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Gasket Chemical Services Guide
Gasket Chemical Services Guide Revision: GSG-100 6490 Rev.(AA) • The information contained herein is general in nature and recommendations are valid only for Victaulic compounds. • Gasket compatibility is dependent upon a number of factors. Suitability for a particular application must be determined by a competent individual familiar with system-specific conditions. • Victaulic offers no warranties, expressed or implied, of a product in any application. Contact your Victaulic sales representative to ensure the best gasket is selected for a particular service. Failure to follow these instructions could cause system failure, resulting in serious personal injury and property damage. Rating Code Key 1 Most Applications 2 Limited Applications 3 Restricted Applications (Nitrile) (EPDM) Grade E (Silicone) GRADE L GRADE T GRADE A GRADE V GRADE O GRADE M (Neoprene) GRADE M2 --- Insufficient Data (White Nitrile) GRADE CHP-2 (Epichlorohydrin) (Fluoroelastomer) (Fluoroelastomer) (Halogenated Butyl) (Hydrogenated Nitrile) Chemical GRADE ST / H Abietic Acid --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- Acetaldehyde 2 3 3 3 3 --- --- 2 --- 3 Acetamide 1 1 1 1 2 --- --- 2 --- 3 Acetanilide 1 3 3 3 1 --- --- 2 --- 3 Acetic Acid, 30% 1 2 2 2 1 --- 2 1 2 3 Acetic Acid, 5% 1 2 2 2 1 --- 2 1 1 3 Acetic Acid, Glacial 1 3 3 3 3 --- 3 2 3 3 Acetic Acid, Hot, High Pressure 3 3 3 3 3 --- 3 3 3 3 Acetic Anhydride 2 3 3 3 2 --- 3 3 --- 3 Acetoacetic Acid 1 3 3 3 1 --- --- 2 --- 3 Acetone 1 3 3 3 3 --- 3 3 3 3 Acetone Cyanohydrin 1 3 3 3 1 --- --- 2 --- 3 Acetonitrile 1 3 3 3 1 --- --- --- --- 3 Acetophenetidine 3 2 2 2 3 --- --- --- --- 1 Acetophenone 1 3 3 3 3 --- 3 3 --- 3 Acetotoluidide 3 2 2 2 3 --- --- --- --- 1 Acetyl Acetone 1 3 3 3 3 --- 3 3 --- 3 The data and recommendations presented are based upon the best information available resulting from a combination of Victaulic's field experience, laboratory testing and recommendations supplied by prime producers of basic copolymer materials. -
Optical Absorption in Gel Grown Barium Oxalate Single Crystals
OPTOELECTRONICS AND ADVANCED MATERIALS – RAPID COMMUNICATIONS Vol. 4, No. 11, November 2010, p. 1713 - 1716 Optical absorption in gel grown barium oxalate single crystals P. V. DALAL*, K. B. SARAF, M. P. DESHPANDEa P. G. Department of Physics, Pratap College, Amalner -425 401 aDepartment of Physics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar -388 120, Gujarat, India Single crystals of barium oxalate have been grown by simple gel technique using agar gel as the growth medium at ambient temperature. The slow and controlled reaction between barium chloride and oxalic acid in agar gel has formed barium oxalate. Optical absorption spectra of this grown crystal is recorded in the wavelength region from 200 to 800 nm. The absorption spectra reveal transitions involving absorption and emission of phonons and also show that the crystal is transparent in the region 500 to 800 nm. The detail study supports the existence of forbidden indirect transition in the material. Different segment of α1/3 vs hν graph were used to distinguish individual contribution of phonons and scattering of charge carriers in the lattice is found due to acoustic phonons. (Received October 27, 2010; accepted November 10, 2010) Keywords: Barium oxalate single crystal, Agar-agar gel, X-ray diffraction, Photo-absorption, Photon energy 1. Introduction The reaction, which leads to the growth of crystals can be, expressed as Barium oxalate is a pyro-nature material that shows great promise in pyrotechnic and high temperature BaCl2 + H2C2O4 = BaC2O4 +2HCl electronic applications. The high dielectric constant and melting point of barium oxalate is an advantage to The optimum conditions for the growth of barium improve hardness of barium titanate in capacitor industries oxalate single crystals were: concentration of gel 1.5%, [1]. -
