 50 km south-west of thecapital, Vilnius.

Contact Audrius Jokubauskas Dargužių km., Valkininkų sen. Varėnos raj. Email: [email protected]

Actors Audrius Jokubauskas – farmer

Basic description Farm size: 7,5 ha of pastures 20 sheep

Development Member ofViva Sol environment

Factors of success Economic – Direct sales to the clients, allowing it to keep prices lower than those in supermarkets without disturbing its profitability.

Additional information Audrius does not receive CAP subsidies: the landownerhas registered as the beneficiary and manages to keep theentitlement as Audrius’s lease is only short-term. On the otherhand, the taxes for small-scale farmers are very low. As dairysheep in the Lithuanian ESU methodology count the same asother sheep, Audrius’ farm has the size of 0.25 ESU, and, likeother farms under 2 ESU, only has to pay 24 Lt (€7) per monthfor health insurance. Over his first three years Audrius wasable to develop the an annual financial scheme, whichindicates that Audrius gets a salary of about 371 Euro permonth. This enables him to maintain the farm and a satisfyingquality of life, but does not provide him with the means forfurther investment, which is needed in order to have enoughpastures for 45-50 sheep.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

12. “Zaetc farm” (Russia)

Base for Sergey Zaetc business was eco and country tourism. He bought 40 ha rural land with ruined old forester’s house (Nesterov district, Kaliningrad region). After the Second World War here were settled several families displaced, and in the 1999, building was a pitiful sight. Zaetc had to try to bring it into the proper form, to invest a lot of money in repairs and now the house is very nice – as outside so inside. This country guest house offers cozy rooms in the old-German style. First of all Zaetc decided to provide natural agricultural product to Kaliningrad (milk and meet), because his family has got not more than 10 cows. Own milk products Zaetc selling through a friend in Kaliningrad. However, it was very economically disadvantageous, and was considered by owner only as a method of distribution of milk. His idea was to produce natural milk products for local food market, especially for visitors his eco farm near Rominten (Kaliningrad’s region Nesterov district). Over time Zaetc decides to create a network of sales of agricultural products in nearby towns. At the same time, he bought meat and dairy cows. These cows produce not only milk, but also bred for meat. Realizing that the sale in Kaliningrad cannot serve as the basis for a real business, Zaetc bought 200 hectares of land on which to grow corn and other crops. Corn produces good yields of milk and cattle rooted. Farm products used in the preparation of homemade food for rural tourists visiting the Zaetc house. Meat and dairy products are also sold in local markets in Nesterov district. Nowadays natural agriculture is more and more popular. Consumers understand difference between eco farming and conventional farming. Therefore, in the Kaliningrad region, natural agricultural products are gaining popularity. However, the problem is the reliability of organic agricultural products sold in the region (including Nesterov district). Solution of this problem can contribute to the direct sale of agricultural products producers to consumers. This eliminates the possibility of consumer fraud sellers. At the same time, from an economic point of view, reduced logistics costs and the cost of the product, as consumers buy products within local markets.Note that only in the complex of consumers (tourists and locals), Zaetc farm functioning effectively. Zaetc farm sales on the local market are based on trust of local residents to its products. At the same time, locals consumers are not only customers, but some of them are involved in the process of production, because Zaetc farm expands and creates new job places. Involvement of local people in the farm promotes ecological way of farming in the area is an increasingly extensive network of sales on the local market, as well as contributes to the growth opportunities of rural tourism. Note that according to Sergey Zaetc among tourists visiting his farm, a growing number of visitors to the Kaliningrad region from other parts of Russia, tourists from large cities (Moscow, St. Petersburg etc.). Thus, we can say that locals get organic food produced on the farm Zayats, increase their knowledge in the conduct of ecological agriculture, and have jobs, and the opportunity to develop

