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Structure and Function of the Alimentary Tract of Batillaria Zonalis and Cerithidea Californica, Style-Bearing Mesogastropods

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University of the Pacific Scholarly Commons University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 1969 Structure and function of the alimentary tract of Batillaria zonalis and Cerithidea californica, style-bearing mesogastropods Andrew Locke Driscoll University of the Pacific Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Driscoll, Andrew Locke. (1969). Structure and function of the alimentary tract of Batillaria zonalis and Cerithidea californica, style-bearing mesogastropods. University of the Pacific, Thesis. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/1684 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. · SfRUC1'URE AND FUNCTION o:J? THE AIJUIENTAHY ~.'RAOt.e OJ? ~ -- 2;--------:::-------::-:-:-:- ~----------- STYU~ ... B}iARING 1-I.F~ SOG ASTIWPODS !-------------------·------------------------;;cc_=--=----==ccc=- A Thesis Presented to ----------- Scrte:nces Untverstty of the· Pacj.f1.c ------- ------- -------------- In Ps.rtial Fulfillment of the Requirement:3 for the Dee;ree Master of Science by AndrevJ J:,ocke D:riseoll June 1969 M----- § ·~~--~------------ This thesis, written and submitted by Andrew Locke Driscoll ------·-· .. -·---~-~--' j-~----------------------------------------" --,-_c__ -c·c~ccc·=- is approved fo:r:· recommendation to the Graduate Council.ll University of the Pacifico -------------- Departm~\t--·0rmi.rma~ OJ:' Dean: >" ~£11/ ----~---·-~- ---------- ----- ----------- Thes:ts COllU11ittee: ___[D}LJ_j[ __u_, Chaizmn VV( ~ s;;;;d(d_.~--.-~~-­ - - -------------- _j,O_.~~~-lC.().:DJL_~- T.ABLE OJ? CON TENTS CHAPTER PAGE h-----=---- 1 co I IN1RODUCTION .. ~ • ~ e • • o ~ • ~ e e • • • • • • • II. M..ETHODS AND HATEHIA.TJS., 0 Cl • • ofJ • ~ 0 • ~ • • • • • 2 III. HABI9~AT. • • • • • • • .. • • • .. .. " 6 ;~------__c;"'r' "'"---"'"' ~_.,.:o."T"\T~.- o·L_6 ~~"'-----=----c:--c----::-----:- J. V" J.'.lV.lLJ.:'l1.VlJVl:r.l e> e • • o e • • • 0 .. • • • o e • • • • • g-------[~~~~~ Buccal Complex. • C> • lit' e • o • .. • • • e e e • 9 Esophagus .. • • • 0 .. 0 .. • 0 • • 0 • • .17 Stomach end Style Sao • • • 0 • C\ e • o • e • • ..19 Digestive Diverticula .. .. • • .. 0 • • • • In.t'~ st:i.11n • .. 0 " .. • 0 • • • .35 v .. .. • • • • • Buec:al Complex. .. • .. .. • • , 0 • ~ • • • • JtJsophagus • • • • • • e ., 0 • • • • • • . .. • .39 Stomach ru1d Style Sac .. .. • ~ • e • $ • • • • • Digestive Diverticula •• ~ e • o • • • • • o & IntesM.ne • • • ... 0 • • 0 " • 0 • • • • .VI. ACKrrm·TLEDG:HENTS .. • • It . .. • • • • • • • • BIBLIOGRAPHY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~~-- -~~-~~---~ -~ ~- t-..l !l-~ --~---.- l!.,IGURE PAGE 1. Map of Tomales Bay and Drakes Estero . shmving collecting stations -. e e • 0 • • 0 • • • • 5 2. A., Diagram of the alimentary tract of .____~---------;Batillal~La_Z_o:na_l~Ls_._R._nLa~tr_am_o_f.________________ ...~ ==~=== • - .."(><" ... .,.,.~-- - } • Diagrrunmatic l.ongl tudi:nal se ctio:n of the buccal region of ].§:.:~t~.?:~ .:'?.• ~mal :i.s shovring the inside of the buccal cavity a.ncl a por~;ton of the inside of the esophagus .. • .13 lF. Dtagram of' a. cross section through the middle ------------- ;--_----- of the buccal mass of }3atil1aria zonall.s ., • e • 0 15 ~~·~-"""~~""'""'""'- __........ A'-'...__..... ,_ 5· Diagram of the stomach of .Jla.t!_~ ~~alis.. • • " .. 21 6.. A cross section of tJ:w style sac and intestinal groove in ~.la~~ ~on~is •••••• 25 7. D5.agram of the stomach of Ceri t.hj.. de~ californica. • • • • • . ~ . • • • • 28 ~-~------~~- . 8. Cross section of the style sac in C~llh~§5: a -'cali.fo ________ rni _.._.. ca. • • • .