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Diss Komplett KM 090713 Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2009 Literaturübersicht zur Protozoenfauna im Vormagen von Wiederkäuern unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Unterschieden zwischen den Äsungstypen Müller, Katharina Abstract: Es wurde immer wieder vermutet, dass sich die Äsungstypen der Wiederkäuer hinsichtlich ihrer Protozoenfauna im Pansen unterscheiden, ohne dass dies quantitativ untersucht wurde. Die vor- liegende Arbeit gibt eine Literaturübersicht zur Rolle von Protozoen in der Verdauungsphysiologie von Hauswiederkäuern und wertet existierende Daten zur Protozoenfauna von Wildwiederkäuern quantita- tiv aus. Unter anderem zeigen sich folgende Ergebnisse: Die Protozoenkonzentration korreliert weder mit dem Äsungstyp noch mit der Körpermasse der Wildwiederkäuer-Spezies, zeigt aber einen schwach negativen Bezug zur Protozoendiversität. Grössere Wildwiederkäuer-Spezies zeigen eine höhere Proto- zoendiversität. Es bestehen Korrelationen zwischen der Körpermasse und dem Anteil an Entodinien bzw. Diplodinien. Holotriche treten vorwiegend bei Tieren über 100 kg Körpermasse auf. Mit zunehmendem Anteil an Gräsern in der natürlichen Äsung gehen Entodinien zurück und Diplodinien nehmen zu; diese beiden Gruppen sind streng reziprok. Der bei Hausrindern gefundene Zusammenhang zwischen Rauh- futteranteil und Holotrichen zeigt sich bei Wildwiederkäuern mit zunehmender Grasäsung nicht. Die Ergebnisse belegen einen Einfluss der natürlichen Äsung auf die Protozoenfauna. Die Bedeutung von Diplodinien für Wildwiederkäuer, und die Besonderheiten bei Haus- und Wildrindern, die das vermehrte Auftreten von Holotrichen bei dieser Gruppe bei Rauhfutter begünstigen, sollten weiter erforscht werden. Summary It has repeatedly been suggested that ruminant feeding types differ in their ruminal protozoal fauna, yet quantitative investigations are lacking. This study reviews the literature on the role of proto- zoa in the digestive physiology of domestic ruminants and quantitatively evaluates existing data on the protozoal fauna of wild ruminants. The following results are reached: The protozoa concentration does not correlate with feeding type or body mass in wild ruminants but shows a weak, negative association with protozoal diversity. Larger wild ruminants have a higher protozoal diversity. There are correlations between body mass and the proportion of Entodinia and Diplodinia. Holotricha occur mostly in animals above 100 kg body mass. With an increasing proportion of grasses in the natural diet, the proportion of Entodinia decreases and that of Diplodinia increases; these two groups show a reciprocal association. The association between roughage feeding and Holotricha, evident in domestic cattle, is not mirrored in wild ruminants with an increasing proportion of grass in their natural diet. The results corroborate the influence of the natural diet on the protozoal fauna. The relevance of Diplodinia in wild ruminants, and the particularities of domestic and wild cattle species that cause the increased occurrence of Holotricha with roughage feeding in this group, should be further investigated. Other titles: Literature review on the protozoa fauna in the ruminant forestomach with special reference to differences between the feeding types Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-151490 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Müller, Katharina. Literaturübersicht zur Protozoenfauna im Vormagen von Wiederkäuern unter beson- derer Berücksichtigung von Unterschieden zwischen den Äsungstypen. 