IDENTITY and PERSUASION How Nations Remember Their Pasts and Make Their Futures
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SHOULD WE TAX UNHEALTHY FOODS and DRINKS? Donald Marron, Maeve Gearing, and John Iselin December 2015
SHOULD WE TAX UNHEALTHY FOODS AND DRINKS? Donald Marron, Maeve Gearing, and John Iselin December 2015 Donald Marron is director of economic policy initiatives and Institute fellow at the Urban Institute, Maeve Gearing is a research associate at the Urban Institute, and John Iselin is a research assistant at the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center. The authors thank Laudan Aron, Kyle Caswell, Philip Cook, Stan Dorn, Lisa Dubay, William Gale, Genevieve Kenney, Adele Morris, Eric Toder, and Elaine Waxman for helpful comments and conversations; Joseph Rosenberg for running the Tax Policy Center model; Cindy Zheng for research assistance; Elizabeth Forney for editing; and Joanna Teitelbaum for formatting. This report was funded by the Laura and John Arnold Foundation. We thank our funders, who make it possible for Urban to advance its mission. The views expressed are those of the authors and should not be attributed to our funders, the Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center, the Urban Institute, or its trustees. Funders do not determine our research findings or the insights and recommendations of our experts. For more information on our funding principles, go to urban.org/support. TAX POLICY CENTER | URBAN INSTITUTE & BROOKINGS INSTITUTION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A healthy diet is essential to a long and vibrant life. But there is increasing evidence that our diets are not as healthy as we would like. Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and other conditions linked to what we eat and drink are major challenges globally. By some estimates, obesity alone may be responsible for almost 3 million deaths each year and some $2 trillion in medical costs and lost productivity (Dobbs et al. -
Education in Costa Rica
Education in Costa Rica HIGHLIGHTS 2017 Costa Rica WHAT ARE REVIEWS OF NATIONAL POLICIES FOR a strong focus on improving learning outcomes; equity in EDUCATION? educational opportunity; the ability to collect and use data to inform policy; the effective use of funding to steer reform; OECD Education Policy Reviews provide tailored advice and the extent of multistakeholder engagement in policy to governments to develop policies that improve the skills design and implementation. of all members of society, and ensure that those skills are used effectively, to promote inclusive growth for better jobs Based on these tough benchmarks, the review both underlines and better lives. The OECD works with countries to identify the many strengths of Costa Rica’s education system and and understand the factors behind successful reform and provides recommendations on how to improve policies and provide direct support to them in designing, adopting and practices so that the country can advance towards OECD implementing reforms in education and skills policies. standards of education attainment and outcomes. These highlights summarise the main findings of the Review: WHY A REVIEW OF EDUCATION IN COSTA RICA? l Early childhood education: Higher priority should be given higher priority in public spending and policy, given the In 2015, the OECD opened discussions for the accession of vital role it can play in tackling disadvantage and poverty. Costa Rica to the OECD Convention. As part of this process, Costa Rica has undergone in-depth reviews in all the relevant l Basic education: The quality and equity of learning areas of the Organisation’s work including a comprehensive outcomes should become the centre point of policy and review of the education system, from early childhood practice. -
Otilio Ulate and the Traditional Response to Contemporary Political Change in Costa Rica
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1977 Otilio Ulate and the Traditional Response to Contemporary Political Change in Costa Rica. Judy Oliver Milner Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Milner, Judy Oliver, "Otilio Ulate and the Traditional Response to Contemporary Political Change in Costa Rica." (1977). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 3127. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/3127 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. -
Sustainably Sourced Junk Food? Big Food and the Challenge of Sustainable Diets • Caitlin Scott*