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 31 I. INTRODUCTION -~--- n~~~ "' · 2~he family Potam.idtdae is represented on the California ~-- coast o:f North America by t1;o genera, each represented by a ~ -~------------ single species~ Batillaria zonalis Bruguiore and Oerithidea - .. - ... -----~""-- --~-- .£ ~if..2£.n~. .£§: Haldeman.. The use o.f the name,· Bat~l}a_&§.J; _?~el~s, is in accordance vri th the conclusions of Hanna (1966). --------------."-- -------- Refe:r.en.ces in the literature concerning these two species are primar:i.ly taxonomic i'l'i th thl"l exception of bro papers on the gross morphology of ..Qo _s~J:r£.r.~~tc_~ by Br·ight (1958, 1960) .. This study d.escrtbes the structure and funetion of partl.mxla:r· emphasis on the stomach and style sac reg1.on$ Both -- specles. -vmre fm.:ro.d to be generally simi.lar to other style­ ;:::: ____- ____- bearing ·mesogastropods in that they have little or no develop'4 ment of glandular tissue in the esophageal reg:l.on and a functfonal style is present in the stomach. The stomachs of both species are specialized to tr1":::nsport and digest a continuous supply of detrltus by means of complex ridges, grooves and ciliary currents. .Q• ca2:-l:£9rEJ._c_~ appears more highly specialized for feeding on fine, highly organic detrital mater1.al tha.Yi B. EOnali:.~ due to slightly more complex stomach morphology. A posi t1.ve correlation is postulated beti'l'een the length of the crystalline style' relative to shell. hetght, and the percentage o.f organic matter in the detritus ingestede II. 1-1E'l'HODS AND MAT:E:RIALfi Specimens of Batil~. .?_:ri~ zonaJJ.E_ ranging tn length ;::;------:_ .from 25 to 46 mm vrere collected along the shores of Tomales u Bay (Fig. 1, B.z.) while those of Ce~!_~b.i.~~-~ ~fornic§); (c.c •. ) ranging tn length from 25 to 32 rom were ,_::ollected tn Drakes Estero, Oaliforn:i.a. All 'the collecting statl.ons ·were sampled ;-~---'------~---------------------------------'-' ~- ~ -~--~-- from 7 to 10 times betvreen March, 1966, and July, 1967. t;--- Specimens used for histological examination vrere removed from their she,lls and relaxed in 1% propylene phenoxytol i.n sea water before being killed and fixed in Boutn' s fi.xat1ve. Pa.raffln sections, 10 and 12 microns thick, were sta5.ned with Ale tan Blue$ Mayer's Haeroalum and counter·· ---- ------------ stained Hith :foiosln using standard techniques found in Humason =--------- (1962). Both living and preserved specimens were dissected. Living specimens were dissected :tmmediately after collection and after being starved for 3 to 4 weeks in the laboratory. Ciliary currents were determined with the aid of carmine and graphite particles suspended in sea water. Sediment samples from each collecting station were taken, dried. and weighed. They were then resuspended in \'later and analyzed by vTet slev~.ng using five sieves ranging from 1 to .065 rom mesh. The five fractions were then dried and weighed separately to obtain the p~rt1cle size distribution of the substratum. 3 All laboratory \'lork \vas done at the Paclfic !•L'J,rlne --- - ---------- """! ------------- Statio:n, Dillon Beach, Oaltforniao .,-- ~ =----------------------------------------------;_: ---------- ~--- ----- ------------ =---------- rr­ § ~ ---------- ~------------------------------------~--------------------------~~--------------~=--~~~ Figure 1. I'iap of 'l'omales Bay ancl Drakes Estero shovd.ng ---- -- -- collecting stations. B.z., Batillaria zonalis, 1-i'lalker Creek Delta, 2-:~rD.lcnr Pol:11:-t;--·o-:-o~:'7cert tbJ de a .S..Gll:!.foY:'.n ~-2!:' 1,_Schooner Bay, 2-John s·Jn-Oys' ter... :,;0[~'i)7i:rfi. :-: ---------- --- ----· --·-- 5 - -- -------- 'j--- -- ----- ~ - Location of Tomales Bay in California BAY PACIF'IC -------------- OCEAN . ' '' III. HABI ~'A1' --- - --------- ].~~J.:.§Lria ~'?