2009, University of Zurich, Vet- suisse Faculty. 2 Departement für Kleintiere, Klinik für Zoo-, Heim- und Wildtiere der Vetsuisse-Fakultät Universität Zürich Leitung: Prof. Dr. Jean-Michel Hatt Literaturübersicht zur Protozoenfauna im Vormagen von Wiederkäuern unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Unterschieden zwischen den Äsungstypen Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Vetsuisse-Fakultät Universität Zürich vorgelegt von Katharina Müller Tierärztin von Güttingen (TG) genehmigt auf Antrag von PD Dr. Marcus Clauss, Referent Prof. Dr. Karl-Heinz Südekum, Korreferent Zürich 2009 2 Meiner Familie und meinem Freund 3 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 4 VERZEICHNIS DER ABKÜRZUNGEN 7 1 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG, SUMMARY 9 1.1 Zusammenfassung 9 1.2 Summary 10 2 EINLEITUNG 11 2.1 Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit: Systematische Betrachtung der Protozoenfauna bei Wildwiederkäuern 12 2.1.1 Einteilung von Wildwiederkäuern in Äsungstypen 12 2.1.2 Unterschiede in der Protozoenfauna zwischen den Äsungstypen: Überblick über Vermutungen und Arbeitshypothesen 12 3 LITERATURÜBERSICHT 16 3.1 Allgemeines 16 3.1.1 Protozoen bei Nichtwiederkäuern 17 3.1.2 Definition der Protozoen 18 3.1.3 Definition der Protozoen-Wirt-Beziehung 18 3.1.4 Morphologie 18 3.1.5 Taxonomie der Protozoen 21 3.1.6 Kultur 25 3.1.7 Faunierung von Jungtieren 26 3.1.8 Protozoen und die Ernährung des Wirtes 27 3.1.9 Nahrungssubstrat 28 3.1.10 Sauerstoffbedarf 28 3.1.11 Verdauung von Pflanzenmaterialien 28 3.1.12 Kohlenhydratmetabolismus 30 3.1.13 Lipidmetabolismus 33 3.1.14 Stickstoffmetabolismus 35 3.1.15 Methanproduktion 36 3.1.16 Mineralstoffmetabolismus, Vitamine 38 3.1.17 Effekt der Defaunierung 38 3.1.18 Generationszeiten 40 3.2 Einflüsse auf die Protozoenpopulation im Vormagen 42 3.2.1 Interaktionen zwischen Protozoengruppen 42 3.2.2 Interaktionen zwischen Protozoen und Bakterien 43 3.2.3 Tägliche Schwankungen in der Protozoenpopulation 44 3.2.4 Jahreszeitliche Schwankungen der Protozoen 47 3.2.5 Weltweite Verteilung der Protozoen 49 3.2.6 Verteilung im Pansen 50 3.2.7 Retentionsmechanismen 51 3.2.8 Einfluss der Fütterung auf die Protozoenpopulation 52 4 4 MATERIAL UND METHODEN 74 4.1 Datengewinnung 74 4.1.1 Nomenklatur 74 4.1.2 Äsungstypen und Grasanteil in der Nahrung 74 4.2 Darstellung der Ergebnisse 75 4.2.1 Tabellenwerk 75 4.2.2 Statistische Auswertung 75 5 RESULTATE 76 5.1 Zusammenfassung der quantitativen Angaben zu Wildwiederkäuern 78 5.2 Zusammenhang verschiedener Merkmale bei Wildwiederkäuern 82 5.2.1 Zusammenhang Spezieszahl-Protozoengruppen 82 5.2.2 Zusammenhang zwischen den Protozoengruppen 84 5.2.3 Einfluss der Körpermasse 86 5.2.4 Einfluss des Äsungstyps/ des Grasanteils in der Nahrung 88 6 DISKUSSION 91 6.1 Kritik der Methoden 91 6.1.1 Herkunft der Tiere 91 6.1.2 Probengewinnung 91 6.1.3 Bestimmungsmethode: Taxonomie 