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

their own agricultural and tourism business. This business can include: sale of souvenirs and handicrafts, transportations of tourists and their baggage, and other services. In this case, because Zaetc farm is organic farming, there is no depletion of land as in intensive agricultural production. The farm is located near the Rominten forest and Vyshtenets lake. It is wonderful places for recreation, hunting and fishing. Therefore, the possibility of the development of tourism are very broad. There are possibilities to create a greater number of places to stay, and therefore the expansion of organic farming, which makes the project very attractive for the local community. For starting of this project were a desire and faith Sergey Zaetc and his family in that organic farm can be a successful business. Financial costs included money for rebuilding of the old foresters house, purchase cows, equipment, construction of sheds and other buildings. Then it was necessary to attract tourists and development of the local distribution network of farm produce. The latter included the acquisition of the trust of local people to farm produce, their involvement in the production, co-operation with other producers of agricultural products. At the beginning of the project the main problem was the lack of money, says Sergei Zaetc. Then began to show a lack of knowledge about how to farm, to serve visitors, milk the cows, prepare food for tourists, to grow plants etc. Now the main problem is the number of tourists and expansion of sales markets. Because the involvement of local people in project as employees requires an increase in sales for tourists or residents.

Name of the farm Zaetc farm Location 238022Kaliningrad region, District Nesterovskoe, pp. Lakeland, Russia Contact Sergey Zaetc Tel. +7 (40157) 9-32-51 Actors Zaetc S. A. Basic description 240 ha rural land corn and other crops over 10 cows, chickens and goats products: milk, meat and dairy products Guest house Development Locals can get organic food produced on the farm Zaetc, increase their environment knowledge in the conduct of ecological agriculture, and have jobs, and the opportunity to develop their own agricultural and tourism business. Factors of success Economic: direct sale of agricultural products producers to consumers] Social: creates new job places Additional information Note that Zaetc received the support of the local authorities in the form of loans and grants, participation in exhibitions to acquire the necessary livestock, seeds and equipment. With the development, the farm has come to represent a growing number of products and services. For example: increased quality and quantity of food offered to tourists, expanded range of agricultural products. At the beginning Zaetc was selling milk only, and later he began selling meat and dairy products, as well as some crop production.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

13. Mapleton's Organic Dairy (Canada) In 1980, Ineke Booy and Martin de Groot, emigrated from Holland with their two daughters, Elske and Arwa. They began with a 250-acre dairy farm. After farming conventionally for ten years, they became concerned about the impact of conventional farming and how it affected human health, the environment, their animals and their community. As conventional farmers they were commodity producers; much of what they grew and produced was sold to other companies for further refinement.After much thought and deliberation, the decision was made to become organic. In 1999, Mapleton's Organic Dairy was officially born. Mapleton's Organic provides healthy, local, and environmentally sustainable products produced in their on-farm dairy. It is a core belief of Mapleton's that people should have the opportunity to see their food being produced up close, so guests and visitors are welcome. They began processing their organic milk into ice cream and fresh yogurt in a dairy built right on their farm. These products were sold on the farm and soon spread to small, local, retail stores. (Certified by ECOCERT Canada). In 2004, an ice cream café was added at the farm to better serve the growing number of visiting ice cream lovers. Product distribution soon expanded all over Ontario and eventually across the country. The farm now consists of 400 acres of certified organic land and a herd of 70 milking cows producing 600,000L used for Mapleton's products annually. Mapleton's organic ice cream is sold across Canada, and Mapleton's fresh organic yogurt is sold throughout Ontario. Their Greek-style frozen yogurt is available in a growing number of locations across Canada. They recognize their farm as an ecosystem and work to maintain balance in all aspects of their operation and keep everyone (animals, humans, and plants) working together in harmony.All start with healthy soil. Healthy soil grows healthy crops; healthy crops feed healthy animals; and healthy animals feed healthy people.They strive for ecological diversity on the farm – encouraging wildlife to make their home on our property, helping their thriving beehives to pollinate our crops, and thinking about natural wind barriers and plant rotations. A variety of organic farming practices such a crop rotation, proper composting and spreading of manure as well as mechanical cultivation are used.Instead of dangerous insecticides and pesticides we also use patience - and have learned to live with some weeds.The goal is to focus on the health of the soil so that we can keep producing food on this land forever. Feed for the dairy herd is grown on the farm and the resulting manure is composted and then used to fertilize the fields. Additional crops such as spelt, soybeans, corn, and pumpkins are grown for human consumption. For more information about Mapleton's farming philosophies visit here. They have drastically reduced the amount of energy needed to produce food. They rely almost solely on composted manure as fertilizer eliminating the need for externally produced and transported fertilizers such as nitrogen.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