Sustainably Sourced Junk Food? Big Food and the Challenge of Sustainable Diets • Caitlin Scott* Abstract Sustainable diets are an increasingly debated policy concept to address many of the environmental, social, and economic issues in the food system. The role of ultraprocessed foods in sustainable diets has received less attention than meat, dairy, and eggs but is deserving of examination given the high environmental impacts and negative health outcomes resulting from consumption of these foods. Big Food companies that make ultraprocessed foods have focused their attention on sustainable sourcing as a significant sustainability strategy. This article argues that sustainable sourcing as a central strategy for Big Food firms has implications for the achievement of sustainable diets. First, sustainable sourcing lends legitimacy to specific discourses of sustainability that align with a growth imperative. Second, it perpetuates weak and fragmented governance, which can enhance the legitimacy of Big Food when participating in coordination efforts. These dynamics of sustainable sourcing are important for consideration given the legitimacy claims of these companies, which situate them as a key part of the solution in working toward food security and sustainability. Increasing environmental pressures on the food system have made sustain- ability the focus in a variety of policy venues on the future of food. However, there is much debate on the best way forward, with diverse visions of sustain- ability that do not always align. Furthermore, exactly how to get to a sustainable food system is debated, with some advocating certifications to ensure compli- ance by companies and large agricultural operations and others advocating for a complete overhaul to small-scale, locally supported agriculture. -
Costa Rica's Migration Landscape”, in Interrelations Between Public Policies, Migration and Development in Costa Rica, OECD Publishing, Paris
Interrelations between Public Policies, Migration and Development in Costa Rica © OECD/FUNDEVI 2017 Chapter 2 Costa Rica’s migration landscape Economic growth and high living standards have attracted immigrants from countries in the region, making Costa Rica a net immigration country in a region characterised by emigration. Immigrants constitute 8.8% of the population, and an even higher share of the labour force. At the same time, emigration has also been on the rise since the 1990s, with about 130 000 Costa Ricans living abroad, mainly in the United States. This chapter paints a broad picture of the Costa Rican migration landscape, drawing from the literature, censuses and surveys. It gives a brief overview of the country’s history of migration and current trends: its drivers, who the immigrants and emigrants are and where they have gone. Finally, it lays out the legal, policy and institutional framework relevant to migration. 37 2. Costa Rica’S migration Landscape Costa Rica is characterised by both immigration and emigration flows. Immigrants, mainly from neighbouring countries and particularly Nicaragua, constitute an important part of the population and workforce. Emigration from Costa Rica has also been on the rise since the late 1990s (OECD, 2016). It is estimated that more than 130 000 Costa Ricans live abroad, sending home over USD 500 million in remittances in 2015. While immigrants are mainly low-skilled, emigrants – particularly those leaving to the United States – are in general highly skilled (OECD, 2009). Research on the migration phenomenon is relatively abundant in Costa Rica. However, there are significant knowledge gaps when it comes to the overall impact of migration, both immigration and emigration. -
Ethics of Hacktivism by Tennille W
Ethics of Hacktivism by Tennille W. Scott and O. Shawn Cupp Introduction Do hacktivists have ethics? Some would say yes and others suggest that no, they do not. Are there rules that those who engage in hacking follow or abide by during the conduct of their activities? Does the hacktivist maintain any semblance of actions described under the just war theory? If so, it would seem to be only in jus in bello1 or the just conduct in war, due to the perpetual nature of hacker activities and hacktivist operations. First, what is a hacktivist?2 They are defined as those who through the nonviolent use for political ends of “illegal or legally ambiguous digital tools” like website defacements, information theft, website parodies, denial-of-service attacks, virtual sit-ins, and virtual sabotage.3 This provides the basis for understanding more about where hacktivists’ motivations come from and what kinds of ideologies they may exhibit. Nevertheless, hacktivists must conform to some sort of norm. Based upon the nature of hacktivist activities, there must be a way to categorize or identify their overarching ethic. Understanding the motivation of this group is a huge undertaking because of the great variance and diversity of the people who make up the hacktivist collective. Unlike cyberterrorists, who typically belong to a hierarchical group structure and have a common cause, hacktivists are not bound in the same way, which makes them more dynamic and difficult to analyze. A prime example is the hacktivist group known as Anonymous and its spinoff group, Lulz Security (LulzSec), who eventually participated in different activities with different motives. -