The Institute of Paper Chemistry
The Institute of Paper Chemistry Appleton, Wisconsin Doctor's Dissertation Reaction Products of Lignin Model Compounds and Sodium Hydrosulfide Thomas G. Zentner June, 1953 A STUDY OF THE REACTION PRODUCTS OF LIGNIN MODEL COMPOUNDS AND SODIUM HYDROSULFIDE A thesis submitted by Thomas G. Zentner B.S. 1948, Texas A & M College M.S. 1950, Lawrence College in partial fulfillment of the requirements of The Institute of Paper Chemistry for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Lawrence College, Appleton, Wisconsin June, 1952 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 HISTORICAL REVIEW 2 PRESENTATION OF THE PROBLEM 8 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 10 Synthesis of Compounds 10 Synthesis of 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-l-propanol 10 Synthesis of 1-(4-Benzoxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-l-propanol 11 Reaction of 1-(4-Benzoxy-3-methoxyphenyl) l-propanol with Benzyl Chloride 12 Synthesis of Propiovanillone 14 Synthesis of (-(4-Acetyl-2-methoxyphenoxy)acetovanillone 17 Attempted Synthesis of a-(2-Methoxy-4-methylphehoxy)- propiovanillone 17 Attempted Synthesis of 4-[l-(2-Methoxy-4-methylphenoxy)- l-propyl]guaiacol 21 Synthesis of 2t,4-Dihydroxy-3-methoxychalcone 23 Synthesis of 4,4'-Dihydroxy-3,3 -dimethoxychalcone 24 Synthesis of 4-Propionylpyrocatechol 24 Synthesis of Bis[l-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1- propyl] Disulfide 26 Reaction of Isolated Native Lignin with Potassium Hydrosulfide 27 Sodium Hydrosulfide Cooks 28 Cooking Liquor 28 General Procedures 30 Propiovanillone' 32 iii 2 ,4-Dihydroxy-3-methoxychalcone 34 4,4'-Dihydroxy-3,3 '-methoxychalcohe 37 4'-Hydroxy-3t-methoxyflavanone 39 2-Vanillylidene-3-coumaranone 41 Vanillin 44 G- (4-Acetyl-2-methoxyphenoxy)acetovanillone 45 1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-propanol 49 DISCUSSION 58 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 69 LITERATURE CITED 71 INTRODUCTION Although the kraft process has been in use for many years, there is no sound explanation of the role played by the sulfide ion in the cook. -
The Institute of Paper Chemistry
The Institute of Paper Chemistry Appleton, Wisconsin Doctor's Dissertation A Study of the Order and Nature of the Aspenwood Hemicellulose Removed During a Neutral Sulfite Semichemical Cook Robert Harold Quick June, 1955 A STUDY OF THE ORDER AND NATURE OF THE ASPENWOOD HEMICELLULOSE REMOVED DURING A NEUTRAL SULFITE SEMICHEMICAL COOK A thesis submitted by Robert Harold Quick B.S. in M.E. 1948, University of Washington M.S. 1953, Lawrence College in partial fulfillment of the requirements of The Institute of Paper Chemistry for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Lawrence College, Appleton, Wisconsin June, 1955 TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY iv INTRODUCTION Background of the Problem 1 Statement of the Problem 3 Historical Review 3 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS Approach to the Problem 7 Wood Data 7 Cooking Conditions 7 Spent Liquor Study During a NSSC Cook Cook C2P1 8 Hydrolysis of C2P1 Spent Liquor 10 Approximate Organic Balance on C2P1SL 10 Study of the Pulp and Liquor Cooks C3P1, C4P2, and C5P1 17 Hydrolysis of Spent Liquor 19 Wood and Pulp Analyses 23 Spent Liquor "Hemicellulose" Analysis 31 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS Liquor Study 35 Pulp and Liquor Study 37 SUMMARY 51 CONCLUSIONS 54 APPENDIX I Experimental Procedures Preparation of Chips 56 Pulping 56 iii Preparation of Holocellulose 57 Extraction of Hemicellulose from Holocellulose 59 Recovery of "Hemicellulose" from the Spent Liquor 61 Isolation of the Cold Water Extract of Aspenwood 62 Determination of the Degree of Polymerization Hemicellulose 63 Alkali-Resistant Cellulose 64 Hydrolysis Procedures -
