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INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been Used to Photo Graph and Reproduce This Manuscript from the Microfilm Master
INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the original text directly from the copy submitted. Thus, some dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from a computer printer. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrighted material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is available as one exposure on a standard 35 mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6" X 9" black and w h itephotographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Accessing the World'sUMI Information since 1938 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA Order Number 8824569 The architecture of Firuz Shah Tughluq McKibben, William Jeffrey, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 Copyright ©1988 by McKibben, William Jeflfrey. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. -
The History of Implementation of Pilgrimage in the Pagan Era
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 2017, Vol. 7, No. 12 ISSN: 2222-6990 The History of Implementation of Pilgrimage in the Pagan Era 1Rizalman Muhammad, 2Faiz Hakimi Mat Idris, 3Kamaliah Salleh, 2Ahmad Zahid Salleh, 2Mohamad Zaidin Mohamad 1Institut Pendidikan Guru, Ipoh Campus, Malaysia 2Faculty of Islamic Contemporary Studies, UniSZA, Malaysia 3Faculty of Law, Accountancy & International Relations, UniSZA, Malaysia Email: [email protected] DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i12/3636 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i12/3636 Abstract The first pilgrimage performed by the Prophet Abraham which was in the 20th century BC had eventually been mixed with polytheism and heresy elements before Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was sent to this world. In this regard, this article aims to reveal the ritual of the hajj in the ancient Arab society which is different from the current practice of Muslims nowadays. This article is a qualitative study using content analysis. The finding reveals that although Arab community remained to believe in Allah, but in view to the long gap between the two ages of Prophet Abraham and Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H.), they had mixed up the implementation of a true and wrong rituals in their pilgrimage. Keywords: Pilgrimage, Pagan Arabs, Kaaba, Mecca Introduction The term Jahiliyyah is derived from jahl which connotes a description of pre-Islamic Arab society who were ignorance of the God, the prophets, the way of life, and who were also arrogantly and imperiously proud of their lineage (Ibn Manzur n.d.). It was a dark age of the Arab history with the absence of divine light to guide their faith, and their lives were fully deviated and strayed from the religious method. -
Annual Report 2007 Annual Report Russia
UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Annual Report 2007 Annual Report RUSSIA UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Annual Report MAY 2007 U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom 800 North Capitol Street, NW Suite 790 Washington, DC 20002 202-523-3240 202-523-5020 (fax) www.uscirf.gov UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Commissioners Chair Felice D. Gaer Vice Chairs Michael Cromartie Dr. Elizabeth H. Prodromou Nina Shea Dr. Khaled M. Abou El Fadl Preeta D. Bansal Archbishop Charles J. Chaput Dr. Richard D. Land Bishop Ricardo Ramirez John V. Hanford, III, ex officio, non-voting member Executive Director Joseph R. Crapa UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Staff Tad Stahnke, Deputy Director for Policy David Dettoni, Deputy Director for Outreach Judith Ingram, Director of Communications Holly Smithson, Director of Government Affairs Carmelita Hines, Director of Administration Patricia Carley, Associate Director for Policy Angela Stephens, Assistant Communications Director Dwight Bashir, Senior Policy Analyst Catherine Cosman, Senior Policy Analyst Deborah DuCre, Receptionist Scott Flipse, Senior Policy Analyst Julia Kirby, Middle East Researcher Mindy Larmore, East Asia Researcher Tiffany Lynch, Research Assistant Jacqueline A. Mitchell, Executive Assistant Allison Salyer, Legislative Assistant Stephen R. Snow, Senior Policy Analyst Christopher Swift, Researcher UNITED STATES COMMIssION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Washington, DC, May 1, 2007 The PRESIDENT The White House DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: On behalf of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, I am transmitting to you the annual report, prepared in compliance with section 202(a)(2) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998, 22 U.S.C. -
The Encounter of Islam, History and Civilization