The composting floor in their barn reduces greenhouse gas emissions (and smell), retains nutrients and provides heat for the cows. The wastewater from dairy is used to heat their farm store and office. They have also installing solar panels on main barn roof. This installation will produce more energy than the farm uses making Mapleton's not just energy neutral, but an energy producer. On the farm organize different tours for adults and children. Some tour activities vary based on the season. For example, in the spring, students can learn how plants grow while they plant their own seeds. In the fall groups can explore the life cycle of the pumpkin culminating with everyone selecting their very own pumpkin to take home. Name of the farm Mapleton's Organic Dairy Location 8548 Wellington Road 7 RR#1 Moorefield, ON N0G 2K0 (Located in Wellington County, Ontario the farm is approximately 45 minutes northwest of Kitchener -Waterloo and 40 minutes northwest of Guelph.) Contact Phone Numbers: 519-638-1115; 1-877-779-9795 Web: http://mapletonsorganic.ca Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mapletonsorganic/ Email: [email protected] Actors Mapletons Organic Dairy, Inc. Owner: Ineke Booy and Martin de Groot Basic description Farm size: 250-acre 70 dairy cows, Pork, chickens and turkeys Products: • Ice Cream and Ice Cream Sandwiches; • Fresh yogurt and Frozen Yogurt; • Soft Serve Frozen Yogurt; Certified organic by ECOCERT Canada Development Creation of a long-term current and future customers environment Factors of success Environment - practices such a crop rotation, proper composting and spreading of manure as well as mechanical cultivation are used. Energy Sustainability - drastically reduced the amount of energy needed to produce food. Additional information The farm has retail store featuring organic ice cream made right on site, seasonal produce and local products, with a cafe. Seasonal outdoor BBQ and picnic area, cedar maze, horse shoes, farmers golf and labyrinth. Demonstration barn with various animals open to the public and for educational tours.

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

14. „Animals with "aristocratic" blue blood“, “ECO–TELUS” (Bulgaria)

The farm started its operation in mid 2010 on a total area of 5000 sq.m. It is located 500 m from the Black Sea coast in an ecologically clean area with a moderate continental climate, void of industrial production, with predominant influence of the sea. Located in northeastern Bulgaria, in the village of Balgarevo, Kavarna municipality, on an area included in the ecological system of protected areas in the European Union –Natura 2000. This is the closest location to the nature reserve “Kaliakra”, which is characterized besides the rich plant and animal species population also by the fact that is the only reserve in Bulgaria, including also protected marine areas. It is the pristine nature and favorable climatic conditions that make the region of village of Bulgarevo the ideal place for growing snails in clean environment and a prerequisite for the high quality of their products. Cultivating snails for consumption begins to grow wider in the 70s due to the high content of zinc, iron, magnesium, sodium, calcium, protein and minerals in meat. Today, snail meat is one of the most valuable and sought after delicacies in the world. Little known is that the eggs of snails are an expensive culinary delicacy because they contain valuable elements to the human body. The idea of creating a snail farm inBalgarevo village was born accidentally, after the young owner Pencho falls article on the Internet for breeding snails as business. Information raises his interest and curiosity and after training in Bulgaria and abroad, he and his wife Emmy decided to embark on a new challenge. In Bulgaria Snail Breeding is not yet well developed, therefore Bulgarian farmers borrow experience from their colleagues in Belgium and France, which have experience in the breeding of snails. Many factors influence the success of a snail farm. Selection of quality materials for the general construction in accordance with the needs of the snails, the weather, the cultivation technology and the quality of feed are just some of the necessary conditions for achieving high quality of production. The farm was built and registered in compliance with all standards and requirements. All the equipment has been purchased from leading European companies in the field, consistent with the latest cultivation technologies. The production cycle includes all stages of snail development. Before we started their work, we carried out an extensive research of the methods and technologies for growing snails. According to the geography of the terrain, the specific climatic and soil characteristics, they chose the French (semi-intensive) method as the most suitable for the farm. Currently they grow snails of the most popular type – Helix Aspersa Maxima (Gros-Gris). Farm "ECO TELUS 'growing over 1 million snails by this method because it is the most favorable climate conditions in our latitudes. The method enables snails to grow at close to their natural environment, and with it to reach and high quality products. The soil in Bulgarevo