Chemical Resistance 100% SOLIDS EPOXY SYSTEMS
Chemical Resistance 100% SOLIDS EPOXY SYSTEMS CHEMICAL 8300 SYSTEM 8200 SYSTEM 8000 SYSTEM OVERKOTE PLUS HD OVERKOTE HD OVERKRETE HD BASED ON ONE YEAR IMMERSION TESTING –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Acetic Acid (0-15%) G II Acetonitrile LLG L Continuous Immersion Acetone (0-20%) LLL Acetone (20-30%) Suitable for continuous immersion in that chemical (based on LLG Acetone (30-50%) L G I ONE YEAR testing) to assure unlimited service life. Acetone (50-100%) G II Acrylamide (0-50%) LLL G Short-Term Exposure Adipic Acid Solution LLL Alcohol, Isopropyl LLL Suitable for short-term exposure to that chemical such as Alcohol, Ethyl LLG secondary containment (72 hours) or splash and spill Alcohol, Methyl LLI (immediate clean-up). Allyl Chloride LLI Allylamine (0-20%) L L I Allylamine (20-30%) L G I I Not Suitable Allylamine (30-50%) GGI Not suitable for any exposure to that chemical. Aluminum Bromide LL– Aluminum Chloride L L – Aluminum Fluoride (0-25%) L L – This chart shows chemical resistance of our various Aluminum Hydroxide LLL 1 topping materials (90 mils – ⁄4"). These ratings are based on Aluminum Iodide LL– temperatures being ambient. At higher temperatures, chemical Aluminum Nitrate LL– resistance may be effected. When chemical exposure is Aluminum Sodium Chloride L L – minimal to non-existent, a 9000 System–FlorClad™ HD or Aluminum Sulfate LLL 4600 System– BriteCast™ HD may be used. Alums L L L 2-Aminoethoxyethanol Resistance data is listed with the assumption that the material GGG has properly cured for at least four days, at recommended Ammonia – Wet L L – temperatures, prior to any chemical exposure. -
Corrosion-2020) (461 Event of the European Federation of Corrosion)
European Federation of Corrosion National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Ukrainian Association of Corrosionists Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute Ivan Franko Lviv National University Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas ХV International Conference «Problems of corrosion and corrosion protection of materials» (Corrosion-2020) (461 event of the European Federation of Corrosion) ABSTRACT BOOK October 15–16, 2020 Lviv, Ukraine UДC 539.3, 620.193, 620.194, 620.179, 620.197, 621.181:669.018, 621.785. XV International Conference “Problems of Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Materials“ (Corrosion-2020). October 15-16, 2020, Lviv, Ukraine: Book of Abstract / Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute of NAS of Ukraine; S. Korniy, М.-О. Danyliak, Yu. Maksishko (Eds.). – Lviv, 2020. – 121 p. XV International Conference “Problems of Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Materials“ (Corrosion-2020) was held at Lviv Palace of Arts on October 15-16, 2020. This Book of Abstract contains the results of studies are devoted to fundamentals of corrosion and corrosion assisted mechanical fracture; hydrogen and gas corrosion; new corrosion resistant materials; thermal spray, electroplated and other coatings; inhibitor, biocidal and electrochemical protection; testing methods and corrosion control; corrosion protection of oil and gas industry and chemical equipment. In the authors edition. Editorial board: S. Korniy, М.-О. Danyliak, Yu. Maksishko ©Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute of NAS of Ukraine, Lviv, 2020 CONFERENCE TOPICS: fundamentals of corrosion and corrosion assisted mechanical fracture; hydrogen and gas corrosion; new corrosion resistant materials and coatings; inhibitor and biocidal protection; electrochemical protection; testing methods and corrosion control; corrosion protected equipment of the oil and gas, chemical and energy industries. -