Principles for True Pricing
PRINCIPLES FOR TRUE PRICING Consultation draft 0 Principles for True Pricing 1 PRINCIPLES FOR TRUE PRICING Consultation Draft – February 2020 Authored by True Price Foundation and Impact Economy Foundation. About True Price True Price is a social enterprise with the mission to realize sustainable products that are affordable to all by enabling consumers to see and voluntarily pay the true price of products they buy. We envision a world where all products are sold for a true price. If a product is sold for a true price, then no damage is done to people or to nature: it is fully sustainable. If all products are sold for a true price, then the global economy is sustainable. In 2012, True Price was founded and it in the subsequent years developed into world leading expert in methods and tools to measure and monetize societal impact. It calculated the true price of dozens of products around the world and saw a growing appetite for the idea among companies, governments and consumers. In 2020, we feel that the time is right to focus on realizing true pricing, a system where consumers and businesses can see, improve and voluntarily pay the true price of their products. For more information visit: www.trueprice.org. True Price Harlemmerplein 2 1013 HS Amsterdam The Netherlands Tel.: +31 202 403 440 [email protected] 2020 True Price Foundation The text in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 4.0 International. For more information consult Attribution-NoDerivs CC BY-ND. Available at: https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-examples/#nd Cover photo by Harry Cunningham on Unsplash. -
Asamblea Legislativa De La República De Costa Rica
ASAMBLEA LEGISLATIVA DE LA REPÚBLICA DE COSTA RICA PROYECTO DE LEY DECLARACIÓN DE LUIS ALBERTO MONGE ALVAREZ COMO BENEMÉRITO DE LA PATRIA Expediente N.º 20.293 RONNY MONGE SALAS DIPUTADO NOTA:ESTE PROYECTO SE ENCUENTRA EN PROCESO DE REVISIÓN EN EL DEPARTAMENTO DE SERVICIOS PARLAMENTARIOS Y ESTÁ SUJETO A MODIFICACIONES DE FORMA CUANDO ASÍ LO AMERITE. ADEMÁS, ESTÁ PENDIENTE QUE SE LE ASIGNE COMISIÓN PARA LA PUBLICACIÓN. PROYECTO DE LEY DECLARACION DE LUIS ALBERTO MONGE ALVAREZ COMO BENEMÉRITO DE LA PATRIA Expediente N.º 20.293 ASAMBLEA LEGISLATIVA: Muchas son las características con las que se puede describir a las personas que dejan huellas en la historia, y se espera no quede corta la descripción de un hombre que luchó en su vida entera, por su familia, sus ideales, por la gente, por su país, y en razón de todos sus merecimientos y su esfuerzo se hace ineludible la presentación de un proyecto de Ley que pretende declarar benemérito de la patria a Luis Alberto Monge Alvarez. Luis Alberto Monge Álvarez nació el 29 de diciembre de 1925 en Palmares de Alajuela, hijo de Gerardo Monge Quesada y Elisa Álvarez Vargas, proveniente de una familia palmareña de campesinos. Su formación académica fue básica, en razón de las condiciones económicas limitadas de su familia. A los 19 años fue electo Presidente de la Confederación de Trabajadores Rerum Novarum, donde desarrolló una labor de dirigencia sindical. Estuvo designado como Secretario Regional para asuntos de América Latina de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT). Militó en el Ejército de Liberación Nacional cuando este se alzó en armas al ser anuladas las elecciones de 1948, este ejército tomó el poder en Costa Rica el 8 de mayo de 1948. -
Limón Patwa: a Perceptual Study to Measure Language Attitudes Toward Speakers of Patwa in Costa Rica
University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Linguistics Linguistics 2019 LIMÓN PATWA: A PERCEPTUAL STUDY TO MEASURE LANGUAGE ATTITUDES TOWARD SPEAKERS OF PATWA IN COSTA RICA Robert Bell University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2019.352 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Bell, Robert, "LIMÓN PATWA: A PERCEPTUAL STUDY TO MEASURE LANGUAGE ATTITUDES TOWARD SPEAKERS OF PATWA IN COSTA RICA" (2019). Theses and Dissertations--Linguistics. 32. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ltt_etds/32 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Linguistics at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Linguistics by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. -
Paz Y Discurso