The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

is rich in limestone, which is essential for building strong shell snails. In the French method fattening season lasts between 100 and 120 days and completed approximately in mid-September, then began collecting production. They are striving to provide day after day the best conditions for their snails – high humidity, optimum temperature, strict hygiene and quality food. The combination of all these factors together with the constant care and control, guarantees the quality of their products. After extensive research and many tests, with the help of experts, they managed to create their own formula of natural ingredients for snail feed. It is produced in a certified fodder plant and is consistent with the specific needs of the snails, as evidenced by the excellent taste of their products. Their goal is to further expand production activities by increasing the capacity of the plots of the farm and build facilities for storage and processing of snails. The farm is the first in Bulgaria opened its doors to allow more people to learn about the beneficial qualities of the snails, widely used in cooking, cosmetics and medicine. A walk through the fields of the farm will allow you to become familiar with the most popular types of edible snails, technological process and farming methods – from breeding to harvesting.

Name of the farm “ECO – TELUS ”

Location Bulgaria, Dobrich district, Kavarna, 9660 Balgarevo village, str. "24th" 33, snail farm Contact Tel.:+359 899441344 Tel.:+359 897965896 Web: http://ecotelusescargots.eu E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; Actors “ECO – TELUS” - family farm

Basic description Farm size: 5 ha over 1 million snails own restaurant Development Allows sharing practices with other farmers. environment

Factors of success Technology - Choosing the right technology for cultivation; Economic - built in close proximity a specialized restaurant for snails meals. Well organized and tourist tour with a familiarization walk around the fields of the farm and the hall for reproduction.

Additional information Snail farm ECO-TELUS is the third largest in Bulgaria, but only it welcomes guests on the Balkan Peninsula, offering them a place to taste fresh snails and snail products directly from the farm. In 2015 "ECO TELUS" was awarded the prize for "Best - new tourist attraction" of the Bulgarian Association of hotels and restaurants.

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Bibliography:

Atanas Atanasov, Maria Shishinyova, Gorica Rakleova, Ivelin Penchev, Mariana Vlahova, Lucien Carlier, Raycho Dimkov, Totka Mitova-, Marin Todorov, Tsvetoslav Mihovski, Rositsa Bachvarova, Stojko Apostolov. 2014. Organic farming - Problems and perspectives. National conference with international participation on "Biological crop, livestock and food"

Georgiev B., 2006. Land Evaluation of Agricultural Land - Theoretical Bases and Practical Approaches in Conditions in Bulgaria. Dissertation for Receiving the Degree Doctor of Agricultural Sciences.Page 193, N. Pushkarov Fund, Sofia.

Annual Report on the Development of Agriculture, Agricultural Report 2016 ', MAF.

Maps of agro-climatic regions in PRB and coefficients of suitability for different cultures, scale 1: 400 000, 1986. Fund of the Council for Agriculture and Forestry Council of Ministers in Sofia.

