A Advance Passenger Information (API) Australia Immigration and Customs, 147 Guidelines, 138–140 Mexican Approach, 149 Passeng
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Index A identification process, 111 Advance passenger information (API) machine readable travel document, 110 Australia Immigration and Customs, 147 physiological, 111 guidelines, 138–140 quantum cryptography, 109 Mexican approach, 149 Bonn declaration passenger name record, 121–122 aerial communication, 247 public authorities, 135 French delegate, 248 recommendation, 136–137 incompatibility, Vienna Convention, 249 United States legislation, PNR, 140–142 international civil aviation Air Transport Committee (ATC), 63, 64 Contracting States, 250 American Transportation & Security Act, transit agreement, 250–251 140, 141 legal status, 247–249 Audit Results Review Board (ARRB), 270 prosecution or extradition, 252–253 Audits Soviet Union delegate, 248 aviation assets, 266 transit agreement, 250–252 corrective action plan, 269 follow-up missions, 269 C ICAO Council Canadian Immigration and Refugee Act, 142 Chicago Convention, Article 54(j), 271 Chicago Convention inherent powers, 273 aviation security, 57 Resolution A36-2, 271 carriage of documents, 160 Vienna Convention, Article 34, 274 civil aircraft, 159 identified deficiencies, 266 civil aviation, 210–212, 251 scheduling/frequency model, 270 Contracting State, 56, 128, 250 security culture, 265 customs, 195–196 security oversight scope in Article 3, 211–212 follow-up visits, 270 Complicity theory, 42–43 limited level of transparency, 268–269 Condonation theory, State responsibility Universal Security Audit Programme categories, 50 (USAP), 268 causality principle, 50 Aviation Security Manual, 277 Jane case, 48 Aviation Working Group (AWG), 98 separate delict theory, 50 United Nations General Assembly, 49 B war crime, 51 Biometric identification, innovative security Conference of Parties (COP), 102–104 tools Contracting States challenges, 112 Australian position, 147–148 281 282 Index Contracting States (cont.) high seas, operations, 163–166 Canadian position legal and regulatory issues, 162–163 accuracy of the data, 143 as state aircraft, 168–174 Canadian Immigration and Refugee Emerging threats Act, 142 anti-missile system installation, 32 German and Swiss positions, 148–149 AVSEC panel Mexican approach, 149–151 aviation security regime, 19, 20 Safe Harbour principles, 146–147 European Civil Aviation Conference, 19 United Kingdom position bioterrorism British Airways, 145 international air transport regulations, UK Data Protection Act, 146 22 United States legislation, API and PNR real-time outbreak disease surveillance, American Transportation & Security 23 Act, 140, 141 SARS virus, 21, 22 WCO/IATA guideline, 141 Spanish flu virus, 21 Convention for the Suppression of the carriage of liquids, aerosols and gels, 38 Financing of Terrorism, 277 cyber-terrorism, 24–25 Convention on International Civil Aviation deterrence, 13–16 advance passenger information, 131 high level ministerial conference, 2–7 Contracting State, 56 ICAO, threat assessment, 16–19 Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate international accord, 33–36 Homicide Act, 100–101 Man Portable Air Defense System (MANPADS) D aircraft security, 25 Departure control systems (DCS), 124, 125 El Al airliners, 28 ex post facto, 26 E PFLP group, 30 Early twenty-first century initiatives Rand corporation, 26 advance passenger information, 121–123, RPG-7 portable rocket launch, 31 139–141 surface-to-air missiles, 27 innovative security tools surface-to-surface missiles, 27 biometric identification, 109–112 missile attacks, 29–31 public key directory, 112–121 perimeter guard, 32–33 liability Conventions post conference work, 7–9 General Risks Convention, 93–98 probability, 9–13 Unlawful Interference Compensation Enhanced Border Security and Visa Reform Convention, 98–109 Act, 132 machine readable travel documents capacity-building strategy, 153 G ICBWG, 152, 153, 155 General Risk Convention UN Security Council’s Resolution damage by aircraft, 95 1373, 152 Exclusive Remedy provision, 97 vocational training, 155 ICAO initiative, 94 passenger name record International Air Transport Association, 98 advanced passenger information mental and bodily injury, 96–97 guidelines, 138–140 weight of the aircraft, 97, 98 advantages of unified guidelines, Geneva Convention on the High Seas (1958) 126–138 aircraft piracy, 217 Contracting States’ positions, 140–151 hijacking and piracy, 215–218 definition and application, 123–125 illegal violence, 216 importance, 125–126 international law, 214 unmanned aerial vehicles offence, 213–214 air traffic services, 166–167 piracy jure gentium, 26 Index 283 H opiates carriage, first-aid kits, 189 Hague Convention on hijacking 1970, 230 recommendation, 190–191 efficiency, 236–237 legal liability, 117 powers and duties market-based