92 6.2 Diskussion der Ergebnisse 92 7 SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN 102 8 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 103 9 APPENDIX 119 9.1 Quellensammlung zu Hauswiederkäuern 119 9.1.1 Hausrinder 119 9.1.2 Hausschafe 119 9.2 Angaben zu einzelnen Wildwiederkäuerarten 120 9.2.1 Kantschile (Tragulus spp.) 120 9.2.2 Gabelbock (Antilocapra americana) 120 9.2.3 Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) 121 9.2.4 Okapi (Okapia johnstoni) 121 9.2.5 Axishirsch (Axis axis) 121 9.2.6 Damhirsch (Dama dama) 121 9.2.7 Indischer Sambar (Cervus unicolor) 123 9.2.8 Sikahirsche (Cervus nippon) 123 9.2.9 Rothirsch (Cervus elaphus) 125 9.2.10 Waipiti (Cervus elaphus canadensis) 127 9.2.11 Reh (Capreolus capreolus) 127 9.2.12 Weisswedelhirsch (Odocoileus virginianus) 129 9.2.13 Schwarzwedel- und Maultierhirsch (Odocoileus hemionus) 129 9.2.14 Elch (Alces alces) 131 9.2.15 Rentier (Rangifer tarandus) 131 9.2.16 Bison (Bison bison) 133 5 9.2.17 Yak (Bos grunniens) 134 9.2.18 Zeburind (Bos indicus) 135 9.2.19 Gaur (Bos gaurus) 136 9.2.20 Kafferbüffel (Syncerus caffer) 136 9.2.21 Wasserbüffel (Bubalis bubalis) 137 9.2.22 Sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei) 138 9.2.23 Buschbock (Tragelaphus scriptus) 139 9.2.24 Grosser Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) 139 9.2.25 Elenantilope (Taurotragus oryx) 139 9.2.26 Buschducker (Sylvicapra grimmi) 139 9.2.27 Blauducker (Cephalophus monticula) 140 9.2.28 Rotducker (Cephalophus harveyi) 140 9.2.29 Pferdeantilope (Hippotragus equinus) 140 9.2.30 Rappenantilope (Hippotragus niger) 141 9.2.31 Wasserbock (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) 141 9.2.32 Kob (Kobus kob) 141 9.2.33 Litschi-Wasserbock (Kobus leche kafuensis) 142 9.2.34 Riedbock (Redunca redunca) 142 9.2.35 Grossriedbock (Redunca arundinum) 142 9.2.36 Bergriedbock (Redunca fulvorufula) 143 9.2.37 Klippspringer (Oreatragus oreotragus) 143 9.2.38 Steinböckchen (Raphiceros rufescens) 143 9.2.39 Güntherdikdik (Madoqua guentheri) 143 9.2.40 Hirschziegenantilope (Antilope cervicapra) 144 9.2.41 Thomson-Gazelle (Gazella thomsonii) 144 9.2.42 Grantgazelle (Gazella granti) 144 9.2.43 Kropfgazelle (Procapra gutturosa) 145 9.2.44 Springbock (Antidorcas marsupialis) 145 9.2.45 Impala (Aepyceros melampus) 145 9.2.46 Gnu (Connochaetes taurinus) 146 9.2.47 Kuhantilope (Acelaphus buselaphus) 146 9.2.48 Leierantilope (Damaliscus lunatus) 146 9.2.49 Buntbock (Damaliscus dorcas) 146 9.2.50 Gemse (Rupicapra rupicapra) 147 9.2.51 Japanischer Serau (Capricornis crispus) 149 9.2.52 Bezoarziege (Capra aegargus) 149 9.2.53 Moufflon (Ovis musimon) 149 9.2.54 Asiatisches Moufflon (Ovis orientalis) 150 9.2.55 Dickhornschaf (Ovis canadensis) 150 9.2.56 Dallschaf (Ovis dalli) 150 9.2.57 Schneeschaf (Ovis nivicola) 150 9.2.58 Moschusochse (Ovibos moschatus) 151 10 DANKSAGUNG 152 11 LEBENSLAUF 153 6 VERZEICHNIS DER ABKÜRZUNGEN Die aufgeführten Abkürzungen werden im Text der vorliegenden Arbeit verwendet. B. Bütschlia °C Grad Celsius CH4 Methan CO2 Kohlenstoffdioxid Da. Dasytricha Di. Diplodinium E. Entodinium Ep. Epidinium Eu. Eudiplodinium FS Fettsäure H2 Wasserstoff I. Isotricha M. Metadinium m Mikrometer ml Milliliter NDF Neutrale
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