_n~~~l~ is nattve to Japan and.. according _;::;----_ .to Barret·t (1963) may have been introduced to 1'omales Bay =------------ as early as 1928 when the first experimental sets of .QF....§:.~-~-~!.?,j;rE]_§.'!; £i..hs.?.:~ were planted ln the bay. However, the first observation of this species along the coast of 1--~----~-------------------------'-'-------- Californta was reported in 1930 (Bonnot 1935a). C:r.assost:cea -· _gl-.s;a~ was also introduced to Drakes Estero and Bodega Bay in 1932· (Bonnot 1935b) but no specimens of B. ~lt~ 1vere observed at either locality. -~· Keen· (1963) stated that the range of _Q_~rj.._~.h:~~ll; ££:::,l.tf£.!-'E-l£§. extends from Baja~ northward to Bolin as, Oalifornla. ;t:n th1.s stud.y .Q• .£§9.:.. !.[<?.:.~-~l:~C:.:,~ 1-ras collected further to the north ------------- •in Drakes l'istero, California. 1-Iacdonald (1969) observed C. c~lif..2££~·-911: in Tomales Ba..y but did not collect any. Both B. zonal is and 0. cal:i.fornica inhabit intertidal ----- brackish mudflats and marshes. ]• ~~ 11as collected on the Walker Creek Delta (Fig. 1, B.z.-1) and next to Willow Poi.nt at the head of Tomales Bay (B.z.-2). At both localities the animals ex:perienced wide fluctuations in temperature and salinity._ On the Walker CJreek Delta animals 1·rere found in pools of 2 t.o 5 em depth, in tidal channels, and. on detritus covered rocks and gravel. Occasionally the substratum -rras dry where t.he. animals were found. A sediment analysts of the delta surface mud shov-red 50% of the particles were 7 bet-vreen .. 065 and .25 mm in diameter and 50% -rrere less than .065 mm in dfameter. Less than 50% of' the surface sediment ~--_- -- ;::;-.-__-_-,-_------:: was organi.c in nature. Durlng cold weather the snatls 11er~· :__: __________ --- . found 1 to 2 em beneath the surface. The length
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    12 (3): 358-365 (2005) Quantifying geographic variation in physiological performance to address the absence of invading species1 James E. BYERS, Department of Zoology, University of New Hampshire, 46 College Road, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: An estuarine snail (Batillaria attramentaria), introduced to northern California marshes, is displacing a native confamilial mudsnail (Cerithidea californica) through superior competition for shared, limiting food resources. Batillaria, however, is absent from similar marsh habitats in southern California. I tested whether regional-scale variation in relative performance (growth) of the snails may have influenced Batillaria’s invasion pattern. I quantified growth using RNA:DNA ratios (a growth index that I ground-truthed with direct growth measurements) for snails collected throughout their entire collective North American distribution. Batillaria exhibited a high growth rate that was more than double Cerithidea’s growth rate in sympatric populations. A broad-scale relationship of species’ growth rates against latitude projected an amply adequate growth rate for Batillaria in southern California where it is presently absent. Furthermore, growth rates of Cerithidea did not increase in southern California, suggesting that Batillaria would maintain its dramatic relative performance advantage. Thus, even if resources are limiting at southern latitudes, biotic resistance through competition with Cerithidea does not explain Batillaria’s absence. Among alternative, untested hypotheses for Batillaria’s absence, insufficient propagule inoculation has strongest support. Because transplant experiments with nonindigenous species are unethical, examination of species’ performance over geographic scales provides a powerful alternative approach for invasion studies. Keywords: estuaries, exotic species, exploitative competition, invasibility, latitudinal gradients, macroecology, nonindigenous species, RNA:DNA ratios.