measures, 90 extradition treaty, 234–235 member States, 267 jurisdictional powers, 233–234 operational measures, 89 obligations, 232–233 organizational matters, 116 scope, 231–232 post conference work, 7–9 Hostis humani generis, 279 protagonist, 117 recommendations, 265 I Resolution A36-2, 271 Implementation and Capacity Building TAG/MRTD, 115, 116 Working Group (ICBWG), 152 technology and standards, 89 Innovative security tools USAP follow-up missions, 265 biometric identification Vienna Convention, Article 34, 274 challenges, 112 International Convention for the Suppression identification process, 111 of the Financing of Terrorism, 49 machine readable travel document, 110, International Conventions 111 Chicago Convention of 1944 physiological biometrics, 111 civil aviation, 210–212 quantum cryptography, 109 scope in Article 3, 211–212 public key directory Geneva Convention on the High Seas encryption and decryption process, 113, (1958) 114 aircraft piracy, 217 ICAO, 115–120 hijacking and piracy, 215–216 PKI scheme, 113 illegal violence, 216 waiver of immunity, 120–121 international law, 214 International Air Services Transit Agreement offence, 217–218 (IASTA), 129, 250–252 piracy jure gentium, 216 International Air Transport Association (IATA) Convention for the Prevention and State responsibility, 40, 41 Punishment of Terrorism (1937), 210 WCO, 139, 141 United Nations Charter, 212–213 International Civil Aviation Compensation International Court of Justice (ICJ) Fund, 102 Corfu Channel case, 52 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Lockerbie case, 44 Air Transport Committee, 63 International Criminal Police Organization ARRB, 270 (ICPO), 204 capacity-building strategy, 153 International drug control system, 178 capacity to conduct business, 117–119 International Explosives Technical Chicago Convention, 57, 271 Commission (IETC), 260–261 Contracting States, 88, 265 International Law Commission environmental protection, 88, 89 Report to General Assembly, 52–53 Facilitation Division, 135 United Nations Charter, Article 51, 50 high level ministerial conference, 2–7 International Maritime Organization, 185 immunities and liabilities, 119–120 inherent powers, 273 L initiatives Liability Conventions action against opiate carriage, 192–193 General Risk Convention Annex 9, 196 damage by aircraft, 95 consideration, 192 Exclusive Remedy provision, 97 drug smuggling, 197 ICAO initiative, 94 narcotic drugs and psychotropic International Air Transport substances, 194–195 Association, 98 284 Index mental and bodily injury, 96–97 civil aircraft, 200 weight of the aircraft, 97, 98 foreign aircraft, 200–201 Unlawful Interference Compensation Convention on International Civil Aviation, Convention Article 4, 198–199 commercial airline pilots, 101–102 definition, 179 Conference of Parties, 103, 104 drug trade, 177–178 Diplomatic Conference, 105 facets, 177 domestic opt-in declaration, 104 global drug production, 178–179 “gross breach,” 101 ICAO assembly resolution A 27-12 ICAO Security Panel, 108 Contracting States, 202 International Civil Aviation misuse of civil aviation, 203 Compensation Fund, 102 ICAO initiatives offence, 101 action against opiate carriage, 192–193 operators, 100 Annex 9, 196 “relevant duty of care,” 101 consideration, 192 victims of violent crime, 106–107 Nairobi Convention, 197 Lockerbie case, State responsibility narcotic drugs and psychotropic ICJ, 44 substances, 194–195 Montreal Convention, 44, 46 opiates carriage, first-aid kits, 189 Security Council Resolution 748 (1992), recommendation, 190–191 45, 46 smuggling, 197 United Nations Charter, Article 24, 46 international drug control system, 178 offence, 177 M Tokyo Convention, 201–202 Machine readable travel documents (MRTD) United Nations initiatives capacity-building strategy, 153 council decision 1985/131 of 28 May ICBWG, 152, 153 1985, 180 passports complaint, 156 draft Convention, 182 UN Security Council’s Counter-Terrorism drug trafficking and drug abuse, 187 Committee, 155 efforts, 187–188 UN Security Council’s Resolution ICAO, 184 1373, 152 against illicit traffic in narcotic drugs vocational training, 155 and psychotropic substances, Man Portable Air Defense System 186–187 (MANPADS), 25–29 international co-operation, 183, 185 Mexico–United States General Claims ratification, 184 Commission, 43 resolution 36/168, 181 Montreal Convention (1971) resolution 40/122, 179–180 aircraft in service, 237–238 sea transport, 185 jurisdictional powers of States, 242–246 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs offence of 1961, 180 aircraft in flight, 240 State co-operation, 185–186 definition, 238 National Aeronautics and Space violence, 239–240 Administration, 24 severe penalties air navigation facilities, 242 O Hague Convention, 241 Office for Victims of Crime (OVC), 41–42 Montreal Protocol of 1978, 80–81 P N Passenger name record (PNR) Nairobi