35 Report ALANBAA Saturday, 11 July , 2015 AI-Madinah AI-Munawarah.. The Encounter of Islam, History and Civilization AI-Madinah AI Munawarah The Holy Mosque of The valleys: and maintenance workshop of The Saudi Society For is one of the most favorite The Prophet: For many centuries AI- to repair the train . Culture and Arts in the destination for visitors to It is considered as the madina remained a famous city patronizes the talents Saudi Arabia, thanks to the second of the two holy city of its fertile soil and Date orchards: and observes the heritage presence of very important mosques, and one of the abundant water. Wadi Al- AI-Medina is known and local traditions. The Islamic and historic sites. three mosques ( Almasjid Aqiq is the most famous for its dates and palm city is home to many The city is currently al haram in Makkain, masjid valley in Madina. Several plantations, the best soccer clubs (Uhud and undergoing a continual of Allah’s Messenger prophetic sayings also known is Ejweh which was Al-ansar). development, under and masjid Al Aqsa in mentioned its merits. On preferred by the Prophet the leadership of the Jerusalem ) that Muslims the side of this valley, lots (pbuh). Hotels & Residential Custodian of the Two Holy might set a journey to visit, of palaces were built during Units: Mosques, King Salman as the Prophet (peace be Al-Amawi and Al-Abbasi Markets and Malls: Al-Madinah Al- Bin Abdul Aziz and His upon him) was quoted. periods. The most famous Shopping in AI-Madinah Munawarah contains Royal Highness the Amir No wonder the mosque palaces are : Saad bin Abi AI-Munawarah is a pleasant many hotels of different Faisal bin Salman bin has its special respect in Waqqas palace (its ruins are experience, Where visitors categories as the city is Abdul Aziz, the Governor the consciousness of every still existent), Erwah palace, opt and choose out of always ready to receive of Al-Madinah. -
History Preserved in Names: Delhi Urban Toponyms of Perso-Arabic
History preserved in names: Delhi urban toponyms of Perso-Ara bic origin Agnieszka Kuczkiewicz-Fraś Toponyms [from the Greek topos (τόπος) ‘place’ and ónoma (δνομα) ‘name’] are often treated merely as words, or simple signs on geographical maps of various parts of the Earth. How ever, it should be remembered that toponyms are also invaluable elements of a region’s heritage, preserving and revealing differ ent aspects of its history and culture, reflecting patterns of set tlement, exploration, migration, etc. They are named points of reference in the physical as well as civilisational landscape of various areas. Place-names are an important source of information regard ing the people who have inhabited a given area. Such quality results mainly from the fact that the names attached to localities tend to be extremely durable and usually resist replacement, even when the language spoken in the area is itself replaced. The in ternal system of toponyms which is unique for every city, when analysed may give first-rate results in understanding various features, e.g. the original area of the city and its growth, the size and variety of its population, the complicated plan of its markets, 5 8 A g n ie s z k a K u c z k ie w ic z -F r a ś habitations, religious centres, educational and cultural institu tions, cemeteries etc. Toponyms are also very important land-marks of cultural and linguistic contacts of different groups of people. In a city such as Delhi, which for centuries had been conquered and in habited by populaces ethnically and linguistically different, this phenomenon becomes clear with the first glance at the city map. -
The Kaaba and the Beginning of the Hajj in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
AUTHOR Fadi El Binni The Kaaba and the beginning of the hajj in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. 58 | FEATURES PRISM 6, NO. 1 Inclusive Security for the Muslim World BY HUSAIN HAQQANI t 1.6 billion, Muslims comprise one-fifth of the world’s population. By 2050, that num- ber is expected to rise to 2.76 billion. Sixty percent of the world’s Muslims fall between Athe ages of 15 and 59 years, with the median age being 24 years. 317 million of the world’s Muslims live in the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA) and 344 million in India and Pakistan. The security of the Middle East and South Asia is inextricably linked with Muslim views of self and the world.1 The Three Deficits Muslim countries, however, have been late in embracing the notion of inclusive security, which was described by former U.S. ambassador to Austria, Swanee Hunt, as “not just political sover- eignty and military strength, but also economic security, education, and personal safety.”2 In 2002, the first Arab Human Development Report identified three fundamental deficits that plague the Arab world: the freedom deficit, the women’s empowerment deficit, and the knowledge defi- cit.3 These deficits remain prevalent not only in the Arab world, but also in the greater Muslim world, and serve as impediments to inclusive security. Of the 57 member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), only 4 coun- tries are rated by Freedom House as “free;” 24 are rated “partly free” and 29 as “not free.”4 A number of these had or are still under authoritarian rule and have built extensive national secu- rity apparatuses. -
The Marwani Musalla in Jerusalem