High Purity Inorganics
High Purity Inorganics www.alfa.com INCLUDING: • Puratronic® High Purity Inorganics • Ultra Dry Anhydrous Materials • REacton® Rare Earth Products www.alfa.com Where Science Meets Service High Purity Inorganics from Alfa Aesar Known worldwide as a leading manufacturer of high purity inorganic compounds, Alfa Aesar produces thousands of distinct materials to exacting standards for research, development and production applications. Custom production and packaging services are part of our regular offering. Our brands are recognized for purity and quality and are backed up by technical and sales teams dedicated to providing the best service. This catalog contains only a selection of our wide range of high purity inorganic materials. Many more products from our full range of over 46,000 items are available in our main catalog or online at www.alfa.com. APPLICATION FOR INORGANICS High Purity Products for Crystal Growth Typically, materials are manufactured to 99.995+% purity levels (metals basis). All materials are manufactured to have suitably low chloride, nitrate, sulfate and water content. Products include: • Lutetium(III) oxide • Niobium(V) oxide • Potassium carbonate • Sodium fluoride • Thulium(III) oxide • Tungsten(VI) oxide About Us GLOBAL INVENTORY The majority of our high purity inorganic compounds and related products are available in research and development quantities from stock. We also supply most products from stock in semi-bulk or bulk quantities. Many are in regular production and are available in bulk for next day shipment. Our experience in manufacturing, sourcing and handling a wide range of products enables us to respond quickly and efficiently to your needs. CUSTOM SYNTHESIS We offer flexible custom manufacturing services with the assurance of quality and confidentiality. -
Studies on the Growth and Characterization of Barium Doped Copper Cadmium Oxalate Dihydrate Single Crystals
Journal of Materials and J. Mater. Environ. Sci., 2020, Volume 11, Issue 5, Page 788-794 Environmental Science ISSN : 2028-2508 CODEN : JMESCN http://www.jmaterenvironsci.com Copyright © 2020, University of Mohammed Premier Oujda Morocco Studies on the Growth and Characterization of Barium Doped Copper Cadmium Oxalate Dihydrate Single Crystals P. S. Rohith1, N. Jagannatha1 *, K.V. Pradeepkumar1 1 PG Department of Physics, FMKMC College, A Constituent College of Mangalore University, Madikeri-571201, Karnataka, India Received 22 Feb 2020, Abstract Revised 28 April 2020, Single crystals Barium doped copper cadmium oxalate (BCuCO) was grown from the Accepted 28 April 2020 silica hydrogel using a single diffusion technique. The grown crystals were characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), single-crystal X-ray Diffraction Keywords studies, powdered X- Ray Diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, UV-visible BCuCO, Spectrophotometer, and thermal studies. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) Single diffusion confirmed the presence of Ba, Cd, and Cu elements in the lattice of BCuCO crystal. Triclinic, Single-crystal XRD reveals that the as-grown crystal belongs to the triclinic crystal EDX, system with the space group P . The FTIR spectroscopic studies confirmed the oxalate 1 FTIR , group, water molecule, formation of metal-oxygen bonding in BCuCO crystals. The UV- TGA. visible spectral studies reveal that the crystal is an insulator with wide bandgap and optical transparency in the visible region. The thermal stability of grown crystals, crystalline jagannathnettar@mangalor water molecules, and decomposition nature was determined using thermogravimetric euniversity.ac.in ; Phone: 9448903732; analysis (TGA). 1. Introduction Crystals are considered to possess distinct or diverse applications due to which the crystals are of higher demand and hence crystal growth is the field that is swiftly growing in the research. -