Kaltcheva, D. 1962. Guide rainfall in HP Bulgaria State Publishing House "Science and Art" S.

Koleva, E., Peneva, R. 1990. Climate guide.Rain in Bulgaria.Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology.Publishing the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. C.

Kyuchukova, M. et al. 1979.Climate Guide HP Bulgaria.Volume II.Humidity, fog, horizontal visibility, clouds and snow.General Department of Meteorology and Hydrology Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology.State Publishing House "Science and Art". C.

Kyuchukova, M. et al. 1983.Climate Guide HP Bulgaria.Volume III.Air temperature, temperature of the soil frost.General Department of Meteorology and Hydrology Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology.State Publishing House "Science and Art". C.

Petrov E., I. Kabakchiev, P.Bozhinova, A. Stoeva, Y. Georgieva, E. Hershkovich, D. Dilkov, 1988. Methods of Work on the Cadaster of Agricultural Lands in Bulgaria, page 144, NAPS Association, Sys C ., Van Ranst E. & Debaveye J, 1991. Land evaluation.Part I. Principles in land evaluation and crop production calculations.Agricultural Publication No7.General Administration for Development Cooperation, Brussels, Belgium, 274 p.

Ruseva St. L. Lozanova, D. Nekova and others. 2010. Risk of soil erosion in Bulgaria and recommendations for soil protection agricultural land use. Part II. South Balgariya.Izd.PablishSaySet- Eco Sf.str.319.

Sys C., Van Ranst E. & Debaveye J, 1991.Land evaluation.Part I. Principles in land evaluation and crop production calculations.Agricultural Publication No7.General Administration for Development Cooperation, Brussels, Belgium, 274 p. The project is co-funded by EU through the Interreg-IPA CBC Programme Bulgaria-the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

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Sys C., Van Ranst E. & Debaveye J, 1991.Land evaluation. Part II. Methods in land evaluation.Agricultural Publication No7.General Administration for Development Cooperation, Brussels, Belgium, 247 p.

Hulla & Co Human Dynamics, Comparative report on costs analyses of organic agriculture vs. traditional agriculture – Bulgarian example, ЕNPI/2014/350-889, September 2016. MAFWE 2013, NATIONAL PLAN FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTION 2013 – 2020 Bojkovska K. et all, Consumer behavior towars organic dairy products: case of Macedonia, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7, Issue 4, April-2016 Eftimova E. et all, PRODUCTION AND ECONOMIC RESULTS OF ORGANIC GOAT FARM IN GEVGELIJA REGION, Journal of Hygienic Engineering and Design Sekovska B. et all, First steps in developing an organic food supply chain in Macedonia Anderson, J.C., Narus, J.A. (1990) A Model for Distributor Firm and Manufacturer Firm Working Partnerships. Journal of Marketing, 54: 42 -58 CBI, 2005. Organic food products – EU market survey, CBI Rotterdam (January/February p.17) Coughlan, Anne T., Erin Anderson, Louis W. Stern, and Adel I. El-Ansary, 2001.Marketing Channels, 6e Prentice Hall. Finfood, 2003.Luomun kuluttajabarometri 1998-2003 [Organic consumer barometer]. Hamm, U att all, 2002: The organic food market and marketing initiatives in Europe: apreliminary analysis, Institute of Rural Studies, University of Wales, UK. Kotler Ph and K.L.Keller, 2006. Marketing management, 12e Prentice-Hall, Sekovska Blagica, 2008. Project report: “Researching of domestic organic market and identification of consumers attitudes and preferences” Zanoli. R., Bähr M., Botschen M., Laberenz H., Naspetti S., Thelen E., 2004. The European Consumer and Organic Food. Organic marketing initiatives and rural development: Volume four. School of Management and Business, University of Wales Aberystwyth. Filipovski, G. 1995. Soil of the Republic of Macedonia.Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Skopje. Vol I. p.p. 1 – 257. Filipovski, G. 1997. Soil of the Republic of Macedonia.Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Skopje. Vol III. p.p. 130 - 213. Филиповски, Ѓ. (2015): Почвите на Република Македонија на топографска основа 1:200000 (Источно од гринич)-Толковник. Земјоделски институт-Скопје, стр. 1-248.