Bridgewater State University Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University Art Faculty Publications Art Department 2013 The aM rwani Musalla in Jerusalem: New Findings Beatrice St. Laurent Bridgewater State University, [email protected] Isam Awwad Virtual Commons Citation St. Laurent, Beatrice and Awwad, Isam (2013). The aM rwani Musalla in Jerusalem: New Findings. In Art Faculty Publications. Paper 8. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/art_fac/8 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. The Marwani Shortly after Caliph ‘Umar ibn al- Khattab’s (579-644, caliph 634-644) Musalla in arrival in Jerusalem in 638, he is said to Jerusalem: have constructed a rudimentary mosque 1 or prayer space south of the historical New Findings Rock now contained within the Dome of Beatrice St. Laurent the Rock (completed 691) on the former and Isam Awwad Temple Mount or Bayt al-Maqdis known popularly since Mamluk and Ottoman times as the Haram al-Sharif.2 (Fig.1) Though later textual evidence indicates that ‘Umar prayed somewhere south of the “rock” and later scholars suggest that he constructed a rudimentary prayer space on the site, there is no surviving physical evidence of that initial structure. After his appointment as Governor of Syria (bilad al-sham) by ‘Umar in 639/40, Mu‘awiya ibn Abi Sufyan (602-680, caliph Figure 1: Air view of the Haram al-Sharif from 660-680)3 either expanded upon the Mosque the north showing the eastern area of the Haram al-Sharif. Source: Matson Collection, Library of of ‘Umar or constructed an entirely new Congress. -
Holy Cities on the Road to Re-Development
KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA HOLY CITIES ON THE ROAD TO RE-DEVELOPMENT MAY 2014 Accelerating success. 2014 | HOLYHOLY CITIES CITIES I HOSPITALITY | KSA MARKET OVERVIEW TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Market Focus : Makkah 2 Makkah Future Developments 3 Market Focus : Madinah 4 Madinah Future Developments 5 Holy Cities Opportunities 6 COLLIERS INTERNATIONAL | colliers.com/unitedarabemirates/hotels KSA | 2014 | HOLY CITIES | INTRODUCTION Introduction MAKKAH AND MADINAH Recent years have witnessed a prominent rush of foreign awareness PROVINCES in the Saudi Arabian hospitality market, mostly directed towards the two largest cities (Riyadh and Jeddah), with the Holy Cities (Makkah and Madinah) being sidelined on the international front. This research attempts to point out the opportunities presented by the Holy Cities hospitality industry. Holy Cities hospitality market is considered to be exceptional in terms of enjoying the benefits of an effective indefinite demand. Madinah Although, one of the major hurdles in front of these market is accommodating this huge demand. Makkah This research: • Examines the hospitality market of the Holy Cities and explains scope of any future development opportunities. Source: Colliers International; 2014 • Investigates the infrastructure developments taking place in the Holy Cities for the coming years. • Studies the impact of expansion of the Holy Mosques (Haram and HOLY CITIES HOTEL PERFORMANCE Al Masjid An Nabawi) in the the Holy Cities. PERCENTAGE CHANGE YTD Feb 2013 - Makkah 2012 - 2013 YTD Feb 2014 • Reviews the religious visits and investigates its influential factors. Occupancy -1.5% +11.4% ADR (SAR) -0.8% -0.6% RevPAR (SAR) -2.3% +10.7% • Outlines the future outlook and trends in regards to hospitality developments within Holy Cities. -
Unit 5: the Post-Classical Period: the First Global Civilizations
Unit 5: The Post-Classical Period: The First Global Civilizations Name: ________________________________________ Teacher: _____________________________ IB/AP World History 9 Commack High School Please Note: You are responsible for all information in this packet, supplemental handouts provided in class as well as your homework, class webpage and class discussions. What do we know about Muhammad and early Muslims? How do we know what we know? How is our knowledge limited? Objective: Evaluate the primary sources that historians use to learn about early Muslims. Directions: Below, write down two things you know about Muhammad and how you know these things. What I know about Muhammad... How do I know this …. / Where did this information come from... Directions: Below, write down two things you know about Muslims and how you know these things. What I know about Muslims... How do I know this …. / Where did this information from from... ARAB EXPANSION AND THE ISLAMIC WORLD, A.D. 570-800 1. MAKING THE MAP 1. Locate and label: 4. Locate and label: a Mediterranean Sea a Arabian Peninsula b Atlantic Ocean b Egypt c Black Sea c Persia (Iran) d Arabian Sea d Anatolia e Caspian Sea e Afghanistan f Aral Sea f Baluchistan g Red Sea g Iraq h Persian Gulf. 2. Locate and label: h Syria a Indus River i Spain. b Danube River 5. Locate and label: c Tigris River a Crete b Sicily d Euphrates River c Cyprus e Nile River d Strait of Gibraltar f Loire River. e Bosphorus. 3. Locate and label: 6. Locate with a black dot and a Zagros Mountains label: b Atlas Mountains a Mecca c Pyrenees Mountains b Medina d Caucasus Mountains c Constantinople e Sahara Desert. -
Saudi Crane Collapse Masjid Al-Haram (Lack of Safety)