  • Structure and Function of the Digestive System in Molluscs

    Structure and Function of the Digestive System in Molluscs

    Cell and Tissue Research (2019) 377:475–503 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-019-03085-9 REVIEW Structure and function of the digestive system in molluscs Alexandre Lobo-da-Cunha1,2 Received: 21 February 2019 /Accepted: 26 July 2019 /Published online: 2 September 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract The phylum Mollusca is one of the largest and more diversified among metazoan phyla, comprising many thousand species living in ocean, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. Mollusc-feeding biology is highly diverse, including omnivorous grazers, herbivores, carnivorous scavengers and predators, and even some parasitic species. Consequently, their digestive system presents many adaptive variations. The digestive tract starting in the mouth consists of the buccal cavity, oesophagus, stomach and intestine ending in the anus. Several types of glands are associated, namely, oral and salivary glands, oesophageal glands, digestive gland and, in some cases, anal glands. The digestive gland is the largest and more important for digestion and nutrient absorption. The digestive system of each of the eight extant molluscan classes is reviewed, highlighting the most recent data available on histological, ultrastructural and functional aspects of tissues and cells involved in nutrient absorption, intracellular and extracellular digestion, with emphasis on glandular tissues. Keywords Digestive tract . Digestive gland . Salivary glands . Mollusca . Ultrastructure Introduction and visceral mass. The visceral mass is dorsally covered by the mantle tissues that frequently extend outwards to create a The phylum Mollusca is considered the second largest among flap around the body forming a space in between known as metazoans, surpassed only by the arthropods in a number of pallial or mantle cavity.
  • General Zoology

    General Zoology

    КАБІНЕТ МІНІСТРІВ УКРАЇНИ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ БІОРЕСУРСІВ І ПРИРОДОКОРИСТУВАННЯ УКРАЇНИ Кафедра загальної зоології та іхтіології GENERAL ZOOLOGY МЕТОДИЧНИЙ ПОСІБНИК Спеціальність 7.130501 - "Ветеринарна медицина" Київ – 2016 УДК 591 (075.8) ББК 28.6 Я 7 Г 34 В методичному посібнику вивчаються тварин та їх взаємозв'язки з навколишнім середовищем, різноманітність світу тварин, систематика й класифікація тварин, будова їхнього тіла, закономірності індивідуального й історичного розвитку, зв'язки з середовищем. Укладачі: Захаренко М.О., І.М. Курбатова, В.В. Цедик Рецензент: Поляковський В.М. – кандидат ветеринарнах наук, доцент кафедри гігієни тварин та екології тваринництва ім. А.К. Скороходька НУБіП України Рекомендовано Вченою радою інституту ветеринарної медицини Національного університету біоресурсів і природокористування України (протокол №3 від 11 листопада 2010 р.) Спеціальність: 7.130501 General zoology: методичний посібник / [ Укладачі:М.О. Захаренко, І.М. Курбатова, В.В. Цедик] – К.: вид-во, 2010. – 000с. Розраховано на студентів факультету ветеринарної медицини, а також усіх тих, хто цікавиться природничо – науковими дисциплінами на англійською мовою. ISBN УДК 591 (075.8) ББК 28.6 Я 7 Формат 60x84/16. Папір оф. Гарнітура «Таймс». Ум. друк. арк. 10,5. Наклад 100 прим. Видавництво ТОВ «АГРАР МЕДІА ГРУП» Свідоцтво ДК 3651 від 22.12.2009 р. 04080, м. Київ, Оболонський р-н, вул. Новокостянтинівська, 4- А Тел. 361-53-06, 463-66-94 2 PROTOZOA Protozoa are microscopic animals that consist either of a single cell or of a colony of nearly identical cells. They include: asymmetrical, amoeboid blobs; floating forms with perfect spherical symmetry; and forms with bilateral symmetry similar to that of flatworms. Typically they range between 10 and 100 microns in length or diameter, but both smaller and larger examples are found.