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Annex 1 – List of organic producers in Kyustendil district and North-East Macedonia

Organic producers inKyustendil district

Producer Certification Location Plant production Livestock Beekeeper

Aglika Mihaylova Boncheva Organic Kyustendil X

Anton Stoyanov Todorov Conversion Kyustendil X

Bilyana Mitkova Yordanova Organic Kyustendil X

Boycho Vasilev Stoynev Organic Kyustendil X X

Boris Nikolaev Lazarov Organic Bobov Dol X

Vasil Dimitrov Vasilev Organic Kyustendil X

Venetka Borisova Pasheva Conversion Kyustendil X

Vergina Veselinova Vasileva - V. Slokoshtitsa , Organic X Zgurova Kyustendil

V. Copilovtsi , Vladimir Angelov Penchev Organic X Kyustendil

Vladislav Radoslavov Velkov Organic Kyustendil X

Vladislav Radoslavov Krumov Organic Kyustendil X

Gabriela - Shaprin Organic Kyustendil X

Georgi Andonov Andonov Organic Kyustendil X

Georgi Balabanov Organic Kyustendil X

Danail Ventsislav Vaklinov Organic Kyustendil X

Dennis Nikolaev Shaprin Organic Kyustendil X

Desislava Georgieva Todorova Organic Dupnitsa X

Diana Raicheva Kenova Organic Kyustendil X

Dimitar Vassilov Rangelov Organic Kyustendil X

Dimitar Georgiev Dimitrov Organic Kyustendil X

Dobromir Sashkov Bogdanov Organic Kyustendil X

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Producer Certification Location Plant production Livestock Beekeeper

Emil Kirilov Remizov Organic Kyustendil X

ET "Vasil Asenov -ZOV" Organic Kyustendil X

v. Yahinovo, ET "Georgi Gushterov" Organic X Dupnitsa

ET "E.Mitrev - Emil Mitrev" Organic Kyustendil X

ET “Plamen Nikolov-Onasis’’ Organic Dupnitsa X

Ivan Yordanov Dimitrov Conversion Kyustendil X

Ivan Kanev Stamenkov Organic Kyustendil X

Ivo Metodiev Angelchev Organic Kyustendil X

Institute of Agriculture - Organic Kyustendil X Kyustendil

Yovka Georgieva Mitsova Organic Kyustendil X

Yordan Vassilev Kosachki Conversion Kyustendil X

Kamen Nikolinov Gavrailov Organic Kyustendil X

Kiril Asparuhov Koprivlenski Organic Dupnitsa X X

Kiril Dimitrov Hristov Organic Kyustendil X

Kiril Lyubomirov Rechanski Organic Kyustendil X

Lilia Vladimirova Hristova Conversion Kyustendil X

Gorna Grashtitsa, Martin Boychov Dimitrov Organic X Kyustendil

Milena Valentinova Kiurchiyska Organic Kyustendil X

Mihail Todorov Bachev Conversion Dupnitsa X

Nikola Dimitrov Pishtalov Organic Kyustendil X

Nikolay Draganov Djonev Organic Kyustendil X

Konyavo, Nikolay Mitov Kolev Organic X X Kyustendil

Petroslav Petrov Gadzinski Organic Kyustendil X

Petar Dimitrov Pistelov Organic Kyustendil X

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Producer Certification Location Plant production Livestock Beekeeper