IJRDO-Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN : 2456-2971 Saudi Crane Collapse Masjid al-Haram (Lack of Safety) Fahad Ali Gul1, Chauhdry Mehr Ali2 1. Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, International University of Malaya-Wales, 50480, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 2. Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, International University of Malaya-Wales, 50480, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Correspondence to: Fahad Ali Gul, Student of MSc Project Management, International University of Malaya-Wales, Malaysia. Tel: +6011-28090308 Abstract: This study provides a national profile of major work safety accidents in Masjid al-Haram, There have been many major incidents during the Hajj over the years, causing the loss of thousands of lives.1, intended to provide scientific basis for prevention measures and strategies to reduce major work safety accidents and deaths. Methods: Data from 1990-2015 Census of major work safety accidents were collected International Business Times. We analyzed the frequency of accidents and deaths, caused by insufficient safety measures. Additionally, we discussed the causes and preventions by types of accidents.2, 3 Volume-1 | Issue-8 | August,2016 | Paper-8 129 IJRDO-Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN : 2456-2971 Results: On occasion, the Hajj and events surrounding it have been marred by accidents and tragedies, such as today's stampede near Mecca. Here's a look at some deadly hajj-related incidents: 3 2015: At least 107 people are killed and scores wounded when a crane collapses in bad weather, crashing onto the Grand Masjid in Mecca, Islam's holiest site. 2006: More than 360 pilgrims are killed in a stampede at the desert plain of Mina, near Mecca, where pilgrims carry out a symbolic stoning of the devil by throwing pebbles against three stone walls. -
Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM MAY 2006 U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom 800 North Capitol Street, NW Suite 790 Washington, DC 20002 202-523-3240 202-523-5020 (fax) www.uscirf.gov United States Commission on International Religious Freedom Commissioners Michael Cromartie Chair Felice D. Gaer Nina Shea Vice Chairs Dr. Khaled M. Abou El Fadl Preeta D. Bansal Archbishop Charles J. Chaput Dr. Richard D. Land Dr. Elizabeth H. Prodromou Bishop Ricardo Ramirez John V. Hanford, III, ex officio Joseph R. Crapa Executive Director United States Commission on International Religious Freedom Staff Tad Stahnke, Deputy Director for Policy David Dettoni, Deputy Director for Outreach Christy Klaassen, Director of Government Affairs Anne Johnson, Director of Communications Mark Hetfield, Director of International Refugee Issues Carmelita Hines, Director of Administration Patricia Carley, Associate Director for Policy Angela Stephens, Assistant Communications Director Dwight N. Bashir, Senior Policy Analyst Robert Blitt, International Law Specialist Catherine Cosman, Senior Policy Analyst Deborah DuCre, Receptionist Scott Flipse, Senior Policy Analyst Mindy Larmore, East Asia Researcher Tiffany Lynch, Assistant to the Deputy Director for Policy Jacqueline A. Mitchell, Executive Assistant Tina Ramirez, Human Rights Researcher Allison Salyer, Government Affairs Assistant Stephen R. Snow, Senior Policy Analyst LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL __________ UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Washington, DC, May 1, 2006 The PRESIDENT The White House DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: On behalf of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, I am transmitting to you the annual report, prepared in compliance with section 202(a)(2) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998, 22 U.S.C. -
Hajj English Complete Book
HAJJ JOURNEY PROBLEMS AND THEIR EASY SOLUTIONS Author: Qamaruddin S. Khan Name of Book: Hajj- Journey problems and their easy solutions. Ó Copy Right Reserved by Q. S. Khan. (Anyone can copy and re-print it with prior written permission). First Edition 2007 Written by: Q. S. Khan. B.E. ( Mech) Published by: TANVEER PUBLICATION Hydro-Electric Machinery, 12/A, Ram Rahim Udyog Nagar, Bus Stop Lane, L.B.S. Marg, Sonapur, Bhandup (West), Mumbai - 400078. INDIA E-mail : [email protected] Website of this book: www.hajjbook.in Printed at: Classic Publication. 244, Gali Gadhaiya, Jama Masjid Bazar, Matya Mahal, Delhi - 110006 Tel: 011-2326 1481 / 2352 8638 Note: If you found any mistake in this book please let us know, we will correct it in next edition. I.S.B.N. No.: 978-81-904591-2-9 9 7 8 8 1 9 0 4 5 9 1 2 9 Table of Content Sr. No. Content Pg. No. Sr. No. Content Pg. No. 1. Foreword, Preface, Glossary of 21. Discussion on Tawaf..............................34 Islamic Terms...........................................4 22. Rites of Umrah and Hajj.........................35 2. Identity Cards and Their Importance...........5 23. Preparations before Starting 3. Journey Provision.....................................7 for Hajj...............................................36 4. The Problem of Getting Lost During 24. Performing Intention Before Hajj......................................................11 Embarking on Hajj Journey.....................36 5. Building Paradise....................................12 25. Start of the Journey of Hajj....................37 6. Air Travel..............................................13 26. Air Travel and Arriving in Mecca..............39 7. Problems of Transportation During 27. Details of Masjid-e-Haram......................40 Special Days of Hajj................................14 28.