N.º 84, Julio - Diciembre, 2021 • pp. 299-330 ISSN: 1012-9790 • e-ISSN: 2215-4744 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15359/rh.84.12 http://www.revistas.una.ac.cr/historia SECCIÓN CULTURA POLÍTICA: ESTADO, ÉLITES Y DISCURSOS EN COSTA RICA, SIGLOS XIX-XX Paz y discurso: La construcción de la identidad pacífica costarricense entre 1978 y 1990 Peace and Discourse: The Construction of the Costa Rican Peaceful Identity between 1978 and 1990 Paz e discurso: a construção de uma identidade costarriquenha pacífica entre 1978 e 1990 Leonardo Astorga Sánchez* Resumen: El presente artículo tiene como principal objetivo realizar un recorrido y descripción del uso del concepto paz durante tres administraciones presidencia- les costarricenses entre 1978 y 1990. Tomando como punto de partida La historia de los conceptos, se investiga cómo los expresidentes Carazo, Monge y Arias hi- cieron uso de la idea de paz para legitimar sus proyectos políticos y aspiraciones, y también cómo, a través de sus discursos, se fortaleció la ya tradicional identidad pacífica de Costa Rica, así se reforzó, en un contexto de crisis y Guerra Fría, la llamada excepcionalidad costarricense. Palabras claves: paz; discurso; historia de los conceptos; política; identidad; Costa Rica. Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to carry out an analysis of how the concept of peace was used during three Costa Rican presidential administrations between 1978 and 1990. Taking the History of Concepts as a starting point, it is investigated how each of the presidents Carazo, Monge and Arias They used Peace to legitimize their political projects, their experiences and aspirations and also how through their speeches the already traditional peaceful identity of Costa Fecha de recepción: 06/01/2021 - Fecha de aceptación: 25/03/2021 * Costarricense. -
Political Support and Attitudes Toward Protest in Venezuela Damarys
Preserving Democracy: Political Support and Attitudes Toward Protest in Venezuela Damarys Canache University of Pittsburgh Michael R. Kulisheck University of Pittsburgh Paper to be presented at the Annual Meeting of the Latin American Studies Association. Chicago, IL, September 24-26, 1998. Introduction Not long ago, Venezuela seemed to have skillfully avoided many of the problems experienced by other Latin American countries. Up until the mid-1980s, Venezuela possessed a solid petroleum- based economy and a vibrant democracy built upon inter-elite cooperation within a viable two-party system. The convergence of these factors brought political stability for almost three decades, a period quite exceptional by Latin American standards (Rey 1991). During this period, however, many issues went unresolved and many new problems were created. By the mid-1980s, the Venezuelan economy no longer enjoyed the benefits of high oil prices and the nation was deeply in debt. The government could not continue with the practice of redistributing oil rent among different sectors of the population. The economic crisis of the 1980s resulted in a dramatic turn for the worse for the people of Venezuela. Poverty increased by 32 percent between 1982 and 1989. In 1989, 22 percent of the population did not have enough resources to meet basic neeeds (Naim 1993). Questions were raised regarding whether traditional political institutions and social organizations were capable of meeting the social and political demands of Venezuelans. At the political level, debates surfaced throughout society about the effectiveness of political institutions and the failure of democratic governments to promote economic equality and growth. Multiple signs of citizens’ discontent with the political system emerged. -
CENTRAL AMERICA and TEXAS, 1821-1836 By
MEXICO’S BREAK UP: MEXICO CITY'S MISCONCEPTIONS AND MISMANAGEMENT OF ITS PERIPEHERIES: CENTRAL AMERICA AND TEXAS, 1821-1836 by KYLE CARPENTER Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON MAY 2013 Copyright © by Kyle Carpenter 2013 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I cannot thank my committee enough. Dr. Sam Haynes, the committee chair, remained unflinchingly supportive from the very beginning. He took on this project in its infant stages and allowed it to change and evolve as necessary. His support and trust in me were unbelievable. Dr. David Narrett read every draft so carefully and responded with such detailed commentary. Dr. John Garrigus kept this project alive through his advice and guidance at a critical time in its development. The entire committee was indispensable to this thesis and I cannot thank them enough. While working on this project, I relied on the support of so many people. The person who deserves the most gratitude is my wife, Mickey. She patiently supported me through all the research, all the writing, and all the editing that went into this thesis. I could not have done it without her. I also extend my thanks to everyone who helped me in the massive research campaign this thesis required. The staff at the University of Texas at Arlington Library Special Collections deserves special thanks. Additionally, I received great assistance from the staffs at the Nettie Lee Benson Library and the Bancroft Library.