Radka Todorova Petrova Organic Kyustendil X

Radoslav Vassilev Nikolov Organic Kyustendil X

Rayna Kirilova Dimitrova Organic Bobov Dol X

Rosen Krumov Evgeniev Organic Kyustendil X

V. Slokoshtitsa, Svetlin Ivanov Zgurovski Organic X Kyustendil

Svetoslav Kostadinov Dimov Organic Kyustendil X

Serena EOOD Organic Kyustendil X

Sylvia Hristova Nacheva Organic Kyustendil X

v. Yahinovo, Spas Georgiev Milushev Organic X Dupnitsa

Stanimir Ivanov Stoyanov Organic Kyustendil X

Stanislava Borisova Avramova Organic Kyustendil X

V. Copilovtsi, Stefan Alexandrov Angelov Organic X Kyustendil

Tihomir Stoilov Stoitzov Conversion Kyustendil X

Todor Stanoikov Angelov Organic Kyustendil X

Chavdar Biserov Milanov Organic Kyustendil X

Nikolivchevtsi, Julian Tonev Stoynev Organic X Kyustendil

v. Yahinovo , Julian Georgiev Katsov Organic X Dupnitsa

Organic producers in North-East Macedonia

Producer Certification Location Plant production Livestock Beekeeper

Арсовски Милорад Organic Kumanovo Х Величковски Новко Organic Kumanovo Х Гиевска Брана Organic Kumanovo Х Х Краљевски Горан Organic Kumanovo х х

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Ристовски Часлав Organic Kumanovo х СКАЧКОВЦЕ ЗИК Organic Kumanovo Х Станковски Зоран Organic Kumanovo Х Станковски Среќко Organic Kumanovo х ИЗ Митовски Ацо Organic Kriva Palanka х ЕКО ХРАНА ВЕ и ЕМ Organic Delcevo Х ИЗ БАЛИНИЦА Organic Delcevo Х Х ИЗ Димитров Дарко Organic Delcevo х ИЗ Митовски Ацо Organic Delcevo х Кацарски Славчо Organic Delcevo х ТП БИБА ГРАД Organic Delcevo Х ТП ОБЕЛ КОМПАНИ КОМЕРЦ Organic Delcevo Х Христова Анка Organic Delcevo х Белчовска Јованка Organic Berovo х Дудуковски Бранко Organic Berovo х ИЗ ЛЕНИШКА РЕКА Organic Berovo х х Каламандевска Станка Organic Berovo х х Охомуш Сергеј Organic Kocani х Тодоровска Жаклина Organic Rankovce Х Х Тодоровски Диме Organic Rankovce х х Тодоровски Стефан Organic Rankovce х Pera Jakimovski Organic Kumanovo x Mladenovski Organic Kumanovo x Slave Mishevski Organic Kumanovo x Nikolovski Organic Kumanovo x Marjan Jakimovski Organic Kumanovo x DOK Eko Farm Alpina DOOEL Macedonia Organic Kumanovo x I.Z DAKO ‐CHO Organic Kumanovo x Sadula Jakupi Conversion Kumanovo x Aleksovska Conversion Kumanovo x Aleksandar Dimkovski Conversion Kumanovo x DPTU MKM DOOEL Conversion Kumanovo x Cedomir Spasovski Conversion Kumanovo x SU‐ MI DOO Organic Berovo x Goran Grkovski Conversion Berovo x Vanco Avramski Organic Berovo x I.Z Vinko Smokvarski Organic Berovo x DPTU Malesevsko DOOEL Organic Berovo x Dragi Chocovski Conversion Berovo Makedonska Katerina Pavlovska Conversion Kamenica x Makedonska IZ Simijon Velinovski Conversion Kamenica x Ljupco Novoselski Organic Delcevo x Dejan Stoilov Conversion Delchevo x

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BILJINO BRDO DOOEL Organic Rankovci x

The list is based on public accessible information and the data included may not be exhaustive as it is a matter of permanent updating.

Annex 2 - Suitable land for organic farming inKyustendil district

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