Growth and Characterization of a Novel Crystal-Barium Malate Trihydrate
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 6, Issue 3 Ver. I (May-Jun. 2014), PP 56-61 www.iosrjournals.org Growth and characterization of a novel crystal-barium malate trihydrate A Lincy, V Mahalakshmi, J Thomas and KV Saban Smart Materials Analytic Research and Technology (SMART), St. Berchmans College, Changanassery-686101, Kerala, India. Abstract: Barium malate trihydrate crystals are grown by limited diffusion technique in hydro-silica gel. Relevant functional groups are identified from the FT-IR spectrum. Single crystal XRD shows that the crystal system is monoclinic with space group P21/n. The optical band gap of the material, estimated using DRS, is 1.028 eV. The material exhibits a three stage thermal decomposition pattern. Keywords: Crystal growth, Crystal structure, Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Infrared spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) I. Introduction Many researchers show keen interest in the growth and characterization of metal coordinated carboxyles mainly due to their technologically important properties like ferroelectricity, magnetism and optical nonlinearity [1-3].The carboxylate ligand can coordinate with various metals leading to the formation of two and three dimensional complexes with an extensive network of hydrogen bonds [4].These hydrogen bonds between the adjacent molecules of such compounds open up a distinctive pathway for magnetic interaction among paramagnetic centers and also enhance optical non-linearity [5-6].The coordination of malic acid with various metals has resulted in many crystals which show antiferromagnetism, ferromagnetism, ferrimagnetism and optical nonlinearity [7-8]. However, metal carboxylates are only sparingly soluble in water and hence it is not easy to grow their crystals through the slow cooling and slow evaporation methods. -
Chemical Names and CAS Numbers Final
Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number C3H8O 1‐propanol C4H7BrO2 2‐bromobutyric acid 80‐58‐0 GeH3COOH 2‐germaacetic acid C4H10 2‐methylpropane 75‐28‐5 C3H8O 2‐propanol 67‐63‐0 C6H10O3 4‐acetylbutyric acid 448671 C4H7BrO2 4‐bromobutyric acid 2623‐87‐2 CH3CHO acetaldehyde CH3CONH2 acetamide C8H9NO2 acetaminophen 103‐90‐2 − C2H3O2 acetate ion − CH3COO acetate ion C2H4O2 acetic acid 64‐19‐7 CH3COOH acetic acid (CH3)2CO acetone CH3COCl acetyl chloride C2H2 acetylene 74‐86‐2 HCCH acetylene C9H8O4 acetylsalicylic acid 50‐78‐2 H2C(CH)CN acrylonitrile C3H7NO2 Ala C3H7NO2 alanine 56‐41‐7 NaAlSi3O3 albite AlSb aluminium antimonide 25152‐52‐7 AlAs aluminium arsenide 22831‐42‐1 AlBO2 aluminium borate 61279‐70‐7 AlBO aluminium boron oxide 12041‐48‐4 AlBr3 aluminium bromide 7727‐15‐3 AlBr3•6H2O aluminium bromide hexahydrate 2149397 AlCl4Cs aluminium caesium tetrachloride 17992‐03‐9 AlCl3 aluminium chloride (anhydrous) 7446‐70‐0 AlCl3•6H2O aluminium chloride hexahydrate 7784‐13‐6 AlClO aluminium chloride oxide 13596‐11‐7 AlB2 aluminium diboride 12041‐50‐8 AlF2 aluminium difluoride 13569‐23‐8 AlF2O aluminium difluoride oxide 38344‐66‐0 AlB12 aluminium dodecaboride 12041‐54‐2 Al2F6 aluminium fluoride 17949‐86‐9 AlF3 aluminium fluoride 7784‐18‐1 Al(CHO2)3 aluminium formate 7360‐53‐4 1 of 75 Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number Al(OH)3 aluminium hydroxide 21645‐51‐2 Al2I6 aluminium iodide 18898‐35‐6 AlI3 aluminium iodide 7784‐23‐8 AlBr aluminium monobromide 22359‐97‐3 AlCl aluminium monochloride -
Thermal-Chem Corp. High Performance Epoxy Topcoats Products
Polyurethane Thermal-Chem Corp. High Performance Epoxy Topcoats Products Chemical Resistance Chart E56 E = Excellent G = Good F = Fair Clear surfacer Plus 3.0 DecoTop < = Occasional Spillage U = Do Not Use AcidGard VersiGard ArmorTred Resurfacer Resurfacer ArmorClad Resurfacer Re DecoThane ArmorBond SolventGard DecoTop P92 Chemical 750 755 757 728 731 736 705 748 1056 1060 Polyurethane Thermal-Chem Corp. High Performance Epoxy Topcoats Products Chemical Resistance Chart E56 E = Excellent G = Good F = Fair Clear surfacer Plus 3.0 DecoTop < = Occasional Spillage U = Do Not Use AcidGard VersiGard ArmorTred Resurfacer Resurfacer ArmorClad Resurfacer Re DecoThane ArmorBond SolventGard DecoTop P92 Chemical 750 755 757 728 731 736 705 748 1056 1060 1, 4-Dichloro-2-butene U E E U U U U U U U 1, 4-Dioxane U < < U U U U U U U 1-1-1 Trichloroethane E E E F F G G F G G 2, 4-Pentanedione F E E < < < < < F F 3, 4-Dichloro-1-butene < E E U U U U U U U 4-Picoline (0-50%) U < < U U U U U U V Acetic Acid (0-5%) E E E G G G G G G G Acetic Acid (5-15%) < E E < < < < < F F Acetone(0-20%) E E E F G G G G E F Acetone (20-30% < E E < < < < < < < Acetone (30-50%) < E E < < < < < < < Acetone (50-100%) < F F < < < < < E < Acetonitrile F E E < < < < < < < Acrylamide (0-50%) E E E F G G G G E F Adipic Acid Solution E E E E E E E E E G Alcohol, Ethyl E E E F F F F F G F Alcohol, Isopropyl E E E F F F F F G F Alcohol, Methyl < E E < < < < < < < Allyl Chloride < E E U U U U U < < Allylamine (0-20%) < E E U U U U U < < Allylamine (20-30%) < E E U U U U U < < Allylamine (30-50%) U < < U U U U U U U Aluminum Bromate E E E F G G G G E E Aluminum Bromide E E E E E E E E E E Aluminum Chloride E E E E E E E E E E Aluminum Fluoride (25%) E E E E E E E E E E Polyurethane Thermal-Chem Corp. -
BOSC Review of US EPA ORD Research Programs
May 8, 2017 Robert Kavlock, Ph.D. Acting Assistant Administrator Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Dear Dr. Kavlock: On behalf of the Board of Scientific Counselors (BOSC), I am pleased to provide you a collection of reports addressing Charge Questions posed by five of the National Research Program areas and the four cross- cutting Roadmap programs. In general, we have found these programs to be on track to meet the objectives in their current Strategic Research Action Plans (StRAPs) and Roadmaps. We provide a series of recommendations to continue to strengthen the excellent research being done in ORD, and look forward to working with you in the future on these programs. Sincerely, Deborah L. Swackhamer, Ph.D. Chair, BOSC Cc: Bruce Rodan, Associate Director of Science REVIEW OF U.S. EPA OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT’S RESEARCH PROGRAMS BOSC EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Chair Deborah L. Swackhamer, Ph.D. James N. Galloway, Ph.D. I. Leslie Rubin, M.D. University of Minnesota University of Virginia Developmental Pediatric Specialists Viney Aneja, Ph.D. Earthea A. Nance, Ph.D., P.E. Sandra Smith, M.S. North Carolina State University Texas Southern University AECOM Shahid Chaudhry Paula Olsiewski, Ph.D., P.E. Gina Solomon, M.D., M.P.H. California Energy Commission Alfred P. Sloan Foundation California EPA Elizabeth Corley, Ph.D. Diane E. Pataki, Ph.D. Ponisseril Somasundaran, Ph.D. Arizona State University The University of Utah Columbia University Susan E. Cozzens, Ph.D. Robert Richardson, Ph.D. Tammy P. Taylor, Ph.D. Georgia Institute of Technology Michigan State University Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Courtney Flint, Ph.D.